Kuthethwano lwamazwe ngamazwe kwamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi nge-2ยฐC ngaphezu kwamanqanaba aphambi koshishino kuya kubangela utshintsho lwemozulu oluyingozi. Yintoni ocinga ukuba kukunyuka kobushushu okukhuselekileyo emva kokuba kubekho utshintsho oluyingozi lwemozulu?
UCorinne Le Quรฉrรฉ Ndicinga ukuba u-2ยฐC ngumda ekungafunekanga siwugqithe. Eli lelona qondo lobushushu liphezulu esinokuthi lenzekile eMhlabeni ubuncinci kwiminyaka ezizigidi ezibini edlulileyo. Ngaloo ndlela siyazi ukuba ukufudumala kwe-2 ยฐ C kuzinzile ngokwaneleyo ukuba abantu baphile, nangona besiya kuba nohlengahlengiso oluninzi ukuze silungelelanise nehlabathi elifudumeleyo le-2 ยฐ C, ngakumbi ukuvelisa ukutya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwamanzi. Ngaphezulu kwe-2ยฐC umngcipheko uphezulu kakhulu ukuba impendulo yendalo yoMhlaba inokutshabalalisa imozulu ngaphaya kokuzifudumeza ngokwawo, kwaye kunokuba nzima ngokobuchwepheshe, kubize kakhulu kwaye kungenzeki ukuziqhelanisa, ngakumbi kwezona ngingqi zihlwempuzekileyo zehlabathi.
URobert Watson Sele siphila neziphumo ezibi zokutshintsha kwemozulu ye-anthropogenic kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kunye notshintsho kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji kunye nezomzimba. Ke ngoko, kwihlabathi eligqibeleleyo besiya kugcina imozulu ikufutshane nekhoyo ngoku kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Njengoko ubukhulu kunye nesantya sokutshintsha kwemozulu sisanda iziphumo ziya ziba yingozi ngakumbi, abantu abahluphekayo kunye namazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ngawona achatshazelwa kakubi. Abantu abahlala kwiindawo eziphantsi basengozini kakhulu ekunyukeni komgangatho wolwandle, ngelixa abanye basengozini yokusongela ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokhuseleko lwamanzi, ukulahlekelwa kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ecosystem kunye nokunyuka kwengozi yezempilo.
Ngelixa ndingalithandi igama elithi 'ingozi', ngenxa yokuba amaqela ahlukeneyo abantu kunye namacandelo achaphazeleka ngokwahlukileyo, akukho mathandabuzo amancinci okuba abantu abaninzi, kunye nenkqubo yendalo ephilayo, iya kuchatshazelwa kakubi lutshintsho lobushushu obungaphezulu kwe-1.5 ยฐC xa kuthelekiswa nangaphambili. -amanqanaba oshishino. Injongo yezopolitiko yokunciphisa utshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu bomhlaba jikelele ukuba lingabi ngaphezu kwe-2 ยฐ C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba angaphambi koshishino aluyi kufezekiswa ngaphandle kokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza okubonakalayo kwehlabathi kukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.
uSimon Lewis Umndilili okhuselekileyo wokunyuka kobushushu behlabathi awunakuchazwa ngokungqongqo. Kwabanye abantu iimpembelelo ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu sele ziyingozi, zide zibulale. Amaxhoba, esingafane sive ngabo, baninzi kakhulu abancinci, badala okanye bangamahlwempu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba abanye abantu, amazwe, iintlobo kunye ne-ecosystems zisengozini ngakumbi kunabanye. Amanye amazwe asemngciphekweni amela umda we-1.5ยฐC kwiingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukugqiba ukuba zeziphi iziphumo kunye neengozi lixabiso elamkelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwamafutha e-fossil kwindawo yezopolitiko, kungekhona isayensi. Kujongwe kuphela iimpembelelo ezinokuba neziphumo ezibi kwizivuno zezityalo phantsi kobushushu obuqhubekayo, kunye neempembelelo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya - uqhanqalazo lokutya lowama-2007 nowama-2008 oluthatha amazwekazi amathathu, kwaye amaxabiso okutya ajongwa ngokubanzi njengomba kwixesha le-Arab Spring - I. qwalasela ukufudumala kwe-2ยฐC ukuze kungabi nje ukuguqula ihlabathi, kodwa kusenokugqabhuka eluntwini, nako.
Kevin Anderson Akuyona indima yeengcali zemozulu ukuchaza umda ofanelekileyo phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu okwamkelekileyo kunye neyingozi. Esi sisigqibo esifanelekileyo soluntu ngokuthetha-thethana okuphindaphindayo nokuvulelekileyo, ngenkqubo emdaka engenakuthintelwa yezopolitiko kunye nothethathethwano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Inzululwazi iyayikhanyisela le ngxoxo, kodwa izazinzulu azikuxhobelanga ukunika impendulo eqinisekileyo njengabanye abantu ababandakanyekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, xa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni luchaze isiqalo 'esiyingozi' yindima yenzululwazi ukuphonononga ukuba oku kuthetha ukuthini malunga nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwekhabhoni, ukucutha ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, njl. njl. utshintsho'. Ndigweba ukuba kufuneka sijolise ngaphantsi kwe-2 ยฐ C, inqunyelwe, ekugqibeleni, ngokukhutshwa esele sivalelwe kwinkqubo - mhlawumbi malunga ne-1.5 ยฐ C.
Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho lwam malunga nomda ofanelekileyo lwenziwa kulwazi lwengcali yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwekhabhoni, amazinga okunciphisa njl njl, kudityaniswe nokutolika kokuziphatha kwehlabathi kunye nendlela yam yobuqu malunga nomngcipheko kunye nokungaqiniseki. Ukhetho lwam olunexabiso lomqobo alunanyani ngakumbi kunolwabanye abaye bacingisisa nzulu ngemiba.
Leliphi ithuba ocinga ukuba ihlabathi linalo lokuhlala ngaphantsi kwe-2ยฐC yokufudumala?
UCorinne Le Quรฉrรฉ Umhlaba ngoku ufudumeze malunga ne-0.8 ยฐ C, ngoko sinokunciphisa ukufudumala ukuya kwi-2 ยฐ C, kodwa kufuneka senze ngoku kwaye senze izenzo ezinzulu ukuze ukukhula, ubutyebi kunye nophuhliso lungaqhubeki luthembele ekutshiseni i-fuel fuels. Iimodeli zentlalo noqoqosho zisixelela ukuba incopho yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kufuneka yenzeke phambi kuka-2020 ukucutha ubushushu bube yi-2ยฐC. Lo ngumbandela wokuzikhethela uluntu noorhulumente.
URobert Watson Ngaphandle kokudodobala koqoqosho kutsha nje kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kunye nezibophelelo zikarhulumente zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kutsha nje kukwizinga eliphezulu, kungoko kuncinci ukufezekisa injongo echaziweyo ye-2ยฐC. Izibophelelo zangoku zehlabathi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo zihambelana nokonyuka kwe-3ยฐC (ithuba elingama-50/50) kwiqondo lobushushu, iqondo lobushushu elingazange libonwe emhlabeni malunga nezigidi ezithathu zeminyaka, nemingcipheko enzulu yokunyuka kwe-5ยฐC. Iqondo lobushushu alibonwa kwiplanethi malunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zeminyaka.
uSimon Lewis Kukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse ezongezelekayo ezibalwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuyaqhubeka nokunyuka, ngaphandle kwemizamo enzulu yokuyinciphisa. Phantse akukho ngxoxo malunga nendlela yokugcina i-carbon eninzi yefosili ngaphandle kwe-atmosfera. Xa nawona mazwe atyebileyo efumanisa ukuba aneebhiliyoni zeedola zefosili engcwatywe ngaphantsi komhlaba, bayayikhupha: isanti yetar eCanada, i-oyile eqhekekileyo kunye negesi e-US nase-UK.
Mancinci kakhulu amathuba okuhlala ngaphantsi kwe-2ยฐC. Iindaba ezilungileyo ezinqabileyo kukwanda okucothayo kwiqondo lobushushu bomoya wehlabathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000s zibonisa ukuba kungathatha ishumi leminyaka elide ukufikelela kwi-2ยฐC kunokuba izazinzulu ezininzi bezicinga ngaphambili.
Kevin Anderson Ngaphandle kokuba sinethamsanqa kakhulu kubuntununtunu bemozulu, amathuba okuba angagqithi nakwi-2ยฐC threshold mancinci kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba asizami, ithuba liphuma kancinci liye kwi-zero. Kwiindawo ezityebileyo zehlabathi, ndiyavumelana nembono ebanzi yezigqibo ze-International Energy Agency. Ukuba sizimisele malunga ne-2ยฐC threshold, sineminyaka emihlanu yokuhlanganisa inguqu emandla kwisixokelelwano samandla ekhabhoni enguziro. Qaphela 'amandla' kunye 'nenkqubo' - o.k.t. ayingombane kuphela, kwaye imalunga nemfuno yamandla njengoko imalunga nonikezelo lwamandla.
