Umthombo: Inyaniso
Xa uRobert Marbut Jr. - ozibiza ngokuba "ngumcebisi wokungabi namakhaya" - wabizwa nguMongameli uTrump ukuba abe yintloko ye-US Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) phakathi kuDisemba, abaphembeleli abangenamakhaya kunye nabaxhasi babo bangcangcazela, kwaye ngesizathu esihle. UMarbut ukholelwa ukuba ukunika abantu indawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokujongana nemiceli mngeni yempilo yengqondo okanye ngokwasemzimbeni kufana nokunxibelelana.
Unoluvo olufanayo malunga nokubonelela ngokutya kubantu abanengxaki yokungabi namakhaya kwaye ubongoze abantu basekuhlaleni ukuba bayeke “ukuvumela” abantu abangenamakhaya ngokubonelela ngokutya kwasimahla kwizitrato zedolophu. Ngaphaya koko, uxhasa ukwenza kube semthethweni ukulala kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ukusuka kwiipaki ukuya ezitratweni. Endaweni yoko, uMarbut ubongoze ukuba kugxilwe kubupolisa ukujongana nokungabi namakhaya.
UMarbut akachithi xesha ekukhuthazeni le ajenda yezohlwayo. Ngomhla wokumiselwa kwakhe Ukhuphe ingxelo ecacise ukuba njengentloko ye-USICH, uya kukhuthaza amaqela angenamakhaya “adibanisa igosa lonyanzeliso lomthetho nonontlalontle ukuba babandakanye abantu abanengxaki yokungabi namakhaya kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela nonyango.”
Le ibiyimodus operandi kaMarbut ukususela ngo-2006 ubuncinane. Njengomongameli owaseka iSan Antonio, eTexas, indawo yokuhlala ebizwa ngokuba yiHaven for Hope, indawo yeehektare ezingama-22 enceda abantu abamalunga ne-1,700 ngosuku, uMarbut waseka umgaqo-nkqubo apho ukufumana ilungelo lokulala ngaphakathi. Abo bangaphumelelanga kwiimvavanyo zeziyobisi okanye baphule umthetho kwakufuneka benjenjalo lala kwintendelezo evulekileyo, ingakhathaliseki imozulu. Yena kamva iwuthethelele lo mgaqo-nkqubo njengomcebisi kwii-arhente zeenkonzo zentlalontle e-Daytona naseSt. Petersburg, eFlorida; eSalt Lake City, eUtah; kunye neFresno, eCalifornia.
Ngoku, njengentloko ye-Interagency Council, i-33 yeminyaka ubudala iqumrhu elihlangeneyo lenzelwe ukulungelelanisa inkcitho kunye nezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamasebe karhulumente we-19 kuquka iRhwebo, iMfundo, uMsebenzi kunye neZindlu kunye noPhuhliso lweDolophu (HUD), uMarbut uya kulawula yonke imizamo ye-federal. ukulungisa ukungabi namakhaya. Ulungele ukwenza isicelo sikaTrump. Inqaku? Ukuqhawula iinkampu zabantu abangenamakhaya ezidolophini kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kwii-arhente zogcino-mthetho.
Amatshantliziyo angenamakhaya kunye namahlakani abo anoloyiko lokuba oku kuya kubenza babe lulwaphulo-mthetho abo bahlala ezitalatweni kwaye benze ubomi babo bube nzima ngendlela engenakulinganiswa. Amaxhala abo anesiseko esihle.
Kwanangaphambi kokuba uMarbut athabathe intambo ye-USICH, ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwabangenamakhaya kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kwanangaphambi kokuba uMarbut athabathe ukhokelo lwe-USICH, ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho abantu abangenamakhaya kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, amapolisa asekuhlaleni eBoston, Massachusetts, aphehlelela i-Operation Clean Sweep ngo-Agasti ka-2019, kwaye athimba kwaye atshabalalisa izitulo ezinamavili zabantu ababekhubazekile kwaye bengenamakhaya. Ezinye izixeko - ezibandakanya iBaton Rouge, iChicago, iGreensboro, iNew York, iPortland, iReno, iSalt Lake City kunye neSeattle - ziye zaseka imigaqo-nkqubo yokwenza i-panhandling kwiigaraji zokupaka, iindawo zokupaka okanye iindawo zoluntu zibe lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokukwanjalo, ukuthintela indledlana yeenyawo okanye enye indlela yokuhamba kukhokelele ekuxhatshazweni kwamapolisa kwabantu abangenamakhaya-kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nokuphathwa gadalala ngokwasemzimbeni-kunye nokubanjwa phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zelizwe.
