Imfazwe yaseUkraine ibonelele ngexesha elicelomngeni kwiintlanga zehlabathi kwaye, ngakumbi, kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukusukela mandulo, iingcingane ezibona kude zisebenze ekuphuhliseni imithetho yokuziphatha phakathi kwezizwe ngokunxibelelene nemfazwe, unxibelelwano, ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho, amalungelo abantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe, unxibelelwano lwehlabathi jikelele, kunye nemekobume. Uchazwa njengomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, lo “mthetho wezizwe” usekelwe kwizivumelwano okanye, kwezinye iimeko, isiko lezizwe ngezizwe. Ezinye zezona zaziwa kakhulu kwezi zithethe zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe zichazwe kwi Umqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo, i Isibhengezo soMhlaba soLuntu, kwaye i KwiiNdibano zeGenesva.
The Charter UN ibaluleke kakhulu kuhlaselo lwaseRussia lwaseUkraine. Inqaku lesi-2, iCandelo lesi-4, mhlawumbi elona nqaku libalulekileyo nelivunyiweyo ngokubanzi kuMqulu, liyakwalela “ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo ngokuchasene nesidima sommandla okanye ukuzimela kwezopolitiko kwalo naliphi na ilizwe.” KwiSiqendu 51, uMqulu ubhengeza ukuba “akukho nto ikule Tshatha yangoku eya kuthi iphazamise ilungelo lomntu ngamnye okanye elihlangeneyo lokuzikhusela ukuba kuhlaselwe ilungu loMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngezixhobileyo.”
Kambe ke, iUkraine, nangona yayilawulwa ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo yiRashiya okanye yiSoviet Union ebudeni bamaxesha ayo adluleyo, iye yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo nelizimeleyo ukususela ngowe-1991. uvoto malunga nokuba ube yinxalenye yeRussian Federation okanye uzimele. Kwinani labantu baseUkraine abangama-84 ekhulwini, abamalunga nama-90 ekhulwini baye bavotela inkululeko. Ngokufanelekileyo, iUkraine yamkelwa njengelizwe elizimeleyo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, kwidolophu Imemorandam yaseBudapest, urhulumente waseUkraine wavuma ngokusemthethweni ukujikela eRashiya isixhobo sakhe esikhulu senyukliya, ngoxa urhulumente waseRashiya wathembisa ngokusemthethweni kungekuphela nje “ukuhlonela uzimele-geqe nolongamo nemida ekhoyo yaseUkraine,” kodwa “wokuyeka ukusongelwa okanye ukusebenzisa izigalo” ngokuchasene nelo lizwe. Ngowe-1997, iUkraine neRashiya zatyikitya isivumelwano ISivumelwano soBuhlobo, iNtsebenziswano kunye neNtsebenziswano, apho benza isibhambathiso sokuhlonela ingqibelelo yomnye komnye.
Ngaphandle kwezi zenzo, ezinewonga lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, urhulumente waseRashiya, ngo-2014, wasebenzisa amandla akhe omkhosi ukuze ahluthe kwaye afake iCrimea kumazantsi eUkraine kunye nokuzeyisa. ingalo amaqela ahlukanayo pro-Russian kummandla osempuma wesizwe, iDonbas. Nangona i-veto yaseRashiya ivaliwe a IBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN liyakhalimela, i INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngoMatshi 27, 2014, yenza isigqibo (“Territorial Integrity of Ukraine”) ngevoti yamazwe ali-100 kumazwe ali-11, amazwe angama-58 arhoxayo, egxeka ukuthinjwa komkhosi waseRashiya nokuthimba iCrimea. Ukungahoyi oku kugwetywa kokuziphatha kwayo ngumbutho wehlabathi, i Urhulumente waseRashiya ibandakanye iCrimea kwiRussian Federation kwaye, ngo-Agasti, yathumela imikhosi yayo yomkhosi eDonbas ukuze ixhase abo bahlukanayo. Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, imikhosi exhobileyo yaseRashiya yadlala indima enkulu ekulweni imikhosi karhulumente waseUkraine eyayikhusela impuma Ukraine.