Ukuba inyathelo elaneleyo alithathwa kutshintsho lwemozulu, ihlabathi liya kujongeka njani kwiminyaka engama-50 okanye eyi-100 ngokumalunga namaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, yezentlalo nezoqoqosho?
URobert Watson Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kumazinga akhoyo okanye angaphezulu kwangoku kunokunyusa iqondo lobushushu bomhlaba ngaphezulu kwe-3ยฐC, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho kuzo zonke iinxalenye zenkqubo yemozulu, ezinye zazo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili kumakhulu ukuya kumawaka eminyaka, kwaye uninzi lwayo luya kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane. Utshintsho luya kwenzeka kuyo yonke imimandla kwaye luya kubandakanya amaqondo obushushu omhlaba kunye nolwandle, umjikelo wamanzi, i-cryosphere, inqanaba lolwandle, ezinye iziganeko ezigqithisileyo kunye ne-asidi yolwandle. Oku kuya kunciphisa imveliso yezolimo, ubuninzi bamanzi kunye nomgangatho kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kujongela phantsi iinzame zokunciphisa intlupheko, ukugxothwa kwamanani abantu abaninzi, kubangela ilahleko enkulu yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kwaye kuthobe umgangatho weenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ikhosistim.
Kevin Anderson Ukuba amazinga okukhutshwa kwanamhlanje ayaqhubeka - kwaye ngoku andiboni migaqo-nkqubo ebalulekileyo okanye izizathu zokuba kutheni zinokuthi zinciphise - ngoko ndiyavumelana nohlalutyo lwe-IEA lokuba i-4-6 ยฐ C ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ibonakala inokwenzeka. Ngezinto ezikhutshwayo eziseleyo, i-4 ยฐ C ngo-2050-2070 ayibonakali ingenangqiqo.
UCorinne Le Quรฉrรฉ Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okwangoku kulandela ezona meko zinekhabhoni ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwenza iprojekthi yokutshintsha kwemozulu, okukhokelela kumazinga obushushu obumalunga ne-2ยฐC esele imalunga no-2050, kunye ne-4โ6ยฐC ngo-2100. Oku akungomazinga aphezulu kakhulu obushushu kuphela, kodwa ikwanjalo namazinga obushushu aphezulu. ukufudumala okukhawulezayo kakhulu, kunciphisa amandla okuziqhelanisa noninzi lwe-ikhosistim yethu kunye noluntu.
Kwi-2ยฐC ungalindela ukuba i-Arctic ingabi namkhenkce ehlotyeni, kunye nokunyibilika okukhulu nokucwangcisiweyo kwekhephu kunye nomkhenkce kwi-hemisphere esemantla, kubandakanywa ne-permafrost equlethe ubuninzi bekhabhoni. Ungalindela kwakhona utshintsho kwiipateni zemozulu, ngakumbi kwi-hemisphere esemantla, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kumjikelo wamanzi, kunye nemimandla eyomileyo ngokubanzi ibe imimandla eyomileyo nemanzi, kunye nokwanda kobunzulu kunye nobunzima bezikhukula, imbalela kunye namaza obushushu. - oko kukuthi iziganeko ezigqithisileyo.
Kwi-4 ยฐ C ulindele ukuguqulwa kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa izityalo kuzo zonke iindawo, zemozulu, amaxesha onyaka kunye neepatheni zemozulu (umzekelo, i-monsoon kunye ne-Atlantic oscillation esenyakatho elawula imozulu eYurophu). Iimpembelelo zebhayosphere zinkulu njengoko izityalo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezilwanyana zilahlekelwa ngaphezu kwe-50 pesenti yoluhlu lwe-niche yazo. Iindleko zokuziqhelanisa - ngakumbi ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kunye nokukhusela kwiizaqhwithi ezandayo kwimimandla eselunxwemeni - ziya kuba nkulu kakhulu.
uSimon Lewis Ihlabathi le-2100 liya kubunjwa ziimpendulo ezininzi kwimingeni ejongene noluntu. Kuya kufuneka senze izinto ezintsha ukuze sihlale siphambi kokuvela kweebhaktheriya ezixhathisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane [kwaye] kuya kufuneka silondoloze umhlaba kunye nempilo yawo ukuze sigcine imveliso yezolimo, ukukhankanya kodwa iingxaki ezimbini ezingahoywanga zexesha elide ezinokunciphisa intlalontle yabantu kule nkulungwane.