Amatshantliziyo ayazilwela
Abameli batyhola ngelithi ukwenza abantu abangenamakhaya babe lulwaphulo-mthetho kukhohlakele kwaye kuphosakele. Bahlabela mgama bephawula ukuba ukuqinisa umthetho akuyi kwenza nto ukuphelisa ubuhlwempu, ukucombulula ingxaki yezindlu ezifikelelekayo, okanye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezigidi zabantu abangenamakhaya. Ngaphezu koko, lo mgaqo-nkqubo uzikhaba ngawo omane iimfuno zeentsapho ezingenamakhaya nabantwana abangakhatshwayo ngoku abakwi-sofa-sefa, abahlala ngokuphindwe kabini okanye kathathu, okanye balala ezimotweni, kwiindlela ezingaphantsi, okanye kwiindawo zokugcina.
Abaphembeleli bakwaphikisa ngelithi kugxininiso lwabo "lokucoca izitrato zedolophu" ngokususa abantu abangenamakhaya - abantu uTrump ubajonga "zizothe” isoyikiso kukhuseleko loluntu kunye nempilo - urhulumente wobumbano utyhila ukungaqondi okunzulu malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba abantu bahlale ngaphandle kwekhaya elizinzileyo.
“Ishishini lokungabi namakhaya licinga ukuba ukuba semntwini yeyona nto imbi kakhulu enokuthi yenzeke emntwini, kodwa eneneni eyona nto imbi kakhulu iyenzeka kwindawo apho unophahla phezu kwentloko yakho, kodwa ube lixhoba. umntu okanye uxhatshazwe ngenye indlela, ”uBarbara Duffield, umlawuli olawulayo weSchool House Connection, umbutho osekwe eWashington, DC onceda abantwana abangenamakhaya bagqibe isikolo, uxelele. Thunti.
Izigidi zeentsapho azinazo izindlu ezizinzileyo nezisisigxina, nto leyo eye yayibetha nzima kakhulu imfundo kawonke-wonke.
Iintsapho ezishiya ikhaya ngenxa yobundlobongela basekhaya okanye uxhatshazo ngokwesondo zihlala zishiywa zingxola kodwa, uDuffield uyaqhubeka, iimfuno zabo azihoywa ziiarhente zomdibaniso. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-HUD iye, amashumi eminyaka, ibala iintsapho ezingenamakhaya kunye nabantwana abangahlaliyo, abantu abakhoyo emthunzini, bephepha zombini izitrato kunye nenkqubo yokuhlala.
Iintsapho Zijamelene Nomntu Abadala Abangatshatanga
Ngaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wangoku, i-HUD yenza into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"point in time" uphando, iphuma kanye ngoJanuwari ngamnye ukubala inani labantu abahlala ngaphandle okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala. Abo bakwiimotele okanye kwiihotele, kwimigangatho okanye iibhedi zabahlobo okanye zosapho, okanye abahlala ezimotweni, iindlela ezingaphantsi komhlaba okanye iindawo zokugcina aziqukwanga kuluhlu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukungabi namakhaya kwabo kwenziwa kungabonakali.
UCara Baldari, usekela mongameli wezoQoqosho loSapho, iZindlu kunye nokungabi naKhaya kuQoqosho lokuQala, uxelele Thunti ukuba oku “kubonisa ukunqongophala kolwazi malunga neenyaniso zokuphila zeentsapho ezinemivuzo ephantsi nezingenamakhaya ezinabantwana. Abantu abaphuhlisa umgaqo-nkqubo womanyano abasebenzi phantsi kwaye ababuqondi ubume bemeko yokungabi namakhaya kosapho. ”
Ukuba bebexelelwe ngcono, uqhuba, baya kwazi ukuba inani aliyihoyi into yokuba iindawo zokuhlala zihlala zigcwele okanye zibonwa njengezingakhuselekanga, elona cebo lokugqibela lamawaka kumawaka eentsapho ezingenamakhaya. Kwaye, wongeza ngelithi, ayilulo lonke uluntu olunayo indawo yokuhlala; iidolophu ezincinci, uluntu lwasemaphandleni kunye neendawo ezisemaphandleni zihlala zingenandawo yokuhlala yethutyana.
Olunye uloyiko lukwakhona: Abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi banokuba nexhala lokuphulukana nokugcinwa kwabantwana babo ukuba bafuna uncedo, ngelixa uninzi loluntu olunemibala lunexhala lokunxibelelana nentlalontle yabantwana okanye abomthetho.
Inkqubo yokuQalisa iNtloko iyodwa iqaphele ukuba inani labantwana abangenamakhaya liphantse laphindeka kabini phakathi kuka-2007 no-2016.
Nangona kunjalo, nokuba zibalwe yi-HUD okanye akunjalo, izigidi zeentsapho azinazo izindlu ezizinzileyo, ezisisigxina, inyaniso eye yabetha kakhulu kwimfundo yoluntu.
Ngapha koko, abasebenzi bezikolo zikarhulumente kwilizwe lonke banika ingxelo yokunyuka kwamanani obhaliso lwabafundi abangenamakhaya kuwo onke amanqanaba, pre-K ukuya kwibanga le-12. Inkqubo yokuQalisa iNtloko iyodwa yaqaphela oko inani labantwana abangenamakhaya liphantse laphindeka kabini phakathi kwe-2007 kunye ne-2016.
Olunye uphando luyakungqina oku. Uphononongo luka-2017 ngabaphandi abaqeshwe yiChapin Hall kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago bafumanisa ukuba malunga I-4.2 yezigidi zabantu abatsha abangakhatshwanga baye bangenamakhaya kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-12. Babhala bathi, oku kungaphezulu lee kwesigidi esi-1.5 sabantwana abahamba isikolo abavunyiweyo Ingxelo yonyaka ye-HUD yoVavanyo lokungabinaKhaya.
Kodwa masiwalibale amanani okwethutyana kwaye sigxininise kwiziphumo zokungabi namakhaya kubantwana nakwiintsapho.
UCarol Hornbeck, ugqirha wosapho eMinneapolis, uxelele Thunti ukuba “abantwana abaninzi abangenamakhaya ubuncinane sele benamava amabi obuntwana anjengokungakhuseleki okungapheliyo kokutya, uqhawulo-mtshato, okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwesini. Uxinezeleko olubuhlungu lwenza kube nzima kubo ukuzithethelela, ukufikelela nokucela uncedo, ingakumbi ukuba sele benengxaki yokuxhalaba okanye ukungazithembi.” Ukongeza koku, wongeza, yindlela ulawulo olukhoyo olubeka ibala lokungabi namakhaya. U-Hornbeck uthi: “Xa abantwana besiva abameli bakarhulumente bexoxa ngamanyathelo okuba lulwaphulo-mthetho ukungabi nakhaya, iimvakalelo zokuhlazeka, ukuphelelwa lithemba nokungabi nathemba ziye zithande ukonyuka.”
UTrish Tereskiewicz uzazi kakuhle ezi mvakalelo. UTereskiewicz wachitha iiveki ezintathu ehlala kwinqwelo-mafutha yakhe emva kokuxabana nomntu ahlala naye kwanyanzeleka ukuba abaleke kwindlu awayehlala kuyo eWheaton, eMaryland. Nangona wakwazi ukufumana iflethi ephantsi efikelelekayo ngokukhawuleza, uthi ukuva uTrump kunye noMarbut bechaza abantu abanengxaki yokungabi namakhaya njengezothe kwaye "lihlazo" beqala. Uthi: “Kukwenza uzive ungento yanto, ungento yanto. "Ikwakucaphukisa kuba uyazi ukuba ungubani, ungubani, kwaye uyazi ukuba akukho mntu ukhetha ukungabi nakhaya."
“Xa ulutsha olungenamakhaya lusiva uTrump ebabiza ngokuba lizothe, ukuzithemba kwabo kuyehla kwaye uninzi luya kuzimela. Oku kukwenzakala ngokwasengqondweni.”
Abantwana, abakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala abancinci banempembelelo efanayo. Abanye abantwana abangenamakhaya bayazenza baze bathunyelwe eluvalelweni okanye banqunyanyiswe okanye bagxothwe esikolweni, nto leyo edla ngokungena kumbhobho wesikolo ukuya entolongweni. Abanye banengxaki yokunikela ingqalelo, ukugqiba izabelo zabo nokunxulumana noontanga. Isiphumo sokugqibela kukuba abantwana abangenamakhaya banamazinga okuyeka isikolo ngaphezu komndilili kunye namazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neengxaki ezingapheliyo zengqondo kunye nempilo yomzimba.
Ukuva uTrump kunye namanye amagosa anyuliweyo ethetha ngabantu abangenamakhaya ngendlela ethob’ isidima, ngokungathi ukungakwazi kwabo ukuthenga ikhaya sisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, kongeza kuxinzelelo abahlangabezana nalo.
UDuffield ucacisa ukuba abantwana bayazi xa ibala lisanda. “Xa ulutsha olungenamakhaya lusiva uTrump ebabiza ngokuba lizothe, ukuzithemba kwabo kuyehla kwaye uninzi luya kuzimela. Oku kukwenzakala ngokwasengqondweni.”
