Ngaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu sele kudlule uNorman Angell, umcholacholi weendaba waseBritani nokwangusopolitiki, wapapasha incwadi ethi โThe Great Illusion,โ incwadi ebonisa ukuba ixesha lokoyisa lalimele lidlule okanye ubuncinane limele lidlule.
Akazange aqikelele ukuphela kwemfazwe, kodwa waxoxa ukuba iimfazwe ezinobundlongondlongo azisenangqiqo - ukuba imfazwe yanamhlanje ihlwempuzekisa abo baphumeleleyo kunye nabo bahluthiweyo.
Wayenyanisile, kodwa kubonakala ukuba sisifundo esinzima ukusifumana. Ngokuqinisekileyo uVladimir Putin akazange ayifumane imemo. Kwaye asizange senze neocons yethu, imeko yakhe kaPutin enomona ebonisa ukuba abafundanga nto kwi-Iraq debacle.
Ityala lika-Angell lalilula: Ukuphanga akusafani nakuqala. Awunako ukuphatha uluntu lwanamhlanje ngendlela iRoma yakudala yaliphatha ngayo iphondo eloyisiweyo ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa obona butyebi uzama ukubuhlutha.
Kwaye okwangoku, imfazwe okanye isoyikiso semfazwe, ngokuphazamisa urhwebo kunye noqhagamshelwano lwezemali, lubangela iindleko ezinkulu ngaphezu kweendleko ezithe ngqo zokugcina kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhosi. Imfazwe ikwenza ube buthathaka kwaye ube buthathaka, nokuba uphumelele.
Izinto ezingaphandle kolu mgaqo-nkqubo ngokwenene zingqina umthetho. Kusekho izihange ezilwa imfazwe ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa nengeniso, kodwa zihlala zikwenza oko kwiindawo apho izinto ezisetyenziswayo zikuphela komthombo wokwenene wobutyebi.
Amaqela emigulukudu aqwenga iCentral African Republic asukela iidayimani neempondo zendlovu; i-Islamic State inokubanga ukuba izisa i-caliphate entsha, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ininzi ibambe amasimi e-oyile.
Inqaku lelokuba yintoni esebenzela imfazwe yehlabathi yesine kukuzitshabalalisa nje kwisizwe esikwinqanaba laseMelika - okanye nakwiRussia.
Jonga ukuba yintoni edlulayo kwimpumelelo kaPutin, ukuthinjwa kweCrimea: IRashiya isenokuba yawuthi hlasi usingasiqithi ngaphandle kwenkcaso, kodwa into eyayifumana kuloyiso lwayo yayiluqoqosho olungena xabiso, kwaye eneneni ifuna iindleko. uncedo.
Ngeli xesha, utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kunye nokuboleka iRussia ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwehle nangaphambi kokuba ukuhla kwexabiso leoli kuguqule imeko ibe yingxaki yezemali egcweleyo.
Oku kusizisa kwimibuzo emibini emikhulu. Okokuqala, kutheni uPutin enze into eyisiphukuphuku? Okwesibini, kwakutheni ukuze abantu abaninzi kangaka abanempembelelo eUnited States bachukunyiswe yaye bemonelwe bubudenge bakhe?
Impendulo yombuzo wokuqala icacile ukuba ucinga ngemvelaphi kaPutin. Khumbula, yindoda eyayisakuba yi-KGB โ oko kukuthi, uchithe iminyaka yakhe yobukrelekrele njengotsotsi.
Ubundlobongela nezigrogriso zobundlobongela, ezihambisana nokunyotywa nobuqhophololo, yinto ayaziyo.
Yaye kangangeminyaka akazange afune ukufunda nantoni na eyenye: Amaxabiso eoli aphakamileyo enza iRashiya yatyeba, yaye njengaye wonke umntu owongamela iqamza, ngokuqinisekileyo waziqinisekisa ukuba nguye obekekโ ityala ngeyakhe impumelelo. Ngentelekelelo, akazange aqonde kude kube kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuba akanalo nofifi lwendlela yokusebenza ngenkulungwane yama-21.
Impendulo yombuzo wesibini inzima ngakumbi, kodwa masingalibali ukuba sigqibe ekubeni sihlasele iIraq njani.
Yayingeyiyo impendulo kwi-9/11, okanye kubungqina besongelo esiphakamileyo. Yayiyimfazwe yokuzikhethela ukubonisa amandla ase-US kwaye isebenze njengobungqina bengcinga kulo lonke uthotho lwee-neocons zemfazwe ezazizimisele ukulwa. Khumbula โWonke umntu ufuna ukuya eBaghdad. Amadoda okwenene afuna ukuya eTehranโ?
Ingongoma kukuba kukho iqela lezopolitiko elinamandla eMelika elizinikele kwimbono yokuba ukunqoba kuyahlawula, kwaye ngokubanzi indlela yokuqina kukwenza nzima kwaye wenze abanye abantu boyike.
Omnye umrhanelwa, ngendlela, ukuba le ngcamango yobuxoki yamandla kutheni abakhi bemfazwe benza inkqubo yokuhlushwa - kwakungekho kakhulu malunga neziphumo malunga nokubonisa ukuzimisela ukwenza nantoni na.
Amaphupha e-Neocon athatha isibetho xa umsebenzi wase-Iraq wajika waba yi-fiasco enegazi, kodwa abazange bafunde kumava. (Ngubani na, kule mihla?) Kwaye ke bajonga i-adventurism yaseRashiya ngokuncoma nangomona. Basenokuba babanga ukuba bothuswa kukuqhubela phambili kweRussia, ukukholelwa ukuba uPutin, "into oyibiza ngokuba yinkokeli," wayedlala i-chess kwiibhastile zikaMongameli uBarack Obama. Kodwa eyona nto yayibakhathaza kakhulu kukuba uPutin wayephila ubomi ababesoloko bezicingela bona.
Inyaniso, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imfazwe ngokwenene, ngokwenene ayihlawuli. I-Iraq venture ngokucacileyo yaphela buthathaka indawo yase-US emhlabeni, ngelixa ixabisa ngaphezu kwe-800 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkcitho ethe ngqo kwaye ngakumbi ngeendlela ezingathanga ngqo.
IMelika inamandla okwenyaniso, ngoko sinako ukusingatha ilahleko enjalo - nangona umntu eqhaqhazela ukucinga malunga nokuba kwenzeke ntoni ukuba "amadoda okwenene" anikwe ithuba lokuqhubela phambili kwezinye iinjongo.
Kodwa i-petroeconomy eethe-ethe yezemali njengeRussia ayinaso isakhono esifanayo sokuqengqeleka ngeempazamo zayo.
Andazi ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kulawulo lukaPutin. Kodwa uPutin usinike sonke isifundo esibalulekileyo. Ungaze ucinge ukothuka kunye noloyiko: Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ukoyisa kokwabo balahlekileyo.
UPaul Krugman ngumbhali wemihlathi yeNew York Times. Umsebenzi wakhe uvela ngooLwezithathu kwiPennLive.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela