U-Edward Snowden utyhilele ihlabathi i-spycraft yenkulungwane yama-21 esetyenziswayo ngokuchasene nezigidi zabantu abamsulwa, abangabaziyo abacinga kabini ngokuthumela isicatshulwa okanye i-imeyile. Phakathi kwamaxwebhu afunyenwe ngu-Snowden ziingxelo kunye neenkcukacha zokubekw' esweni kweentloko zombuso zangoku kunye nezangaphambili, uninzi lwazo zisuka eLatin America. Umongameli waseBrazil uDilma Rousseff wayecaphukile ngenxa yokutyhilwa kobuntlola be-NSA ngokuchasene norhulumente wakhe, kubandakanya nokucofa ifowuni yakhe kunye ne-imeyile. Owayesakuba nguMongameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chavez wayeyenye into ekujoliswe kuyo kwimisebenzi ye-NSA. Kwaye ngoku, u-Snowden utyhile ubuntlola kunye nokungena kwe-NSA kwinkampani yeoli yaseVenezuela, i-PDVSA, igazi lobomi besizwe saseMzantsi Melika kunye namafutha e-Chavez's Bolivarian revolution.
Kwiminyaka nje emithathu ngaphambi kokuba u-Edward Snowden abe ligama lekhaya, i-whistleblower umbutho i-WikiLeaks yayisele ikhuphe i-trove enkulu yamaxwebhu afihliweyo kunye nayimfihlo evela kwi-Pentagon kunye neSebe leSizwe elibhentsise ukubandakanyeka kukarhulumente wase-US kubhukuqo-mbuso, amaphulo okuphelisa uzinzo, ubuntlola kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Amaqhinga amdaka, ukuxhobisa ngamandla kunye nokuhlatywa ngasemva kutyhilwe kwiintambo zeSebe langaphakathi likhanyise ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kubude obuya kwenziwa yiWashington ukunyanzelisa i-ajenda yayo. Amaqabane aphathwa njengeentshaba, kunye neentshaba njengamaqabane, ukuba nje iqhubela phambili iinjongo zokuzisebenzela zamandla ase-US.
Akukho nanye into etyhilwe ngu-Snowden okanye iWikiLeaks, njengokungakholelekiyo njengoko kwakubonakala kuninzi, yayimangalisa kwiLatin America. Lo mmandla uphantsi kwawo onke amaqhinga kwincwadi yeCIA ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulawulo lwe-US kunye nolawulo "lwendlu yangasemva". Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, i-US ixhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso kunye nongenelelo olubekwe kwaye lwasusa iintloko zoorhulumente, ibeka oozwilakhe abaqeqeshwe kwiSikolo saseMelika abangcungcuthekisa, babulala, banyamalala, batshutshisa kwaye bavalela amashumi amawaka abantu, bephazamisa kwaye bephazamisa. iintshukumo zedemokhrasi, ezinenkqubela-phambili kunye nokuzisa izizwe zabo kumashumi eminyaka yobumnyama kunye nenkohlakalo. Xa oozwilakhe bengasafezekisi iinjongo zase-US, bacinywa ngokubhukuqa okanye ngeenkqubo zonyulo ezixhaswa ngemali kakhulu zii-arhente zaseMelika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkokeli ethobelayo ngokulinganayo iza kuzalisa izihlangu zabo.
Kwakungekho kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, ngonyulo lwaseVenezuela lukaMongameli u-Hugo Chavez, apho ummandla waqala ukuzikhulula kwi-iron grip yaseWashington. UChavez wavula ucango kwizantyalantyala zemvula ezazisa iinkokeli ezinenkqubela, ezingasekhohlo kulawulo, ezanyulwa zizininzi eBrazil, eArgentina, eBolivia, e-Ecuador, eNicaragua, eParaguay, eUruguay, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Ewe ukomelela kweCuba phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane phantsi kothintelo lwezoqoqosho lwase-US oluqhwalelayo kunye neenzame ezingapheliyo zeCIA zokutshabalalisa kunye nokudodobalisa inkqubo yabo, yayisisiseko sokunyuka kwasekhohlo okwaguqula kwaye kwakhulula ummandla.
