Ngokuchaseneyo ne-spin eyenziwa lishishini lenyukliya, amandla enyukliya ahlala engomnye wemithombo yamandla emdaka, eyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngelixa urhulumente weNkulumbuso uMcGuinty ebanga ukuba enze uthethwano loluntu malunga nokhetho lwamandla e-Ontario, ishishini lenyukliya elingakhuselekanga nelingenazinzo liye lathandwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo kunye nezoqoqosho. Apha ngezantsi sizama ukuphelisa iintsomi ezisixhenxe eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuxhomekeka kwethu okuqhubekayo kobu buchwepheshe be-archaic.
Ukubeka emngciphekweni uKhuseleko loLuntu
Ngokwembali, iCanada igcina eyona migangatho ithambileyo yamazwe asentshona xa kufikwa kwizinto ezikhutshwa yiradioactive kunye nempilo. NgoJulayi, i-1997, i-Ontario Hydro ibonise ukuba ayiphumelelanga ukunika ingxelo yokungcoliseka kwe-tritium yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwindawo ye-Pickering kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. I-Tritum yinto eyaziwayo ye-carcinogen yomntu, i-mutagen, kunye ne-teratogen. Iziphumo zezi nkqubo zinokubangela umhlaza, ukuphuphuma kwezisu, iziphene zokuzalwa, ubunyumba kunye ne-hypothyroidism.
Ukongeza, ngoMeyi 1999 kwatyhilwa ukuba i-Ontario Hydro ilahle ngaphezulu kweetoni ze-1000 zobhedu, i-zinc kunye nezinye iintsimbi eLake Ontario. Kubekho ukuchitheka okukhulu kwemathiriyeli yeradioactive, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwizikhululo zereactor. Amawaka eelitha zamanzi eradioactive achithakele kumzi-mveliso wakwaBruce ngowe-1990 nangowe-1991, amanye akhutshelwa kwiLake Huron. Ikota yabantu baseKhanada baxhomekeke kuLwandle Olukhulu ukuze bafumane amanzi okusela, amanzi angcoliswe kukukhutshwa kweradioactive.
IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweNyukliya yaseKhanada ayiphumelelanga ukuvuma inyaniso malunga nobungozi beradon, edibene ne-31 - 40 ekhulwini lokunyuka komhlaza kwindawo yemigodi ye-uranium yase-Elliott Lake. IEuropean Committee on Radiation Risk kunye neU.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) baye bafumanisa ukuba akukho manqanaba akhuselekileyo emitha. Ingxelo ye-NAS enamaphepha angama-700 ifumanise umngcipheko wokufumana umhlaza kwimitha yemitha ekhutshelwe kokusingqongileyo zizixhobo zenyukliya imalunga nama-35 epesenti ngaphezulu kunoqikelelo lomngcipheko lwangoku lukaRhulumente wase-US.
Ikwafumene ubudlelwane besizathu phakathi kokuvezwa kwemitha kunye neziphumo zempilo ezingezizo ezomhlaza ezifana nesifo sentliziyo kunye nestroke. I-Ontario Ministry of Environmental ithi ukungeniswa kwe-radionuclides emanzini okusela kunokubangela umhlaza kubantu abavezwayo kunye nomonakalo wemfuzo ebantwaneni.