Kwaye ichaphazela inani elihlala lisanda labafundi.
Ngokwemithombo yeendaba yaseMelika, phakathi kuka-2009 no-2019, bekukho ulwando lwama-70 ekhulwini kwinani labantwana abangenamakhaya abafunda kwizikolo zikarhulumente. Abaninzi sele besemva ngexesha bebhalisa kwi-kindergarten kwaye baphantsi kokuxhatshazwa ngamazinga aphezulu kunabafundi abahlaliswe ngokwaneleyo.
Inkxaso-mali yaseMcKinney-Vento ayanelanga
Umthetho weMcKinney-Vento, oqale ukusebenza ukusukela ngo-1987, bekufanele ukuba uphucule oku ngokubonelela ngomjelo wenkxaso-mali womanyano kwisikolo sikarhulumente ngasinye esinabafundi abangenamakhaya. Umyinge wesabelo somntwana ngamnye ongenakhaya yi-$70. Umzekelo nje omnye uya kwanela ukubonisa ukusilela kweli lungiselelo. Ngo-2018, ilizwe laseWashington lafumana isibonelelo se-McKinney-Vento seedola ezisisi-1.1 sesigidi kodwa sachitha malunga ne-32 yezigidi zeedola sihambisa abafundi ukuya nokubuya esikolweni- nto leyo ethetha ukuba kufuneka kufunyanwe iidola zerhafu ezigqithisileyo okanye abanikeli babucala ukuze benze le ntsilelo. Yongeza imali efunekayo yokucebisa, ukufundisa, kunye nezinye iinkonzo zenkxaso kwaye umrhumo wemali uyacaca.
Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba izikolo ziphosa izandla kwaye azenzi nto. UDiane Nilan, umalathisi olawulayo we-HEAR US, iqela elineminyaka eli-15 ubudala elikwikomkhulu lase-Illinois elenza imifanekiso eshukumayo neevidiyo ezithetha ngolutsha nokungabi namakhaya entsatsheni, ugxininisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluninzi lwezikolo luhamba ngaphezu nangaphezulu ukuze luhlangabezane neemfuno zabafundi abangenamakhaya.
Ootitshala abaManyeneyo eLos Angeles kunye neChicago Teachers Union Local 1 benze inkxaso eyongeziweyo kubafundi abangenamakhaya kunye neentsapho zabo njengento yokuxoxisana.
UNilan uthi: “Xa umntu esabela kwiintswelo zomntwana ezisisiseko, oko kumenza azive exabisekile. “Ukubonelela ngezinto intsapho engenakuzifikelela—idyasi yasebusika, umnqwazi neeglavu; izinto zangasese; itawuli, isepha kunye neshampu; ipere yezihlangu zebhola ekhatywayo ukuze umntwana abe yinxalenye yeqela — yenza umahluko omkhulu, kwaye inceda iintsapho zizive zibonwa kwaye ziqondwa” nokuba ayilungisi imeko yabo okanye ibabonelele ngendawo yokuhlala efikelelekayo.
Imibutho yootitshala nayo yenza oko inako. Bobabini ooTitshala abaManyeneyo eLos Angeles kunye neChicago Teachers Union Local 1 benze inkxaso eyongeziweyo kubafundi abangenamakhaya kunye neentsapho zabo njengento yokuxoxisana, bephawula ukuba ukunqongophala kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo kuthintela zombini ukufundisa nokufunda.
UKaren Alford ngusekela mongameli wezikolo zamabanga aphantsi kunye nomntu ophambili kwinyathelo le-United Federation of Teachers' United Community Schools (UCS) kwisiXeko saseNew York. UCS, u-Alford uxelele Thunti, izise omnye umsebenzi kwizikolo zoluntu ezingama-31 kwiSixeko sonke ukuncedisa kwimpumelelo yemfundo yabantwana abangenamakhaya.
“Kubantwana abaninzi abangenamakhaya, isikolo siba yindawo ezinzileyo, indawo engcwele,” utshilo uAlford. "Inokuba kuphela kwento ezinzile ebomini babo, ehlala ihleli kwihlabathi lesiphithiphithi."