Ngokubhekiselele kumaqondo obushushu obuphakathi ngonyaka, ndiyakrokrela ukuba siyakubona ukufudumala kwe-3โ4ยฐC. Oku kuya kuguqula ihlabathi lenyama eliza kubonwa yinzala yethu. Uninzi lwenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo iya kuba ziintlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziya kuba zehlile kakhulu. Amanqanaba olwandle aya kuba phezulu; abanye abantu besixeko kunye neziqithi baya kuba befudukile. Imveliso yezolimo yehlabathi iza kusokola njengoko ulawulo lwemvula lutshintsha. Izibonelelo ezinkulu ziya kuba zisetyenziselwe ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha.
Bendingayi kuyibheja imeko yobuntu. Akukacaci kum ngokupheleleyo ukuba iya kuba yintoni impendulo ephambili kwinto yokuba indlela uqoqosho oluqhutywa ngayo ithoba iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifunekayo ukugcina iibhiliyoni zabantu kwiplanethi enguMhlaba.
Ngaba unganika umbono wenqanaba kunye nesantya sotshintsho oorhulumente bethu ekufuneka belwenzile ukunqanda utshintsho oluyintlekele lwemozulu?
URobert Watson Ukufezekisa injongo yezopolitiko yokunciphisa utshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa emhlabeni jikelele lingabi ngaphezu kwe-2 ยฐ C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba angaphambi koshishino kufuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ngabo bonke abakhupha iigesi ezinkulu ze-greenhouse. Ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse ehlabathini lonke kufuneka kunyuke ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kwaye kwangaphambi konyaka ka-2020, kwaye kube ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-50 zezinto ezikhutshwayo ngoku ngowama-2050. Amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino kufuneka akhokele.
Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi luyafuneka, lujongane nawo onke amacandelo - amandla, ezothutho, ishishini, ezolimo kunye namahlathi - kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bekhabhoni ephantsi-khabhoni ehambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo efana nexabiso lekhabhoni kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha komntu ngamnye, wenkampani kunye norhulumente. .
UCorinne Le Quรฉrรฉ Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenze ngokukhawuleza, kunye notyalo-mali olubalulekileyo, ngokukodwa ekugcinweni kwamandla, kwiiteknoloji ezisebenzisa amandla - izindlu, izithuthi, izixhobo zombane kunye ne-IT - kunye nemimiselo ecacileyo ekhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kunye nokuhanjiswa okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Kumazwe atyebileyo, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kufuneka kunciphe ubuncinane ngesi-3 ekhulwini ngonyaka de kube yinxalenye yomlinganiselo wawo wowe-1990. Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni e-UK kwehle malunga nepesenti enye ngonyaka kule minyaka ingama-1 idlulileyo, ngoko kufuneka kuphuculwe iinzame. Ngolo tshintsho kunye neenzame ezihambelanayo e-China nakwamanye amazwe asahlumayo kwezoqoqosho, sinethuba lokunciphisa ubushushu bube ku-20ยฐC.
uSimon Lewis Ukunciphisa igesi yegreenhouse [eyimfuneko] ukuze kubekho utshintsho lwama-50/50 ukuze kufikelelwe kwi-2ยฐC ekujoliswe kuyo, nokufumana ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhutshwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho namazwe asakhasayo kwixesha elizayo, kungaphezu kwesi-5 ekhulwini nyaka ngamnye kumashumi eminyaka kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho. . Bambalwa abacinga ukuba oku kuyenzeka. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho neyolawulo iyafuneka ukuze kugcinwe uninzi lwekhabhoni yefosili emhlabeni. Xa kujongwe imidla ebandakanyekayo, oorhulumente abafuni, ukuyichaza ngokungafihlisiyo, ukuwisa umthetho iBP, iStatoil, iShell kunye nabanye baphume kowona msebenzi wabo uphambili.
