Lo Msintsi ngunyaka wama-60 we Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-US kunye neSoviet sesivumelwano sokuqala esibalulekileyo solawulo lwezixhobo zenyukliya ehlabathini, iSivumelwano soVavanyo oluNgaphandle soVavanyo. Ke, lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuphonononga eso sivumelwano, kunye nokuqwalasela into enokwenziwa ukuphelisa ingozi yembubhiso yenyukliya.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa, ngowe-1945, kweebhombu zeathom zokutshabalalisa iHiroshima neNagasaki kwadubula. iliza lokuxhalabisa uluntu malunga nokusinda kwabantu kwixesha lenyukliya, yehla ngokuvela kweMfazwe Yomlomo. Kodwa enye, iliza elikhulu ngakumbi yaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1950s nasekuqaleni koo-1960 njengoko ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya lwalusiya phambili. Ngelo xesha, oorhulumente baseUnited States, baseSoviet Union nabaseBritani babezixakekise ekuvavanyeni isixhobo esitsha senyukliya, iH-bhombu, esasinamandla aphindwe kaliwaka ebhombu yeathom.
Abantu abaninzi bayifumanisa isoyikisa le meko. Ayizange iphelele nje ekufikeni kweebhombu ze-H kwintshabalalo yehlabathi jikelele kwimfazwe ezayo, kodwa ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo kuthumele amafu amakhulu “e-radioactive” esibhakabhakeni, apho yathi yajikeleza iplanethi yada yehla phezu kwabantu abangezantsi. Ngowe-1957, UNjingalwazi uLinus Pauling, owafumana iBhaso likaNobel kumachiza, waxela kwangaphambili ukuba, ngenxa yovavanyo lwenyukliya olusele lwenziwe, abantu abasisigidi babeya kufa ngaphambi kwexesha, yaye abantwana abangama-200,000 XNUMX babeya kuzalwa beneziphene ezinzulu engqondweni okanye beneziphene emzimbeni.
Ukusabela kulo mngcipheko ukhulayo, izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele waqalisa ukuxhathisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Baseka imibutho emitsha, yamatshantliziyo, kuquka iKomiti yeSizwe yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNyukliya (eyaziwa ngakumbi njenge-SANE) kunye noQhalo lwabaseTyhini loXolo (eUnited States), iPhulo lokuChithwa kweNyukliya (eBritani, eKhanada, eOstreliya naseNew Zealand. ), iBhunga laseJapan elinxamnye neziqhushumbisi zeA & H kunye neNkongolo yaseJapan eNxamnye neziBombu zeA & H (eJapan), kunye noMzabalazo wokuNqanda ukufa kweAthom (eNtshona Jamani). Nakwibloc yaseSoviet, izazinzulu ezixhalabileyo zacinezela ukuba kupheliswe ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Amagosa karhulumente akumazwe axhobe ngenyukliya, ekhathazwa kukwanda kwesiphithiphithi, naluhlolisiso lwezimvo olubonisa ukungalufuni okuxhaphakileyo kovavanyo lwenyukliya, izixhobo zenyukliya, nemfazwe yenyukliya, ngokuthe ngcembe aqalisa ukuhlengahlengisa imigaqo-nkqubo yawo ngokweemfuno zoluntu. Ukudibana nezazinzulu eziphezulu kwinkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yase-US, uMongameli wase-US uDwight Eisenhower wabaxelela ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States “wayejamelene nemeko yembono yehlabathi enzima gqitha” nokuba elo lizwe “lalingenakuzivumela ukuba ‘libethelelwe kumnqamlezo weeathom.’” Ukuba uvavanyo lwenyukliya lwaseUnited States lwaluqhubeka, uSosiba Welizwe laseUnited States uJohn Foster UDulles walumkisa Umongameli, "inzuzo encinci yasemkhosini" iya "kongezwa yilahleko yezopolitiko."
Ngokufanelekileyo, ngo-1958, oorhulumente baseSoviet, eMelika, naseBritane bamisa uvavanyo lwenyukliya ngelixa beqala uthethathethwano lwesivumelwano sokuvalwa kovavanyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukufumana isivumelwano, baphinda baqala uvavanyo lwenyukliya ngo-1961, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuvavanyo lwenyukliya. umba wezopolitiko oshushu kakhulu kubantu noorhulumente ngokufanayo.
