Umthombo: FAIR
Ubundlongondlongo, kwezopolitiko zamazwe ngamazwe, buqhelekile ichazwe njengokusetyenziswa komkhosi oxhobileyo ngokuchasene nelinye ilizwe elizimeleyo, elingathethelelwa ngokuzikhusela okanye igunya lamazwe ngamazwe. Naliphi na ilizwe elichazwa njengondlongondlongo kwingxelo yangaphandle okanye yamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko ke, phantse ngokwengcaciso engalunganga.
Ligama elibonakala lilula ukulisebenzisa eUnited States, ethe yasungulwa Ngama-81 ongenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle phakathi ko-1946 no-2000 kuphela. Ngenkulungwane yama-21, iUnited States iye yahlasela, yahlasela okanye yahlutha amazwe azimeleyo ase-Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Pakistan, Yemen naseSomalia.
Ngaphandle kwerekhodi lase-US, amajelo eendaba aseNtshona aligcine kakhulu igama elithi “ubundlongo-ndlongo” kwiintlanga ezilutshaba ezisemthethweni—nokuba kufanelekile okanye akunjalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, indlela yokuziphatha yase-US phantse ayizange ihlelwe njengenobundlobongela, ngaloo ndlela inika abafundi umfanekiso olahlekisayo wehlabathi.
Mhlawumbi esona senzo siphawuleka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe kwinkumbulo yamva nje yayilulawulo lukaTrump bulala ye-Iran jikelele kunye nenkokeli yezopolitiko uQassem Soleimani kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Ukanti kwingxelo yayo ende neneenkcukacha malunga nesi siganeko, i Washington Post (1/4/20) ikwazile ukunikezela Iran njengomhlaseli. I-US "yayikukhetha nje lo mzuzu ukuhlola umsebenzi ochasene nenkokeli yomkhosi wase-Iran wase-Quds, emva kokunyamezela uhlaselo lwase-Iranian kwi-Persian Gulf" kwiinyanga. isikhundlaamazwi '.
Ikwanike indawo kumagosa aphezulu ase-US ukuba afake ibango lobuxoki uSoleimani wayejonge ukwenza uhlaselo "oluzayo" kumakhulu abantu baseMelika. Ngapha koko, wayese-Iraq kwiingxoxo zoxolo ezenzelwe ukuphelisa imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe akulo mmandla. Inkulumbuso yaseIraq phendla ukuba wayememe uSoleimani buqu, kwaye wayecele kwaye wafumana intsikelelo yaseWashington yokumsingatha. UTrump endaweni yoko wasebenzisa olo lwazi ukumbulala.
Kangangeenyanga, amajelo eendaba ebezele ngamabali, esekwe kwizibhengezo zamagosa aseMelika, ukuba ubundlongondlongo base-Iran babusele bukufutshane (umz., Yahoo! Iindaba, 1/2/20; Reuters, 4/12/19; ENew York Times, 11/23/19; Washington Post, 6/22/19). I induli (10/3/19) wanika indawo ngokubanzi esele esidla umhlala-phantsi ukuze afune ukuba "sizikhusele" ngokwenza "impendulo enzulu" ngokuchasene ne-Iran, "evavanya isigqibo sethu ngezenzo ezinobundlobongela."
IRashiya lelinye ilizwe elisoloko liboniswa njengelinobundlobongela. I ENew York Times (11/12/20) yachaza ukudibana kwephenyane lokuloba laseUnited States nomkhosi wasemanzini waseRashiya kufuphi nonxweme lwaseKamchatka njengohlaselo lwaseRashiya, uqukumbela nomxholo othi, “Ngaba Siyahlaselwa?” I Maxesha oMkhosi (6/26/20) ndinexhala lokuba nakuphi na ukuncitshiswa kwemikhosi yase-US eJamani “kunokuluqinisa ugonyamelo lwaseRashiya.” Kwaye isihloko esivela kwi induli (11/14/19) bathi “Ugonyamelo lukaPutin Lubhenca Ukuwohloka kweRashiya.” Kwisivakalisi esifanayo esapapasha ingxelo ekhuthaza ukuba i-NATO yandise ukuthatha iChina ngokuthe ngqo, i Wall Street Journal (12/1/20) walumkisa “ngohlaselo lwaseRashiya.” Kwanele ukutsho, izixhobo zokulwa imfazwe phakathi kwamazwekazi ngokuchasene nelinye igunya lenyukliya akuzange kumiselwe njengokufudumala kweNtshona.
Amanye amazwe aziintshaba, njengeTshayina (ENew York Times, 10/6/20; CNBC, 8/3/20; Forbes, 3/26/21), Emantla ekorea (Atlantic, 11/23/10; CNN, 8/9/17; I-Press Associated, 3/8/21kunye neVenezuela (Wall Street Journal, 11/18/05; Fox News, 3/10/14; Daily Express, 9/30/19) basoloko betyholwa okanye bagwetywe “ngobundlobongela.”
Amajelo eendaba ade abonise izenzo zeTaliban kwilizwe labo ngokuchasene nemikhosi yaseNtshona "njengobundlobongela" (Guardian 7/26/06; Iindaba ze-CBS, 11/27/13; Reuters, 3/26/21). I ENew York Times (11/24/20) Kutshanje unexhala malunga "nobundlongondlongo beTaliban kwindawo yedabi," ngelixa ebonisa i-US-ilizwe elahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 kwaye alikamki-njengoko bekucingelwa ukuba lizinikele "kwinkqubo yoxolo."