Unobangela wokunyhashwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu
Abasebenzi basemgodini we-Uranium e-Elliott Lake, e-Ontario abazange baxelelwe ukuba babeka impilo yabo engozini okanye impilo yenzala yabo, ngenxa yokuvezwa kwezixhobo ze-radioactive. IGreenpeace inika ingxelo yokuba bangaphezulu kwama-200 abasebenzi-mgodini kuMntla we-Ontario abasweleke ngenxa yezifo zemiphunga abafunyenwe besebenza kwimigodi ye-uranium. Umhlaba namachibi aya kuhlala engasetyenziswa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Ngokubanzi, urhulumente wesigqeba ukhusela iinkampani zemigodi kwityala. Urhulumente waseMartin wakhaba isindululo seqela lonke yiKomiti eMisiweyo yeCommons kwiMicimbi yezaNgaphandle kunye noRhwebo ukuba iinkampani zemigodi zaseKhanada maziphendule ngokusemthethweni ngamalungelo oluntu kunye nokunyhashwa kokusingqongileyo phesheya kolwandle. I-Nuclear Liability Act imisela uxanduva lweshishini lenyukliya kwi-75 yezigidi zeerandi kuphela kwimeko yengozi yenyukliya. Xa kuthelekiswa, ii-reactors zaseMelika zinoxanduva lokuya kuthi ga kwi-13 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngaphezu koko, ngokufuthi oorhulumente baye bazama ukulahla inkunkuma enemitha yeathom kwimimandla yabemi bomthonyama.
IiNxulumano zeReactor ezinobungozi
Ukususela kwintlekele yaseChernobyl ngowe-1986, kuye kwakho iingozi ezinkulu ubuncinane ezingama-22 kwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya ehlabathini lonke, ezili-15 kuzo zibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwemitha yelanga yaye ezimbini kuzo zaphantse zaqhawuka ngendlela eyingozi.
“Ishishini ligqunywe kukungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi nokungakhathaleli ukhuseleko kuwo onke amanqanaba ukusuka emigodini ye-uranium ukuya kwingxaki yenkunkuma engekasonjululwa ... intlekele yaseChernobyl yayinamandla ngokuphindwe ngama-400 kunebhombu yaseHiroshima,” ngokutsho kweThe New Internationalist.
Iinkqubo zokuqulatha kuzo zombini izikhululo zenyukliya zeBruce kunye nePickering Ontario zafunyaniswa zineziphene kumatyeli amaninzi. Iinguqu eziphambili zemveliso ziqhume kabini kwisikhululo saseDarlington. Iinkqubo zokuvala ukhuseleko olungxamisekileyo zifunyenwe zineziphene okanye zingafumaneki kumatyeli amaninzi kuzo zozithathu izikhululo, kubandakanywa iintonga zokukhupha uthuli, inaliti yokupholisa kaxakeka kunye neenkqubo zokutofa kwerhasi.
Ngo-1990 kwabakho isiganeko sokubaleka ePickering kunye neenyanda zamafutha ezonakeleyo zafunyanwa eDarlington. Iijenereyitha ezilindileyo zokubonelela ngombane ongxamisekileyo kwi-reactor ziye zonakaliswa kwaye azifumaneki kwizikhululo zasePickering, eBruce naseDarlington. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kubekho iziganeko ezininzi zokuvuza kwe-radioactive tritium, i-cobalt, i-boric acid, inkunkuma yenyukliya kunye ne-radioactive kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya kwihlabathi jikelele.
Izixhobo zeNyukliya zivumela iMfazwe yeNyukliya
Ngaphandle kweenkxalabo zamva nje malunga nosongelo olubangelwa yi-Iran yezixhobo zenyukliya, ayifane ivunywe ukuba i-United States kunye namahlakani ayo asemkhosini sele yenze iimfazwe zenyukliya ezine, isebenzisa iibhombu ezimdaka kunye nezixhobo ezimdaka ezenziwe kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ngexesha kanye apho amazwe asentshona abonakalisa inkxalabo malunga nokwandisa amandla ezixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe elihluphekayo, aba rhulumente batyhala ukwanda kwamandla enyukliya kumazwe asakhasayo. IKhanada sele inama-45,000 eetoni zemetriki ezisetyenzisiweyo zeefutha ezifuna ukulahlwa. Okwangoku, iNkulumbuso uHarper kunye noMongameli waseOstreliya uJohn Howard baqwalasela amalungiselelo apho iCanada neAustralia zithatha umva kwaye zilahla inkunkuma yenyukliya eveliswa ziireactor zaseCanada ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya kumlinganiselo wehlabathi kube negalelo elithe ngqo ekunyukeni kwezixhobo zenyukliya eziphuma kwinkqubo yokuqhekeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Isazi ngezixhobo zenyukliya sase-US, uLauren Moret uphawula kwi-Journal yeMiba yaMazwe ngaMazwe eyehliswe i-uranium (DU) yiTrojan Horse yemfazwe yenyukliya. I-uranium ephelelweyo idibana nengcaciso kaRhulumente wase-US yeSikhali sokutshabalalisa. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-uranium eziphelileyo akukho mthethweni phantsi kwazo zonke izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano.
Izilumkiso ngeziphumo ezibi ze-DU kwimpilo yabantu zibuyela emva. Ngo-1990, i-United Kingdom Atomic Authority (ULAEA) Ingxelo yalumkisa urhulumente wase-UK ukuba baqikelela ukuba, "ukuba iitoni ezingama-50 zothuli olushiyekileyo lwe-DU zihlala 'kummandla' kunokubakho isiqingatha sesigidi somhlaza owongezelelweyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane."
Ukususela ekubeni iUnited States yaqala ukubonelela nge-DU kuSirayeli kwimfazwe yaseSinayi ye-1973, i-US iye yavavanya, yavelisa, kwaye yathengisa izixhobo ze-DU kumazwe angama-29. UMoret uye waqaphela ngaphezu kwe-165 yezifo ezinzulu ezithwaxa abo bavezwe nakwimizila ekude ye-DU. Isiqingatha sobomi be-DU yiminyaka eyi-4.5 yezigidigidi, iminyaka yomhlaba. Njengoko ibola ikhupha imitha engakumbi kwinyathelo ngalinye. "Ungcoliseko lweradioactive kwihlabathi lonke oluvela kuvavanyo lwe-atmospheric lwalulingana neebhombu ze-Hiroshima ezingama-40,000," ngokutsho kukaMoret.
I-uranium ephelelweyo ikhankanywe njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo malunga ne-240,000 ye-700,000 ye-American Gulf War Veterans ekhubazeke ngokusisigxina kwezonyango, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwe-11,000 ifile. Uphononongo lukarhulumente wase-US malunga neentsana zasemva kweMfazwe ye-Gulf abazalwa ngamagqala afumanisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-67 zeentsana zaxelwa ukuba zinezigulo ezimandundu okanye zineziphene zokuzalwa. Bazalwa bengenamehlo, iindlebe, amalungu alahlekileyo, iminwe edibeneyo, i-thyroid kunye nezinye izinto ezingasebenzi kakuhle. Amajoni aseKhanada ngoku aboniswa kwiimpembelelo ze-DU ngokuvezwa kwawo kwiibhombu ze-DU zaseMelika.
Imibutho yezenzululwazi iqikelela ukuba iitoni ezingama-900 zeDU zasetyenziswa kwiiveki ezimbalwa zeMfazwe yeGulf yowe-1991. Ngo-2001, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-800 ukuya kwi-1000 yeetoni ze-DU zaye zehla e-Afghanistan. KwiMfazwe ye-Gulf ye-2003, kuqikelelwa ukuba iitoni ze-3000 ze-DU zasetyenziswa, ezibangela malunga ne-22 yezigidi zeziganeko zomhlaza ezintsha kuyo yonke imimandla echatshazelwe ziziqhushumbisi. Exoxa ngomnqweno wase-US wokugcina izixhobo zayo zenyukliya, uSodolophu waseHiroshima uTadatoshi Akiba uthe, "Kuxhomekeke kwihlabathi liphela ... . Siyala ukuphila kwihlabathi elinoloyiko nentiyo ngokuqhubekayo.
Umngcolisi oPhezulu
U-Ed Burt we-Serpent River First Nations uye waphawula, imigodi ye-uranium ivelisa i-uranium eninzi, i-arsenic, i-cadmium yensimbi enzima, ubhedu kunye ne-nickel ukuba umhlaba uqala ukufana nexesha langaphambili leCambrian. Ixesha elithi, "kwakungekho nto eluhlaza, akukho nto inyakazayo, akukho nto yokudada, akukho nto ihlekayo, akukho nto ihamba." Umyinge weziko lamandla enyukliya livelisa phakathi kweetoni ezingama-20 nama-30 zamafutha enyukliya aphelileyo nyaka ngamnye. Oorhulumente abaninzi balahle udaka lweradioactive kulwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, iPasifiki kunye neArctic, apho iindawo ezingama-53 zaziwa kwaye uninzi lwazo lurhanelwa.
Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-200 yezigidi zeetoni zeentsalela zemitha ezishiywe ngasemva kwintsimbi ekrwada ye-uranium kuMntla weOntario, kuMntla weSaskatchewan nakuMntla-ntshona weTerritories. Ezi ntsalela zifana nesanti yokusila ziqulethe i-85 yepesenti ye-radioactivity eyayikho kwintsimbi yokuqala. Zihlala ziyingozi kwi-radioactive kangangamakhulu amawaka eminyaka.
Akukho lizwe ehlabathini liye layila isisombululo esamkelekileyo kulawulo lwexesha elide lwenkunkuma eqhumayo kwizinga eliphezulu. Ngokutsho kweU.S. National Academy of Sciences, “ukuvuza kweradioactive kunokulindeleka ukuya kutsho kwisigidi seminyaka,” yaye, “umngcipheko unokuba mkhulu malunga neminyaka engama-300,000 XNUMX ukususela ngoku.”
Akukho Sicombululo soTshintsho lweMozulu
Iingxelo zakutsha nje zokuba amandla enyukliya ayimfuneko, nangona isisombululo esinganqwenelekiyo sokutshintsha kwemozulu bubuxoki. Ngokutsho kweWorldwatch (Julayi/Agasti 2006), ukuphinda kabini amandla enukliya akhoyo ngoku ehlabathini kunganciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi nge-1/7 nje yesixa esifunekayo ukunqanda ezona mpembelelo zimbi zokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Abaphandi be-MIT baqaphela ukuba ukuphumeza nalesi siphumo singanelanga kuya kufuna ukubeka indawo yokugcina esisigxina ubungakanani beNtaba yeYucca rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-4 ukujongana nenkunkuma eyongezelelweyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-uranium ayingomthombo wamandla wexesha elide osebenzayo, njengoko ingenakuhlaziywa. Oovimba behlabathi behlabathi be-uranium enokutsalwa baya kuncitshiswa kwiminyaka engama-40 ezayo, nokuba inani lemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya alinyuswanga.
Ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezixhobo zenyukliya e-Ontario, amaziko amalahle kuye kwafuneka anyuswe ngeepesenti ezili-120 kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Amaziko amandla enyukliya akhupha imiyinge engaziwayo yeegesi zegreenhouse ezifana ne-ozone-depleting chloro- kunye ne-hydro fluorocarbons kunye ne-sulphur hexafluoride.
Iphupha elibi leNgcali yezoQoqosho
Urhulumente wase-Ontario utyikitye isivumelwano sokuhlaziya "isithandwa" kunye nenkampani yabucala, iBruce Power. Urhulumente wephondo usilele ukuxela ukuba abarhafi bakwikhonkco ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 pesenti kuzo naziphi na iindleko ezigqithisiweyo kwaye i-Bruce Power ifanele ihlawulwe ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu (ngama-40 ekhulwini) kunenkampani yase-Ontario Power Generation yasesidlangalaleni.
Ukongezelela, urhulumente wase-Ontario uvumile ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo nakuphi na ukunyuka kwexabiso le-uranium fuel iminyaka engama-29. Uqikelelo lwe-Ontario lweendleko zereactor alubandakanyi ukuyekiswa okanye ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma. E-U.K. iindleko zokuyekisa ukusebenza kwee-reactors ziqikelelwa ubuncinci kwi-70 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro.