Kwandula ke, ngoFebruwari 24, 2022, urhulumente waseRashiya, kolona hlaselo lukhulu lwasemkhosini eYurophu ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, waqalisa ukuhlasela ngokupheleleyo iUkraine. Nangona Inyathelo leBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN waphinda wavalwa yi-veto yaseRashiya, i INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo uwuthathile umcimbi. Ngomhla we-2 kaMatshi, ngevoti yamazwe angama-141 ukuya kuma-5 (kunye nama-35 abstention), yafuna ukurhoxiswa ngokukhawuleza nangokupheleleyo kwemikhosi yaseRashiya kwintsimi yaseUkraine. Ebuzwa ngoluvo lwayo malunga nokuba semthethweni kohlaselo lwaseRussia, i INkundla yezoBulungisa, elona gunya liphakamileyo lezomthetho emhlabeni, lagweba ngoMatshi 16, ngevoti ye-13 kwi-2 (ijaji yaseRashiya iphosa enye yeevoti ezimbini ezibi) ukuba iRashiya kufuneka "ikumise ngokukhawuleza" ukuhlasela kwayo eUkraine.
Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba ka-2022, xa i-Kremlin yabhengeza ukuba kuza kubakho umsitho wokuphehlelela inkqubo yokuba iRussia ithimbe imimandla yaseUkraine eDonetsk, eLuhansk, Kherson, naseZaporizhzhia, uNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Antonio Guterres walumkisa ngelithi “nakuphi na ukuthinjwa kommandla welizwe lelinye ilizwe ngenxa yesoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kukwaphulwa kwemigaqo yoMnqophiso weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.” Egxeka isihlomelo esicetywayo, uGuterres wathi:
Ayinakulungelelaniswa nenkqubo yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Imela ngokuchasene nayo yonke into uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe olumele ukuyimela.
Ityeshela iinjongo nemigaqo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Kukunyuka okuyingozi.
Ayinandawo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, ngosuku olulandelayo, Mongameli waseRashiya uVladimir Putin batyikitya isivumelwano sokongeza loo mimandla, besithi iRashiya ayisayi kuze ibancame yaye iza kuyikhusela ngayo nayiphi na indlela ekhoyo.
Ngokulandelayo, amazwe ehlabathi ajongana nesenzo saseRashiya. Ngo-Oktobha 12, 2022, i INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngevoti yamazwe ali-143 kumazwe ama-5 (angama-35 akavumanga), ahlaba ikhwelo kuzo zonke iintlanga ukuba zale ukuvuma ukuba iRashiya “ilinge lokuthimba umhlaba ongekho mthethweni” waseRashiya.
Yintoni ke, emva kokuphonononga le ngxelo ilusizi, simele sicinge ngexabiso lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe? Ngokuqinisekileyo iluncedo ekuchazeni imithetho yokuziphatha yamazwe ngamazwe-imithetho eyimfuneko kwihlabathi eliphucukileyo. Ethetha neBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN kutshanje, i UNobhala Jikelele we-UN yavakalisa ukuba “ulawulo lomthetho kuphela kwento emi phakathi koxolo nozinzo” kunye “nosukuzwano olukhohlakeleyo lwegunya nobuncwane.” Nangona kunjalo, nangona kungcono ukuba nemithetho ekuvunyelwene ngayo kunokuba kungabikho konke konke, kungangcono kodwa-eweneni, kungcono kakhulu-ukuba inyanzeliswe.
Kwaye apho kukho eyona ngxaki ingundoqo: Ngaphandle kwemvumelwano phakathi kwezizwe ngemigaqo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, amaziko amakhulu abonelela ngolawulo lwehlabathi-iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neNkundla yoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe-anawo amandla okuwanyanzelisa. Ngenxa yobu buthathaka kwinqanaba lehlabathi, izizwe zihlala zikhululekile ukuba ziqalise iimfazwe zobundlobongela, kuquka iimfazwe zokuthinjwa kwemimandla.
Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuhlasela kweRashiya e-Ukraine kufuneka kusiqinisekise ngesidingo sokuqinisa ulawulo lwehlabathi, ngaloo ndlela ukubonelela ngesiseko esiqinileyo sokunyanzeliswa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
UDkt. Lawrence Wittner, edibeneyo PeaceVoice, nguNjingalwazi weMbali ephumayo kwi-SUNY / Albany kunye nomlobi Ukujongana neBhomu (IStanford University Press).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela