Kwinyanga ephelileyo, njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi aphule iirekhodi ezintsha kunye nophando olutsha lubonise ukuba ukuvumelana okusondeleyo phakathi kwezazinzulu ukuba imisebenzi yabantu iqhuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi. iphumelele ngama-99 ekhulwini, abakhanyeli benzululwazi yemozulu bahlanganisene kwihotele iTrump International eWashington, D.C., ukwenzela I-Heartland Institute ye-13 yeNkomfa yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngoTshintsho lweMozulu.
A umdlali ophambili kumzi-mveliso wokukhanyela imozulu, i-Heartland Institute yitanki yokucinga esekwe e-Illinois ekudala ifuna ukuphosa amathandabuzo kwisayensi yemozulu ngokuthengisa i-disinformation kunye nokukhuthaza oko kubizwa ngokuba "ziingcali" ezenze kancinci ukuba kukho ukuthenjwa, uphando lwemozulu oluphononongwe ngoontanga. . Yindibaniselwano yeConservative, anti-regulatory State Policy Network (SPN), yona ngokwayo ikhuthaze idisinformation malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngelixa ukuthatha imali kwinzala yefosili njengePeabody Energy, eyona nkampani yamalahle inkulu yehlabathi.
Indibano kaJulayi ka-2019 ye-Heartland yeza kunyango oluthandabuzayo kumaphephandaba aqhelekileyo, kunye neJelo leMozulu. phawula ukuba ababekho โyayingamakhulu ambalwa inkoliso yamadoda amhlophe akwiminyaka yawo yama-60 nama-70 ubudalaโ โayehlala ngentlonelo ebudeni beengxoxo ezinde zenzululwazi yobuxoki.โ Ngeli xesha, iwebhusayithi yophando ibhaliwe umbiko ukuba inani labaxhasi benkomfa lehle kakhulu kulo nyaka - kwaye lowo wayedweliswe, uFidelity Charitable, wayengeyena umxhasi konke konke. I-Heartland ekugqibeleni yasusa i-Fidelity kuluhlu.
Ingcamango eyavela kwi-media coverage yenkomfa ye-Heartland yayikukuba intshukumo yokukhanyela kwemozulu iyancipha kwaye ayibalulekanga. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba amaqela akhuthaza ukukhanyelwa kwenzululwazi yemozulu ayaqhubeka esebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi kwaye enza kube nzima ukujongana nale ngxaki ngendlela eyakhayo.
Cinga ngeJohn Locke Foundation eNorth Carolina, apho imeko yemozulu ikhoyo sele ikhokelela kwi iintsuku eziyingozi ngakumbi ezishushu, ukwanda kwezikhukula, kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu wezigulo ezisasazwa ziingcongconi. Umbutho we-SPN owasekwa kwaye ngokuyintloko uxhaswa ngemali ngumnikeli okhokelayo waseRiphabhlikhi kunye nesaphulelo-sokuthengisa usozigidi we-Art Pope, umbutho kudala ukho. umthombo ophambili wokukhanyela inzululwazi yemozulu kwingxoxo yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwaye yaba a umxhasi yenkomfa yemozulu yonyaka yaseHeartland kutsha nje ngo-2015.
I-John Locke Foundation, engumthombo wokuya kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abaxhomekeke ekunene kunye nelizwi elihloniphekileyo elilondolozayo kumajelo eendaba, lisasaze ulwazi olulahlekisayo ngokuthe ngqo kubenzi bomthetho kunye noluntu ngokusebenzisa iimpapasho ezahlukeneyo kunye neengxoxo zokuthetha. Kungekudala emva kokuba umthetho ojongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu waqala waziswa kwiNtlanganiso Jikelele yaseNorth Carolina kwi-2005, iqela lakhupha isitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo esinesihloko esithi. "Umgaqo-nkqubo wokufudumala kwehlabathi: i-NC mayingenzi nto," eyayisithi inzululwazi yemozulu yahlala โingazinzanga.โ Kwangaloo nyaka mnye isasazwe kubo bonke abenzi bomthetho baseNorth Carolina incwadi kaMichael Crichton ethi โState of Fear,โ incwadi yentsomi eyayikhuthaza iimbono zikaGqr.
I-John Locke Foundation iye yathandabuza i-climatology eqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa uthotho kwiJenali yeCarolina, iphephandaba layo lenyanga kunye nopapasho oluphambili, kunye ne izimvo ishicilelwe ngabasebenzi bayo kwezinye iindawo. Ikwasasaze umyalezo wayo wamathandabuzo ngawo u kuthetha ngeepundits ezinje ngoPat Michaels, isazi ngemozulu kunye nemozulu ethandabuzayo eshiya iDyunivesithi yaseVirginia phakathi. ingxwabangxwaba ngenkxaso-mali yakhe yeshishini. Ngeli xesha, umboniso kanomathotholo weCarolina Journal unayo kuxutyushwe imixholo "njengokuthambekela okunceda ekuqinisekiseni abo baxhalabileyo ngokunyuka kobushushu behlabathi ukuba isizathu sabo sifanelwe ingqalelo enkulu."
Iqela alizange likhuphe i-mea culpa yokufumana kakubi kakhulu. Ngapha koko, iyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo wokungaqondi kakuhle kwisayensi yemozulu nanamhlanje - ngaphandle kobuninzi obucacileyo imiqondiso kwaye izilumkiso zenzululwazi ukuba imozulu isengxakini yokwenza abantu.
Inkxaso-mali engachaziyo
Kunyaka ophelileyo, iJohn Locke Foundation iye ipapashwe ngaphezu kweshumi lamabali ukuhlasela inzululwazi yokufudumala kwehlabathi kwiblogi yeGumbi leLocker, iforamu yokuxoxa ngemiba yelizwe lonke. Amabali aye ebizwa utshintsho lwemozulu "ubuxoki," ifaniswe abalweli bemozulu kumahlelo enkolo, kunye iinkxalabo ezihlekisayo ngaphezulu kokukhutshwa kwemethane, ngakumbi igesi yegreenhouse enamandla.
NgoJulayi ophelileyo - ngoko eyona ishushu kwirekhodi kwihlabathi jikelele - iqela lixhase intetho yesidlangalala kwii-ofisi zalo zaseRaleigh nguBill Lynch, ugxa weZiko leeNjineli zoMbane kunye ne-Electronics, enesihloko. "Iinyaniso eziBalanced malunga ne-CO2, i-H2O kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu." Kuyo, uLynch, ongesosazinzulu ngemozulu, wabanga ngokungachanekanga ukuba "ukufana kwendawo yeCO2 kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kwexesha akunampembelelo kwimozulu okanye kwimozulu." Eli qela likwakhuthaze iimbono zikaLynch ezingathenjwa ngokwesayensi kumdlalo wayo kanomathotholo.
Kwangaxeshanye ikhuthaza ukuthandabuza kwisayensi yemozulu eqhelekileyo, upapasho lukaJohn Locke Foundation lukwabonelela ngengxelo efanayo apho ivuma ukuba ukufudumala kuyenzeka kodwa iyala izindululo zokuthintela ungcoliseko lwegesi eluhlaza. Ke nangona ibiza isayensi yokutshintsha kwemozulu "njengenkohliso," ithi iNorth Carolina akufuneki ithathe inyathelo kuba ukukhutshwa sele iwile, ukuba iirhafu zekhabhoni zi libiza kakhulu, kwaye loo myalelo we-Democratic Gov. Roy Cooper ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ayikwazi ukutshintsha imozulu yehlabathi.
I-John Locke Foundation ayichasi isayensi kuyo yonke ibhodi, nangona: Kunyaka ophelileyo, ipapashe amabali ecaphula isayensi eqhelekileyo ukwenza imeko yokuba. ugonyo alubangeli i-autism kwaye oko ukutyeba ngokwayo akuyomfuneko ukuba yingxaki yempilo.
Ukuphendula kwisicelo sika-Facing South sokuphawula ngendima yayo ekuboniseni i-disinformation malunga nesayensi yemozulu, iqela ikhishwe ingxelo apho ithe ayigunyazisi lonke ibango elenziwe zizithethi ezixhasayo okanye izithuba zeblogi ezikhomba kuzo. Ukwathe abuphikisi ubukho bobudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lwegesi eluhlaza kunye neendlela zobushushu behlabathi ngokuhamba kwexesha kodwa ikholelwa ukuba "kusekho indawo ebalulekileyo yophando lwesayensi kunye nengxoxo malunga nobukhulu besiphumo kunye neziphumo ezishiyekileyo."
Ke ngubani oxhasa umzamo weJohn Locke Foundation oqhubekayo wokutshabalalisa imozulu? Njenge-501(c)(3) engenzi nzuzo, iqela akufuneki lichaze esidlangalaleni abaxhasi balo, kwaye ayenzi njalo. A 2007 Ukujongana nohlalutyo lwaseMzantsi yafumanisa ukuba iqela lifumene ngaphezulu kwe- $100,000 evela kubaxhasi nge-fossil fuel ties. A kutsha nje uhlalutyo lwedatha yerhafu yiProjekthi ye-Conservative Transparency Project yafumanisa ukuba umxhasi ophezulu weqela ngokude ube nguJohn William Pope Foundation, isiseko sentsapho esikhokelwa ngu-Art Pope, owasinika i-$ 26 yezigidi ukusuka kwi-1994 ukuya kwi-2014.
Ngoxa i-Pope Foundation ifumana ubutyebi bayo ubukhulu becala ngethamsanqa likaPapa - ungumnini, usihlalo kunye ne-CEO ye-Variety Wholesalers, iqela le-370 yeevenkile zesaphulelo kwi-16 states - ibambe utyalo-mali kwi-fossil fuel interests. Ngokwezona zikhoyo esidlangalaleni Ingxelo ye-IRS kwiSiseko sikaPope esigubungela i-2016, isiseko sathengisa isitokhwe ngaloo nyaka kwizinto zombane ezixhomekeke kumafutha e-American Electric, Dominion Energy, Duke Energy, kunye ne-Exelon, kunye nakwi-oyile kunye negesi enkulu iChevron, iConocoPhillips, kunye ne-Exxon, zonke ezinomdla ekuthinteleni isenzo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ukuphendula kwisicelo sokujongana noMzantsi wezimvo ngendima yayo ekuxhaseni ngezimali i-disinformation malunga nesayensi yemozulu, isiseko. kuchazwe kwingxelo ukuba "inika iqela elibanzi labangenzi nzuzo" kwaye "ayilathisi imisebenzi yabamkeli bayo."
Omnye umxhasi okhokelayo weJohn Locke Foundation yiLynde kunye neHarry Bradley Foundation, omnye wabaniki-mali besizwe abagcina imali kunye umxhasi omkhulu yokukhanyela imozulu. Ngokutsho kwe-Sourcewatch.org, phakathi kwe-2015 kunye ne-2017 i-Bradley Foundation inikele i-$ 1.5 yezigidi kwi-John Locke Foundation kunye ne-John William Pope Civitas Institute, enye i-tank yokucinga egciniweyo eNorth Carolina esekelwe kwaye ixhaswa ngemali ngu-Art Pope.
Ngo-2017, uPapa wonyulwa njengosihlalo weBradley Foundation. Kunyaka olandelayo, a Iziko leMedia kunye nophando lweDemokhrasi ibonise ukuba isiseko siye sabandakanyeka "kumzamo ohlangeneyo ... wokunika igunya kwisayensi yemozulu, ngelixa kukhuthazwa uphuhliso lwamandla efosili eMelika."
Ukunyusa umqondiso
Umyalezo olahlekisayo weJohn Locke Foundation kwimozulu unokufikelela kakhulu. Ngokwewebhusayithi yayo, Ijenali yeCarolina inoshicilelo lwelizwe lonke olungaphezulu kwe-40,000, ngelixa kwikota yokuqala yalo nyaka inguqulelo ye-intanethi yakhonza ngaphezu kweendwendwe ezikhethekileyo ze-150,000. Eli qela libika ukuba uphando lwakutsha nje olwenziwe yinkampani ezimeleyo yokubonisana lufumene ukuba iCarolina Journal kuzo zonke iifomathi zayo ifundwa malunga neekota ezintathu zaseNorth Carolina "ezinempembelelo," kubandakanywa abezopolitiko, abasebenzi bakarhulumente, abaququzeleli, ii-CEO, iintatheli, iinkokeli zoluntu, namatshantliziyo ezopolitiko.
Umyalezo wombutho uyathathwa kwaye wongezwe ngamanye amajelo eendaba. I-Carolina Journal Radio ibonelela ngejenali yeendaba esasazwa kwimpelaveki nganye phantse kwiimarike ezingama-20 kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye iyafumaneka kwizikhululo ezingamalungu eCurtis Media Group's North Carolina News Network, enamalungu aphantse abe ngama-80 kwilizwe liphela. Kwangaxeshanye, iCarolina Journal News Service isasaza umxholo kwimithombo yeendaba kulo lonke ilizwe, ikhonza ngaphezu kwe-300,000 yabafundi kwinyanga ephakathi. Phantse amaphephandaba angama-60 aqhube amabali ombutho kushicilelo lwawo okanye ushicilelo lwe-intanethi, nangona ambalwa abonakala egxile kukufudumala kwehlabathi.
UJohn Hood - umongameli webhodi ye-John Locke Foundation kunye ne-John William Pope Foundation - ubhala ikholamu edibeneyo kwizopolitiko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu oqhuba kumaphephandaba kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-60 North Carolina; zibandakanya iWinston-Salem Journal kunye neShishini eliPhakamileyo. Ukwabhala ikholamu eqhelekileyo yephephancwadi leBusiness North Carolina kwaye usebenza njengephaneli yeveki kwi-"NC SPIN," umboniso wezopolitiko osasazwa kwi-TV ye-26 kunye nezikhululo zerediyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ukongeza, u-Becki Grey, u-John Locke usekela-mongameli omkhulu we-John Locke Foundation, kunye no-Mitch Kokai, umhlalutyi wezopolitiko ophezulu, ziindwendwe eziqhelekileyo kwi-WUNC kanomathotholo kawonkewonke "Le Veki kwi-NC Politics" kunye nomninimzi uJeff Tiberii. Kwimbonakalo enye kwi-2017, umzekelo, iGrey zifunyenwe - buxoki - ukuba izazinzulu zithi akukho nxibelelwano phakathi kwezaqhwithi ezinobundlobongela kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kwaye iTiberii ayiphumelelanga ukulungisa irekhodi. Akukho namnye ophethe isikhululo saseTiberii okanye iWUNC abaphendulayo kwisicelo sokujongana noMzantsi.
Nangona uninzi lweengxelo kunye neengcezu zezimvo eziveliswa nguJohn Locke Foundation azikho malunga nemozulu, ubukho babo kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo kukhulisa ukuthembeka kombutho ngesihloko - kwaye oko kunokuba yingxaki kwingxoxo yoluntu eyakhayo malunga nokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Indlela apho amazwi abakhanyelayo benzululwazi yemozulu andiswa ngayo ngamajelo eendaba yayingumxholo we-a kwamva nje epapashwe kwijenali yoNxibelelwano lweNdalo. Ukulandela umkhondo wedijithali "weenyawo" zezazinzulu zemozulu ezingaphezu kwama-770 kunye nabaphikisi besayensi yemozulu kwiingxelo zeendaba zolwimi lwesiNgesi ezingama-100,000, kufumanise ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sokubonwa kwemithombo yeendaba ngesihloko sokutshintsha kwemozulu siya kubakhanyeli besayensi, uninzi lwabo olungekhoyo. izazinzulu ngemozulu. Lo mlinganiso ukhula kakhulu xa iiblogi kunye nezinye "imithombo yeendaba" entsha zibandakanyiwe. Ababhali bathi oku kubeka ingozi enkulu kwiinzame zokwazisa uluntu kunye nokukhuthaza isenzo esikhawulezileyo.
"Lixesha lokuba uyeke ukunika aba bantu ukubonakala, okunokuthi kufakwe lula kwigunya lobuxoki," wathi Alex Petersen, omnye wababhali kunye nonjingalwazi e-UC Merced.
USue Sturgis ngumlawuli womhleli weFacing South kunye neZiko leZifundo zaseMazantsi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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