UMichael T. Klare Umdyarho wento eKhohlo: iGlobal Scramble for the Worlds Last Resources (Iincwadi zeMetropolitan, 2012).
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukujamelana neengozi ezinkulu ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kobuncwane behlabathi? In Ugqatso lwento eseleyo, UMichael Klare ubanga ukuba kunjalo-kodwa kuphela ngotshintsho olubalulekileyo ekuziphatheni.
U-Klare ungumbhali weencwadi ezilishumi elinesine, ezona mva nje zijolise kwizixhobo kunye nongquzulwano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwangumnxibelelanisi wezokhuselo Wesizwe kunye nomlawuli weNkqubo yeKholeji ezintlanu kwiZifundo zoXolo noKhuseleko lweHlabathi kwiKholeji yaseHampshire eAmherst, eMassachusetts.
In Uhlanga lwezinto ezisekhohlo -incwadi ebonisa ulwazi lwakhe olumangalisayo lokomba kunye nobuchule bokwembiwa kwemigodi, izimbiwa ezingacacanga, ijoloji, kunye nemimandla ekude yehlabathi - uKlare uthi "ihlabathi lingena kwixesha lokunqongophala kwemithombo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili." Omabini urhulumente kunye namagosa eenkampani โayaqonda ukuba oovimba abakhoyo baphelelwa ngesantya esoyikekayo kwaye baza kuphelelwa ngamandla kwixesha elizayo elingekude kakhulu.โ Ngokwembono yawo, โekuphela kwendlela amazwe anokuqinisekisa ngayo ukuba ezi zinto zifumaneka ngokwaneleyo, aze ngaloo ndlela agcine uqoqosho lwawo lunkenenkene, kukufumana amadama amatsha, angekaphuhliswa kwezo ndawo zimbalwa zingekakhuselwa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuvelise iphulo lehlabathi lokufumana nokusebenzisa oovimba bokugqibela behlabathiโ โ hayi amandla nezimbiwa kuphela, kodwa umhlaba olimekayo. Ngaloo ndlela, isiphithiphithi esikhulu ngamaqumrhu abucala kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ngoku ayaqhubeka ukuba abe okanye alawule izixhobo eArctic, emantla eSiberia, kumanzi anzulu eAtlantiki, kwimimandla ekude yaseAfrika, nakwezinye iindawo ezazingafikeleleki ngaphambili, ubukhulu becala ezingaphuhliswanga. lwehlabathi.
Kakade ke, kudala kukho ukhuphiswano lwemithombo phakathi kwezizwe. Kodwa, njengoko uKlare ebonisa, umzabalazo wangoku uya usiba nzima. Uthi: โNangona iinkulungwane ezingaphambili bezisoloko zingqina ungquzulwano phakathi kwamagunya ambalwa alawulayo, namhlanje amazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kwezoshishino okanye asendleleni eya kushishino- ngoko ke inani labakhuphisana ngobutyebi likhulu kunangaphambili.โ Ngaphezu koko, โaba baceli-mngeni batsha ngokufuthi bahlala benenani elikhulu labantu abakhulayo, abanqwenela izinto ezithengwa ngabathengi bazo zonke iintlobo ezingenakuphikiswa kudala. Kwangaxeshanye, imithombo emininzi ekhoyo yobonelelo iyehla ngelixa iindawo zokugcina amanzi zimbalwa zilinde elundini. โ Ngenxa yoko, โnjengoko amazwe amaninzi akugqatso lobutyebi yaye embalwa amabhaso aza kwabelwa wona, ukhuphiswano luya lusiba shushu yaye oorhulumente banyanzelwa ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba engakumbi.โ
Umntu othandabuzayo unokubuza: Yintoni engalunganga ngolu khuphiswano? Impendulo ecacileyo, eyamkelwa ngokungafihlisiyo ngamagosa equmrhu kunye namagosa karhulumente ngokufanayo, kukuba akukho zixhobo zaneleyo zokujikeleza. Kule meko, amaxabiso aya kunyuka kwaye imigangatho yokuphila yabantu abaninzi kwihlabathi lonke iya kuhla. Phakathi kokunqongophala okwandayo, abanye baya kuvela abaphumeleleyo kwaye abanye bangaphumelelanga, kwaye abona bahluphekayo phakathi kwabo balamba kwaye besifa.
Kodwa, njengoko uKlare ebonisa, kukho ezinye iingxaki ezinkulu, ngokunjalo. Enye yeyokuba amaqumrhu noorhulumente, ekuzimiseni kwabo ukufikelela kwimithombo eyayikade ingafikeleleki ngaphambili, basebenzisa ubugcisa bokutsala obutshabalalisa indalo esingqongileyo. Ukombiwa kwamanzi anzulu kweBP kwiGulf of Mexico, i-hydrofracking yenkampani kumntla-mpuma we-United States, kunye nokusebenza okukhulu kwesanti yetha yaseKhanada yimizekelo emithathu eyaziwayo yalo mcimbi. Kwakhona, ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuya kukhawulezisa utshintsho lwemozulu.