Kule mpikiswano kwangena Abazala bakaNorman, umhleli wephephancwadi lemicimbi yoluntu efundwa ngokubanzi, i Uphengululo lwangoMgqibelo, kwaye, kwakhona, umseki kunye nosihlalo we-SANE. Ebudeni bentlanganiso ende eWhite House noMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ngoNovemba 1962, abaCousins babuza ukuba umongameli angathanda na ukuba adibane neNkulumbuso yaseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev ukuze azame ukugudisa indlela yozakuzo eya kwisivumelwano sokuvalwa kovavanyo lwenyukliya.
UKennedy waphendula ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye, kwiinyanga ezilandelayo, abazala bavalela ngapha nangapha phakathi kweenkokeli zehlabathi ezimbini. Ekugqibeleni, abazala bayoyisa ukukrokra kukaKhrushchev kuKennedy kwaye, emva koko, bamqinisekisa uKennedy ukuba anikeze intetho enkulu "ngendlela entsha ephefumlayo" kubudlelwane baseSoviet-American.
Le dilesi yeYunivesithi yaseMelika, ngokuyinxenye ibhalwe ngabazala, ibonakalise impumelelo ekhawulezileyo kunye neKhrushchev. Uthethathethwano lokuvalwa komsebenzi wovavanyo lwaqala eMoscow ngoJulayi ka-1963, lwakhokelela kwiSivumelwano soVavanyo lweNdlela yoVavanyo-ukuvalwa kovavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni, kwindawo engaphandle, naphantsi kwamanzi.
Ukusuka kwimbono yokuphelisa ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya, isivumelwano sasinemida yaso. Ngenxa yokuba isivumelwano siwushiyile umba wovavanyo lwenyukliya ngaphantsi komhlaba, amagunya enyukliya kunye nomnqweno wamandla enyukliya atshintshe nje iimvavanyo zenyukliya kule ndawo intsha. Ngaphaya koko, ngokuwa kwenyukliya akuseyiyo inkxalabo enkulu yoluntu, uxinzelelo oludumileyo lokumisa uvavanyo lwenyukliya-kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuminxa ugqatso lweengalo-lwalile.
Nangona kunjalo, iSivumelwano soVavanyo esingaPhambili soVavanyo siye sabonisa inguqu kwimbali yehlabathi. Kunye nephulo lokuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya elivelise isivumelwano, yanciphisa ubutshaba beMfazwe ebandayo kwaye yangenisa ixesha lokudambisa phakathi kwe-US kunye noorhulumente baseSoviet. Ngokubhekele phaya, ukwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya, okwakubonakala kusondele ngelo xesha, akuzange kwenzeke. Nanamhlanje, kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu kamva, kukho amagunya enyukliya alithoba kuphela.
Okona kubalulekileyo, isivumelwano sabonisa ukuba ulawulo lwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokuthotywa kwezixhobo kwakunokwenzeka. Kwaye kwalandela inkitha yezivumelwano eyanciphisa kakhulu iingozi zenyukliya. Ezi zibandakanya iSivumelwano sokuNcitshiswa kweZigalo, iSivumelwano soMda weSigalo soBuchule, iSivumelwano soMkhosi weNyukliya woHlelo oluPhakathi, iSivumelwano soBuchule sokuNcitshiswa kweArms, kunye neSivumelwano soVavanyo esiBanzi. Ngezi zivumelwano, nangesenzo esingacamanga-zombini zikhuthazwa luxinzelelo oludumileyo-inani lezixhobo zenyukliya emhlabeni lehle kakhulu, ukusuka. 70,000 ukuya malunga ne-12,500. Ngelo xesha, imfazwe yenyukliya yaba yinto engaqhelekanga.
Kakade ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenxa yokuncipha kwengcinezelo ethandwayo kwizixhobo zenyukliya, ithemba lokutshatyalaliswa kwenyukliya liye lavuselelwa. Izivumelwano zokuthotywa kwezixhobo ziye zapheliswa, i ugqatso olutsha lwezixhobo zenyukliya iqalile, kwaye iinkokeli ezingakhathaliyo yezizwe zenyukliya ziye zigrogriswa esidlangalaleni imfazwe yenyukliya. Nangona a Isivumelwano se-UN sokuThintelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2021, amagunya enyukliya alithoba aye waxhathisa ukuyityobela.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iSivumelwano soVavanyo oluNgaphandle soVavanyo kunye nabalandela emva kwaso, izivumelwano zolawulo lwezixhobo kunye nokuthotywa kwezixhobo ziye zanceda ukunqanda ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya nokuthintela imfazwe yenyukliya. Ngokunjalo, umngcelele ovuselelweyo osingise kwintlekele yenyukliya unokumiswa ngokuthi ekugqibeleni kuvalwe izixhobo zenyukliya-ukuba abantu bayakufuna.
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