Umsebenzi we-UCS uyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zabafundi. KWI-PS 1 e-Manhattan's Chinatown, umzekelo, umsebenzi we-UCS wenze iQela lamantombazana ukuze axhase inkxaso yoontanga. KwiPS 52 eQueens, isikolo apho abafundi baquka abantwana abaphuma kumakhaya ahlukeneyo ali-10, baqokelele imali yempahla yesikolo ukuze wonke umntwana anxibe into enye esikolweni, nokuba unjani umvuzo wosapho lwakhe okanye imeko yakhe yokuhlala. Kwezinye izikolo baye baseka iipantri zokutya, bafakela iiwasha kunye nezomisi ukuze impahla igcinwe icocekile, kwaye benze amagumbi okucamngca ukunceda abafundi abangenamakhaya ukuba bafumane isiqabu kuxinzelelo.
Bakwasebenzele ukwazisa abasebenzi besikolo. “Abantwana abakumaziko okhuseleko abadli ngokuhlala emva kwexesha kuba kufuneka bakhwele ibhasi xa bebuyela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ngoko ke ootitshala bayakhuthazwa ukuba bafike kwangethuba kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuthatha inxaxheba. Siye saqinisekisa nokuba iindawo zokuhlala zinemibhalo yeencwadi ezisetyenziswa ngabafundi eklasini ukuze kube lula ukuwugqiba umsebenzi wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya.”
Uncedo lwe-Federal akunakwenzeka ukuba luvele kulawulo lwesihogo oluzimisele ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho abantu abangenamakhaya kunye nokukhuthaza iiarhente zamapolisa ukuba zibabambele amatyala amancinci.
Ezi nzame zibalulekileyo, nokuba zibaluleke kangakanani, zifikelela ekubeni nganeno nje kokuthotywa kwe-emele, into evunywayo ngabatsha-ntliziyo bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabathetheleli. Into efunekayo luncedo lwe-federal, into ekungenakwenzeka ukuba ivele kulawulo olubonakala luzimisele ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho abantu abangenamakhaya kunye nokukhuthaza ii-arhente zamapolisa ukuba zibabambele amatyala amancinci.
Nangona kunjalo, de kubekho utshintsho kulawulo, i-First Focus's Baldari igxininisa ukuba kukho amanyathelo exeshana aliqela anokwenza umahluko. Eyokuqala, uthi, luBalo luka-2020. “Ngo-2010, abantwana abazizigidi ezi-2 baye baphoswa,” utshilo. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Abanye abantu babekulumkele ukuquka umntwana abangazalani naye ngokwebhayoloji. Abanye babesoyika ukuquka abantu ababengekho kwirenti yabo. Amakhaya anezivumelwano zokugcinwa kwabantwana ngokudibeneyo ayedla ngokubhideka ukuba ngubani onokubanga umntwana.”
Oku kwaba nemiphumo yokwenene. EFlorida kuphela, I-Orlando Sentinel ingxelo yokuba urhulumente ulahlekelwe malunga nezigidi ezingama-67.5 zeerandi ngonyaka. Konke kuxelwe, Amazwe angama-36 ngokudibeneyo aphulukana ne-550 yezigidi zeedola kwinkxaso-mali ye-Medicaid, i-Inshurensi yeMpilo yoMntwana, ukhathalelo lwe-foster kunye noncedo lokuthatha umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho ngonyaka omnye. Izibonda, uBaldari wongeza, zikhulu ukusukela oko amakhulu eenkqubo athembele kwidatha yoBalo ukuze bafumane inkxaso-mali kwaye xa kukho umlinganiselo ophantsi abaxhaswa ngemali.
I-First Focus ikwaqhubela phambili nokucinezela i-ajenda ebanzi exhasa umntwana, exhasa usapho yiyo loo nto bedibanise i-US Child Poverty Action Group. Iphulo lokuQeda iNtlupheko yoMntwana-US liquka imibutho emininzi, phakathi kwayo iChild Welfare League yaseMelika, iAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, HEAR US kunye neSchool House Connection.
Injongo kukunciphisa intlupheko yabantwana basekhaya ubuncinane ngama-50 ekhulwini ngowama-2030.
UDiane Nilan uthi: “Kangangamashumi eminyaka iHUD iye yakubetha ngoyaba ukungabi namakhaya kwentsapho nolutsha. “Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abangenamakhaya baba ngabantu abadala abangenamakhaya. Kodwa xa iintsapho okanye ulutsha luphakathi kwabantu abakhathalayo, oko kusebenza njenge-balm kwiintlungu abatyhubela kuzo. UTrump noMarbut bobabini banesimo sengqondo sentiyo. Ekuphela kweyeza lokunyanga iya kuba sisizathu sokuzama ukujikeleza imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neentetho zabo. ”
Qaphela: Eli nqaku lihlaziywe ukulungisa impazamo yoshicilelo kwisicatshulwa esisuka kuBarbara Duffield.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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