Kevin Anderson Lo mbuzo unxulumene nommandla wam ophambili wophando. Ngalo naliphi na inqanaba elifanelekileyo lolingano phakathi kweendawo ezihlwempuzekileyo nezityebileyo zehlabathi, izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumazwe anjenge-UK, i-US kunye ne-EU iphela kufuneka zicuthwe malunga ne-10 lepesenti ngonyaka. Amazinga anjalo okucutha akukho mzekelo kwaye ngaphaya kwayo nantoni na esele ijongwe.
Njengomntu umsebenzi wakhe ubanika ukuqonda okunzulu ngekamva elimfiliba elijongene neplanethi noluntu, uhlangabezana njani nale nto ngokweemvakalelo nangokwengqondo?
URobert Watson Umba wokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neminye imiba enxulumene noko, njengokupheliswa kwentlupheko, ukulahleka kweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokutya kunye nokhuseleko lwamanzi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba udimazeke ngenxa yokungabikho komsebenzi karhulumente kunye necandelo labucala, okanye ukuthozama phakathi koluntu. Umsebenzi wam, kunye nezinye izazinzulu, kukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente, amashishini kunye noluntu lonke bayawazi umngcipheko ohambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwa ngabantu, kwaye kukho izisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu kunye nezilinganayo.
Isizukulwana sangoku nesazayo kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo ngoku; ayikho enye into eza kuyenza. Akukho namnye kuthi onokukwazi ukuzincama ngokudimazeka. Ukuba asibaphumeleli, baya kusibuza ukuba kutheni sibambise ngekamva labo ngenxa yamandla aphantsi, kwaye [kutheni sisilele] ukujongana nemidla esinayo enenzuzo ngokugcina imeko ikhoyo ngoku.
UCorinne Le Quรฉrรฉ Uphando lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba uluntu lwase-Bhritane lukuxhasa ngokugqithisileyo ukushenxa kumafutha efosili kunye notshintsho kwindlela esiwasebenzisa ngayo nokulawula amandla. Ndinethemba lokuba siya kulawula inguqu ukuya kwihlabathi elizinzileyo ngoxolo, kubandakanywa ukunciphisa ukufudumala ukuya kwi-2ยฐC okanye malunga nje. Mna noogxa bam sisebenza nzima ukwenza oku, kwaye ndihlala ndicinga ukuba singaphumelela.
Kevin Anderson Ndiyijonga njengento engafanelekanga (kwaye ingamkelekanga) kuthi thina sibandakanyeka ngokusondeleyo kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuba singabonisi ukuncipha okubonakalayo kokukhutshwa kwethu, nangona uninzi lwabalingane bam bengavumelani nesi sikhundla. Asikuko ukuba izinto ezikhutshwayo zobuqu, ngokwazo, zibalulekile, kodwa ukuba isenzo sethu esihlangeneyo 'njengeengcali' kwindawo siboleka ukuthembeka kuphando lwethu kunye nobunzima bezigqibo zethu. Ukunyaniseka kweengxoxo zethu kubantu, imibutho, oorhulumente njl-njl ukuphumeza amanqanaba abukhali okunciphisa kujongelwa phantsi xa umyalezo uhanjiswa ukusuka kwii-35,000 ezinyaweni kwindlela eya kwenye intlanganiso 'ebalulekileyo' yokutshintsha kwemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukwenza olo tshintsho kuye kwangqineka kulucelomngeni. Ubuhlobo bam, amaqhina osapho kunye nomgangatho wobomi bubonke bubandezeleke kakhulu kunciphiso lokukhutshwa kwezinto endizive ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndikwenze. Uninzi lwethu olusebenza kutshintsho lwemozulu lukwiqela lezinto ezikhutshwayo eziphezulu kumazwe ethu, singasathethi ke kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwabo banjengathi, akuyi kuba lula - kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kulula kunabo bahluphekayo behlabathi, kunye nakwinzala yethu, ukujongana neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu okungathintelekiyo.
uSimon Lewis Kulula ukugxila ekubhaleni amaphepha enzululwazi yezobugcisa, okanye ukuphikisa ukuba imeko inzima kwaye ngoko ayikothusi. Kulula ukucinga kuphela ngeenkcukacha kungekhona umfanekiso omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukwenza ngethemba. Ulwazi lwezenzululwazi sisixhobo esiphambili ekuqondeni ihlabathi. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba ukuqonda okungcono kwehlabathi kuya kunika ithuba elingcono lokuyitshintsha ibe ngcono.
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