Emva kokuba uChavez wonyulwa ngowe-1998 waza waqalisa ukuphumeza utshintsho oluchaphazela umdla onamandla, utshintsho oluya kuphinda lusasaze ubutyebi kunye nolawulo lwelizwe kwimithombo yobuchule efana ne-oyile negesi, i-US yaxhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso olwalwa naye ngo-2002 olwamsusa ngokufutshane kulawulo lwaza lwafaka i-athikili. Uzwilakhe okhethiweyo wase-US, usomashishini uPedro Carmona. Xa abantu baseVenezuela besiya ezitalatweni bezama ukubuyisela idemokhrasi yabo, bebuyisela uChavez emandleni, iWashington yaqhubeka ixhasa ngemali kwaye isongamela iinzame zokumoshela urhulumente wakhe, ukujongela phantsi imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe kunye nokudodobalisa uqoqosho lwaseVenezuela kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ekuphenduleni, ukuxhaswa kweChavez kwanda kwaye amaqabane akhe alawula kulo lonke ilizwekazi, anyulelwe imigaqo-nkqubo ebeka phambili ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nabantu ngaphezu kweenzuzo. Nganye, ii-arhente zase-US zijolise kubo, ukuxhasa ngemali u-Evo Morales eBolivia ngo-2008, uManuel Zelaya eHonduras ngo-2009, uRafael Correa e-Ecuador ngo-2010 kunye noFernando Lugo eParaguay ngo-2012. ukwenza buthathaka ukuqhubela phambili kokudityaniswa kweLatin America kunye nolongamo, kodwa ukusilela ukubhukuqa iMorales kunye neCorrea kwanceda ukuqinisa ukudityaniswa kwemibutho yengingqi efana ne-ALBA kunye ne-UNASUR, kwaye yaqhubela phambili ukudalwa koLuntu lweLatin America kunye neCaribbean States (CELAC), engabandakanyi ngabom I-US kunye neCanada.
Nangona kunjalo, iinzame zase-US zokubuyisela ulawulo kunye nempembelelo kulo mmandla ziyaqhubeka. Umongameli uBarack Obama uphinde wayiphinda le njongo izihlandlo ezininzi ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe, ecacisa ukuba iUnited States kufuneka “ikhokele” eLatin America kwaye ijonge kwikamva, hayi kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukungahoywa kwembali yeWashington ekhohlakeleyo, yolwaphulo-mthetho kwi-hemisphere ayilingani nokuphucula ubudlelwane, ngakumbi njengoko ukuziphatha okufanayo kusaqhubeka namhlanje, kugqunywe phantsi kwezenzi ezibonakala zilungile.
Imisebenzi efihlakeleyo, i-espionaje, imisebenzi eyimfihlo, inkxaso-mali efihliweyo, imfazwe yengqondo kunye namaqhinga okutshintsha ulawulo i-US esebenzise eLatin America amashumi eminyaka, iyaqhubeka namhlanje ngokuphandle nangokufihlakeleyo. U-Snowden ubhengeze uphononongo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuhlola okungekho mthethweni kweenkokheli zaseLatin America, oorhulumente kunye namaziko oluntu kunye nabucala, ngelixa olunye uphando, kuquka i-WikiLeaks, lubonise uthotho lwezicwangciso kunye namaqhinga asetyenziswa yi-arhente yaseMelika ukuxhasa ngemali amaqela ezopolitiko, ukwakha imibutho ephikisayo kunye nokujongela phantsi. oomongameli abanyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi abala ukuthobela i-ajenda yaseMelika.
IVenezuela iyaqhubeka nokuba yinjongo ephambili yala maqhinga okuphelisa uzinzo. Iiarhente zaseMelika eziquka iNational Endowment for Democracy (NED), iqumrhu elixhaswa ngemali yinkongolose elixhasa ngezimali imibutho yezopolitiko kumazwe aphesheya, kunye neArhente yaseMelika yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (USAID), isebe lenkxaso-mali yeSebe likaRhulumente, lityale imali engaphaya kwe-US$100 lezigidi kumrhafi wase-US ukwakha. umanyano oluchasene neChavez eVenezuela ngexesha le-2002-2011. Ngaphandle kolu ncedo lukhulu luvela kurhulumente wase-US, inkcaso ayizange ikwazi ukufumana inkxaso eyaneleyo yokukhupha uChavez ngonyulo, kwaye iinzame ezahlukeneyo zokumbhukuqa zoyiswa lula ngabaxhasi bakhe. Ukususela ekufeni kwakhe ngokukhawuleza ekuqaleni kwe-2013, umlandeli wakhe, uNicolas Maduro uye waba yinjongo yale migudu.