Ukuba iziphakamiso ze-Ontario Power Authority zenzeka, zinokongeza i-100 yeebhiliyoni ezongezelelweyo kwiindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko kwi-40 yeebhiliyoni zeedola esele ichithwa yi-Ontario. I-Pembina Institute iqikelela iindleko zokuhlaziya izibonelelo zeNyukliya zase-Ontario ziya kuba phakathi kweedola ezili-14.2 kunye ne-19.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Kusaqikelelwa ukuba i-Ontario ine-20 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zetyala lenyukliya kuninzi lwezityalo ezakhiwe kwiminyaka yamashumi asixhenxe edla ngokubangela ukuba kwakhiwe ngokuphindwe kane njengoko urhulumente wayeqikelele.
Ixabiso elikhulu lamandla enyukliya lixhaswe kakhulu ngoorhulumente bamaphondo kunye nabezizwe ngezizwe, kunye ne-2.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezikhutshelwe kwi-Atomic Energy Canada Limited ngeendleko zokucoca. Oku kwakusongezelela kwikhefu lerhafu, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwezibonelelo, ukucinywa kunye ne-inshurensi yamatyala ishishini esele liyonwabele.
Ukungakhathaleli uLondolozo oluxabiso liphantsi kunye neMithombo yaMandla aHlaziywayo
Ngokutsho kweRocky Mountain Institute, ngowama-2004 kuphela, izinto ezincinci ezihlaziywayo zongeze umthamo ophindwe kathandathu wokuvelisa amandla enyukliya. Ngo-2010, amandla ahlaziyekayo kuqikelelwa ukuba aza kudlula amandla enyukliya ngeepesenti ezingama-43 kwihlabathi liphela.
ISpain, iJamani kunye neSweden zithembise ukuwaphelisa ngokupheleleyo amandla enyukliya. Ngokubhekiselele kubuchwephesha obukhula ngokukhawuleza kulondolozo kunye nokuhlaziywa, izixhobo zenyukliya zimele inyathelo leLuddite elibuyela umva. I-Ontario yenza kuphela utyalo-mali olungokomfuziselo kumandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nolondolozo. Iphondo lichitha imali ephindaphindwe kangangama-64 ekuboneleleni ngombane kunokonga. Ngo-2004, urhulumente wase-Ontario wafumana iziphakamiso ze-4,400 Mega Watts (MG) yamandla aluhlaza, kodwa wamkela kuphela i-395 MW. Ngo-2003, iJamani iyodwa ifake i-2,645 MW yee-injini zomoya.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuyakuthatha iminyaka eyi-10 kunye ne-40 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuxhasa i-14,000 MW ye-baseload yamandla enyukliya e-Ontario. I-OPA ibetha ngoyaba ngokufanelekileyo iinzame ezinkulu ngokubhekiselele kulondolozo olunokwenza ukuveliswa kombane ngobuninzi kungabikho mfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ii-Ontarians ezizigidi ezihlanu bezinokutshintsha iiglowubhu ezine kuphela kweziyi-60 zangoku zibe yi-10 watt compact fluorescents, oku bekuya konga ukulingana kweeyunithi ezimbini ze-Pickering nuclear reactor.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luka-2005 lwanika i-AECL i-99 yezigidi zenkxaso-mali, iphindwe kathandathu kwi-17 yezigidi zeedola ezibonelelwe ngamandla omoya. Ngelixa urhulumente wethu eqhubeleka ukutyala iibhiliyoni kumandla angakhuselekanga, anobungozi kokusingqongileyo, iindlela ezinokuvuselelwa ezifana nomoya, i-biomass, i-geothermal kunye namandla elanga kunye nolondolozo ubukhulu becala azihoywa.