Ngapha koko, abatyali-mali abatyebileyo, ii-hedge funds, kunye nenani elikhulayo loorhulumente (kubandakanya abo baseSaudi Arabia, ezinye izizwe zasePersian Gulf, iChina, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Korea) baxakeke ngokuthenga amafama kwezinye izizwe - ngo-2009 kuphela, kuqikelelwa kwi-110. izigidi zeehektare, indawo elingana neSweden. Ngokutsho kukaSusan Payneโs Emergent fund, โiAfrika ngumda wokugqibela,โ enomhlaba โongabizi kakhulu.โ Ngaloo ndlela, i-Emergent ithembisa ukufezekisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lembuyekezo kwi-investment yezolimo - ngaphezu kweepesenti ze-25 ngonyaka. Ukubuyela kubalimi baseAfrika, banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye imihlaba yookhokho babo ukuze benze ushishino lwezolimo lwaphesheya kunye nengeniso, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba ncinane kakhulu.
Kakade ke, ukutsalwa kwemithombo yobutyebi ngamandla kuya kukhokelela kwinkxaso yamazwe angaphandle kurhulumente oxhaphazayo, oozwilakhe, njengoko bekunjalo kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abemi abaqhelekileyo bala mazwe baye bafumana ingenelo encinane kubutyebi babo bobuncwane. UKlare uthi: โUkususela kwixesha leMfazwe Yomlomo yokuqala, xa iNiger yayisephantsi kolawulo lwamaFrentshi, ukombiwa kweuranium ibilishishini elibalulekileyo kweli lizwe, kodwa ubukhulu becala kuye kwatyebisa kuphela amagosa karhulumente ambalwa anxibelelene kakuhle neenkampani ezingabanini bemigodi. Bambalwa kubantu baseNiger abazizigidi ezilishumi elinesithandathu abakhe babona naziphi na iingenelo kulo mgodi, yaye isibini esithathwini kubo basaphila ngemali engaphantsi kwe-$1 ngosuku, nto leyo eyenza iNiger lelinye lawona mazwe ahlwempuzekileyo emhlabeni.โ
Okokugqibela, ukukrokrelana kwezixhobo zehlabathi kubonelela ukubakho kongquzulwano olukhulu lwasemkhosini. UKlare uyaphawula: โNgako konke okunokwenzeka, amazwe anedipozithi enkulu yobutyebi aya kufumana izixhobo ezingakumbi, uqeqesho lwasemkhosini, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye nenkxaso yobukrelekrele evela kumazwe anqwenela ukuzuza inkoliseko okanye ukuseka ubudlelwane obusondeleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, imikhosi yokulwa iya kuthunyelwa phesheya ukukhusela oorhulumente abanobuhlobo kunye nokukhusela amazibuko aphambili, imibhobho, iindawo zokucoca, kunye nolunye ufakelo olubalulekileyo. โ Phakathi kwamabango ezibonelelo ezikhuphisanayo, i-Arctic, iAfrika, kunye neMpuma kunye noMzantsi China Seas kutshanje ziye zafumana uxinzelelo olutsha kunye nokwakhiwa komkhosi.
Ngethamsanqa, njengoko uKlare esitsho, kukho enye indlela "kugqatso lwento eseleyo" - "ugqatso lokuziqhelanisa." Oku kuya kuquka ukhuphiswano phakathi โkwamagunya amakhulu ezobupolitika nawequmrhu . . . ukuba phakathi kwabokuqala ukwamkela izinto ezintsha, iindlela nezixhobo eziya kukhulula ihlabathi ekuxhomekekeni kubuncwane obulinganiselweyo.โ Ibiya โkuvuza oorhulumente, iinkampani noluntu olukhokelayo ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso neenkqubo zothutho ezisebenza kakuhle nezingamelani nokusingqongileyo.โ Ukutshintsha โubuncwane bendalo obunokuphela ngezinto obunokuphinda buhlaziyweโ kwaye kugxininise โekongezeni ukusebenza kakuhleโ akuyi kuvumela uqoqosho lwehlabathi kuphela โukuba lubaleke kumgibe wokunciphisa izixhobo zoncedo,โ kodwa โkuya kuvumela amazwe amaninzi ukuba azikhulule kwizivumelwano zasemkhosini nakwamanye amalungiselelo ozakuzo. ngoku abaqeshwe ukuze baqinise amaqhina nababoneleli ngemithombo yangaphandle.โ
Nangona u-Klare engacebisi ukubaleka olu โgqatso lokuziqhelanisaโ njengentsebenziswano, lusenokuqhubeka kanye njengogqatso lwabasetyhini lweminyaka ethile edlulileyo, xa abathabathi-nxaxheba babebambene ngezandla ngelixa benqumla entanjeni. Ngaba ibingayi kuba lithuba elizukileyo kwimbali yoluntu ukuba abantu bazo zonke iintlanga bebesebenzisana ekujamelaneni nocelomngeni lokuncipha kobuncwane esijongene nabo sonke? Kodwa, nokuba kungenxa yentsebenziswano okanye ngokukhuphisana, kufuneka siqale ukuziqhelanisa nemida yemithombo yethu, kwaye incwadi ebalaseleyo kaMichael Klare - ephandwe ngokugqibeleleyo, ebhalwe kakuhle, kwaye exoxwa ngokuqinisekisayo - inceda ukuqhubela phambili le projekthi ibalulekileyo.
[ULawrence Wittner yiNjingalwazi yezeMbali e-SUNY/Albany. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje Ukusebenzela uXolo noBulungisa: Iinkumbulo zeNgcali yelitshantliziyo (IYunivesithi yaseTennessee Press)
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