Okwangoku, iVenezuela ilungiselela inkqubo yonyulo ebalulekileyo emiselwe ngoDisemba 6, xa zonke izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ze-165 kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho zilungele ukukhethwa kwakhona. Ilizwe lijongene nengxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho kwaye udumo lukaMongameli Maduro lwehlile. Ngelixa uMaduro kunye nolawulo lwakhe besabelana ngoxanduva lwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezigqibo ezingaphumelelanga, isandla esiqhelileyo sikarhulumente wase-US sikwadlala. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, i-US ichithe ngaphezulu kwe-US$18 yezigidi nge-USAID kunye ne-NED ukuxhasa ngemali amaqela achasene norhulumente eVenezuela, ukondla impixano yelo lizwe kunye nokugcina inkcaso iphila inkcaso eswele ubambiswano kunye nenkxaso edumileyo. Ukususela kwi-2014-2015, i-NED itshayele phantse i-US $ 3 yezigidi ukuya kumaqela achasene norhulumente eVenezuela, isixa esikhulu sigxile kunyulo oluzayo lomthetho. I-US$ 125,000 yanikezelwa kwiqela eliphikisayo i-Súmate, elenziwe yi-NED ngo-2003 ukukhokela umkhankaso wokukhumbula u-referendum ngokuchasene noMongameli Chavez. Umseki kaSúmate, uMaria Corina Machado, ngumdlali ophambili ochasayo, ombono wakhe uneembono ezibaxiweyo kunye neengxoxo ezibangela iyantlukwano zimbeke kumjikelo wentshukumo yephiko lasekunene. Ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe kwi-coups kunye nezicwangciso zokudiliza, iqela likaMachado liyaqhubeka lifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente wase-US ukungenelela kunyulo lwaseVenezuela. I-US $ 400,000 eyongezelelweyo yabelwe inkqubo "exhasa amalungu eNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo", kwaye ngaphezu kwe-$ 40,000 yaya "Ukubeka iliso kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseVenezuela". Oku kufikelela kwinkxaso-mali karhulumente wase-US ukukhuthaza abagqatswa be-US, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ubuntlola bangaphakathi kwisebe lezomthetho laseVenezuela.
Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi seedola zenkxaso-mali ye-NED kumaqela achasene norhulumente kulo nyaka eVenezuela izinikele ekuxhaseni unxibelelwano lwabo kwi-Twitter nakwamanye amajelo asekuhlaleni ukulwa nenkohliso karhulumente. Kodwa i-propaganda exhaswa yi-US ayizimeleyo okanye ayinjongo. Kwaye enye i-US $ 474,000 yaya kwiinzame zokubhala kunye nokusasaza ulwazi malunga nemeko yamalungelo oluntu eVenezuela, kubandakanywa nokulungiselela izikhalazo ezichasene norhulumente waseVenezuela kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, iNkundla ye-Inter-American of Amalungelo oluntu, i-UN Human Rights Council kunye ne-International Criminal Court. Ngokuzenzekelayo, izikhalazo ezichasene neVenezuela ziye zanda kakhulu kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo.