Ngelixa umoya ungowona mandla akhula ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni, iOntario isemva kakhulu nge-350 MW efakiweyo. Umthombo womoya ofikelelekayo ngokobuchwepheshe kuMazantsi e-Ontario unokwamkela umyinge wama-58 ekhulwini wosetyenziso lwangoku lwephondo. ICalifornia kunye neManitoba zichitha malunga namaxesha angama-30 ngaphezulu komntu ngamnye kulondolozo kune-Ontario ngokukaHoward Hampton. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lendawo, i-East Gwillimbury kutshanje ibe ngumasipala wokuqala e-Ontario ukufuna abakhi bezindlu ukuba bakhe amakhaya asebenzayo. Ngelixa useToronto, iprojekthi yokulinga iimitha ezikrelekrele kwizakhiwo zeflethi ivelise ukuncipha kwangoko kwamandla phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-35 yeepesenti.
I-Ontario ikwanamandla okulandela iiprojekthi zamandla ezikhuthazayo ezifakwe eUnited States. Kwinkqubo yolondolozo yaseCalifornia yonga umbane olingana nezixhobo ezimbini zenyukliya, okonga urhulumente i-2.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwaye baye bavuma i-3 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwinkxaso yokukhuthaza amandla elanga. INew York inciphise i-90 pesenti yamandla asetyenziswa kwizibane zendlela ngokutshintshela kwii-diodes ezikhupha ukukhanya.
Inkqubo yezoPolitiko eneziphene
I-Ontario Power Authority ayikho i-arhente yobude beengalo exhotyiswe ukubonelela ngeengcebiso ezingakhethi cala. Abaqeshwa banezopolitiko kakhulu.
I-CEO ye-OPA nguJan Carr, injineli ephezulu enamava angamashumi amathathu eminyaka kunye neefemu zokubonisana namandla, iBhodi ye-Ontario yaMandla kunye neBhodi ye-Toronto yoRhwebo lwabasebenzi bombane. Uyi-fundraiser ye-Liberal kwaye ubambe ngokubambisana i-$ 350 / iplate yecandelo lamandla eyamkela iNkulumbuso uMcGuinty. UMurray Elston, owayesakuba yi-Ontario Liberal MPP kunye nomphathiswa wekhabhinethi, ngoku ungumongameli weCanadian Nuclear Association. UDavid MacNaughton, owayesakuba ngunobhala oyintloko kaMcGuinty, ufuna iAtomic Energy yaseCanada. UBob Lopinski, owayesakuba ngumlawuli weNkulumbuso uMcGuinty kwimicimbi yowiso-mthetho, ngummeli ohlawulelwayo weBruce Power. Ekugqibeleni, uJohn Beck, usihlalo wekomiti yolawulo lwe-OPS, yi-CEO ye-Econ Group, eyona nkampani inkulu ye-Canada yokwakha kunye neziseko zophuhliso.
Urhulumente wase-Ontario udale uMbutho woLawulo lweNkunkuma yeNyukliya (NWMO) enamalungu ebhodi aquka abameli beshishini lenyukliya kuphela. Ngaphandle kwezithembiso zokubonisana noluntu, urhulumente wase-Ontario wavumela iiyure ezintathu kuphela kwindawo ye-12 ye-Ontario yoluntu ukuba igalelo loluntu. Kwaye oku kweza emva koxinzelelo olukhulu loluntu.
Urhulumente wase-Ontario uye wayityeshela imfuneko yovavanyo olungqongqo lwendalo esingqongileyo ngokukhetha imigangatho yovavanyo yendalo esingqongileyo exengaxenga kakhulu.
UJudy Deutch ungunontlalontle wengqondo kwaye unguMququzeleli weSahluko saseToronto seBhunga lamaKhanada. URebecca Granovsky-Larsen ngumhleli kunye noSihlalo-omnye we-ACT we-Earth Toronto. Yomibini le mibutho ingamalungu eClimate Chaos Coalition kwaye iyasebenza nge-Energy Vision.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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