Kanye njengoko i-US ibisoloko ibhabha imikhosi yeebhombu zenyukliya ukusuka eNyakatho Dakota ukuya eIran kwaye ngasemva, ixesha ngalinye lilinganisa ukuwisa iibhombu zeathom elizweni, abeendaba baye baqulunqa oku "njengentshukumo yokuzikhusela" (Politico, 12/30/20) yayithetha ukumisa "ubundlobongela base-Iranian" (YoKhuseleko, 1/27/20"ngokuthintela [i-Iran] ekuhlaseleni imikhosi yaseMelika kulo mmandla" (ENew York Times, 12/30/20).
NgoFebruwari, uMongameli uJoe Biden wayalela ukuba kuqhutyelwe inqwelomoya kwilali yaseSyria ngokuchasene noko i-White House ithi yimikhosi exhaswa yiIran. ISebe lezoKhuselo ngokungenangqondo wa gxi ninisa ukuba uhlaselo lwenzelwe "ukuthoba" imeko, ibango elaphinda laphindwa ngokungagxekwanga kumajelo eendaba, kunye Politico (2/25/21) ukubhala ukuba "uqhankqalazo lwaluzikhusela kwindalo" kunye nempendulo yokuhlaselwa kwangaphambili kwimikhosi yase-US e-Iraq. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ayizange ibuze ukuba semthethweni kwemikhosi yaseMelika imiswe kuMbindi Mpuma.
Ukuba i-US, ngenkcazo, isoloko isebenza ngokuzikhusela kwaye ingaze ibe nobudlova isondele kumthetho wentsimbi wobuntatheli. Uhlaselo lwase-US kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia ngokuqinisekileyo lolona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu kwihlabathi ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ebangela ukuba abanye 3.8 million Ukufa kweVietnam kuphela. Nangona kunjalo kufundo lwabo oluphambili lwemidiya, IMvume yokuVeliswa, uEdward Herman kunye noNoam Chomsky (Yongezelelweyo!, 12/87) abakwazanga ukufumana ukukhankanywa okukodwa kwe-US "ukuhlaselwa" kweVietnam. Endaweni yoko, imfazwe yayidla ngokuqulunqwa “njengokhuselo” lwaseVietnam yaseVietnam ukusuka kuMntla wamaKomanisi.
Kwanamashumi eminyaka kamva, izenzo zase-US eVietnam zisachazwa ngokuba “lukhuselo” (umz., Wall Street Journal, 4/29/05; I-Christian Science Monitor, 1/22/07; Politico, 10/10/15; Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle, 9/27/17). Kwi-autopsy ka-2018 yongquzulwano enesihloko esithi "Yintoni engahambi kakuhle eVietnam," New Yorker umbhali wabasebenzi uLouis Menand (2/26/18) wabhala ukuba "umgaqo-nkqubo wethu yayikukuvumela uMzantsi Vietnam ukuba uzikhusele" njengoko i-US "yazama ukuthintela iVietnam ekubeni lilizwe lobuKomanisi." “Kwafa izigidi kolo dabi,” wongezelela ngelithi, ngokungathi abaziwa abenzi bolu gonyamelo.
Yayilibali elifanayo kunye nokuhlasela kwe-US eGrenada kwi-1983, eyathi yanikezelwa njengendlela yokuzikhusela "kwi-Soviet kunye neCuban ye-Western hemisphere" (I-San Diego Union-Tribune, 10/26/83).
Kubekho ukusetyenziswa kwamagama amathathu kuphela “Uhlaselo lwaseMelika"Okanye"Ubundlobongela base-US" kwi ENew York Times kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Zonke zeza emilonyeni yamagosa aseTshayina, nakumabali agxile kwizenzo ezirhabaxa zaseTshayina. Ngokomzekelo, ekupheleni kwenqaku elide elilumkisa malunga nendlela i-China "icinezela amabango ayo omhlaba ngokungqongqo" ukusuka kwi-Himalaya ukuya kuLwandle lwase-China, kumhlathi wama-28. Maxesha (6/26/20) yaphawula ukuba eyona nto iphambili eBeijing “kukujongana noko icinga ukuba lugonyamelo lwaseMelika kwindawo yaseTshayina.” Ngeli xesha, amanqaku amabini (10/5/20, 10/23/20) khankanya ukuba i-disinformation yaseTshayina ibiza iMfazwe yaseKorea "yimfazwe yokuxhathisa ubundlongondlongo baseMelika kunye noncedo lwaseKorea". Kodwa ezi zabhalwa "njenge-visceral" kunye "ne-pugnacious" "ipropaganda" yi Maxesha.
Ngokunjalo, xa ibinzana elithi "ubundlongondlongo baseMelika" livela konke konke kwezinye iimpapasho eziphambili, ubukhulu becala kuphela kwiingcaphuno ezothusayo okanye emilonyeni yamaqela exesha elide aneedemon kumajelo eendaba, njengabavukeli baseHouthi eYemen.Washington Post, 2/5/21), urhulumente waseSiriya waseBashar al-Assad (I-Press Associated, 2/26/21) okanye iinjengele zikaSaddam Hussein (CNN, 3/3/03).
Ingcamango yemfazwe yase-US ayixoxwa nzulu kushicilelo lwequmrhu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba igama elithi “ugonyamelo” kwi-newspeak lithetha okungakumbi “kuzenzo esingazithandiyo ezenziwa ngamazwe aziintshaba.”
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