Ukongeza kwinkxaso-mali ethe kratya kunye nenkxaso yenkcaso yaseVenezuela, urhulumente wase-US uyaqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi efihlakeleyo ukujongela phantsi urhulumente waseVenezuela. Ngo-2005, emva kokuba uhlengahlengiso loluntu lwezobuntlola lwase-US lugqityiwe, uMlawuli osandula ukubizwa ngokuba nguMlawuli woBuntlola beSizwe uJohn Negroponte udale izahlulo ezikhethekileyo ezizezobuntlola ezizezona zibalulekileyo ukujongana “nemingeni yobuntlola” ejongene neWashington. La macandelo, abizwa ngokuba “ngaBaphathi beMishini”, amele ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekujoliswe kuzo zokhuseleko kunye nokhuselo lwe-US Abaphathi abathathu boButhunywa benzelwe ukulwa nobunqolobi, iZixhobo zokuTshabalaliswa koMninzi kunye noKwandiswa kweNyukliya, kwaye ezintathu zazijolise kwilizwe elithile: uMphathi weMishini waseIran, uMphathi weMishini. kuMntla Korea kunye noMphathi weMishini waseCuba-Venezuela. IVenezuela njengeyona nto iphambili kwezobuntlola ithetha ukuba izibonelelo ezinkulu ziya kuchithwa kubuntlola, ukubeka iliso kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kommandla waseVenezuela.
UMphathi wokuqala woButhunywa eCuba-Venezuela yayiligqala leCIA uNorman A. Bailey, ingcaphephe yeMfazwe ebandayo kubuntlola kunye nengqokelela yobuntlola kummandla wotshaba. Ulawulo lwakhe lwathatha unyaka omnye kwaye ngokulandelayo emgceni yayinguTimothy Langford, igosa lenkonzo yangasese enamava angaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 kwiCIA.
KwiMfihlo ePhezulu ka-2008 kunye ne-2009 ye-Congressional Budget Justifications yeNkqubo yoBuntlola yeSizwe, uMlawuli woBuntlola beSizwe wabalaselisa njengenjongo ephambili "ukuchongwa kunye nokulawulwa 'kwaMaziko okuGqwesa' ukubonelela ngobukrelekrele obufanelekileyo, obusexesheni kunye nobunokusetyenzwa malunga neIran, North Korea kunye Cuba-Venezuela. " Enye injongo “yayikukudala iSicwangciso soTyalo-mali se-Iran, uMntla Korea kunye neCuba-Venezuela esijolise ekomelezeni uhlalutyo, ukuqokelela kunye nokuxhaphaza.” Uxwebhu lweMfihlo ePhakamileyo ka-2009 ikwaveza enye yeenjongo zoMphathi weMishini yaseCuba-Venezuela “kukuphuhlisa uhlahlelo malunga neenguqu zobunkokeli”, ebhekisa kwiWashington “Isicwangciso seNguqu yeDemokhrasi eCuba”, iinzame zokubhukuqa inguqu yaseCuba kunye nezinye. Amanyathelo okususa uMongameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chavez kulawulo.
Kubungqina phambi kweKomiti yeNgqondo yeSenethi yase-US, uTimothy Langford ubhekisele kwimisebenzi eyenzekayo "kwiZiko lobuNhloli leFusion" eColombia, indawo egxile kubuntlola edibanisa amandla e-NSA, iCIA, iDEA kunye neDIA (ubukrelekrele bomkhosi) ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. kummandla ojolise kwiinjongo zase-US, kuquka urhulumente waseVenezuela.
Ukusukela ngo-2011, uManejala weMishini yaseCuba-Venezuela wahlala ekhona, kodwa ukusukela ngoko ulwazi olukhoyo loluntu ngemisebenzi yakhe luye lwaba mnyama. I-2015 yoLawulo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweSizwe lwezobuNtlola lugqithise i-US $ 53 yebhiliyoni, inxalenye ebalulekileyo eya kwizinto eziphambili eziphambili zeqhinga, njengeVenezuela.
IVenezuela ineyona ndawo inkulu yogcino lweoyile eqinisekisiweyo emhlabeni kwaye iya kuhlala ijolise kwezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu. Imbali engekude kangako yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US eLatin America ikhumbula indlela iWashington eya kwenza ngayo oko kuthatha ukuqinisekisa ulawulo phezu kommandla kunye nezixhobo zayo.
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Uhlalutyo olufutshane lwe-Eva kunye nolwazi kufuneka luphindwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Lo mzamo omkhulu wokungenelela kwiLatin America libali eliqhubekayo lobudlelwane base-US kunye neLatin America. Abaninzi abazi nje okanye abafuni kucinga ngezi zinto—kungakhathaliseki ukuba uwuphi na ummandla wehlabathi.