Catastrophism: I-Apocalyptic Politics yokuwa kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona yingqokelela yezincoko ezipapashwe yi-PM Press ephonononga ipolitiki yokucinga kwe-apocalyptic kuwo wonke ummandla wezopolitiko. Kwisincoko sakhe, 'Intlekele yaseKhohlo', uSasha Lilley ugxile ekuncamatheleni okukhethekileyo kwiintlekele. Kutshanje uthethe noSamuel Grove malunga nokuba kutheni ipolitiki yentshabalalo ezayo kufuneka iphetshwe.
Yintoni eseleyo yintlekele?
Intlekele ekhohlo, etyhutyha inxalenye enkulu yasekhohlo, yimbono esekelwe kukuphelelwa lithemba kwezopolitiko. Kuthatha iifom ezimbini, nangona zinokuthi zikhule. Enye isekwe kwingcinga yokuba i-capitalism iya kudlula imida yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle-umzekelo, ngenxa yentlekele yezoqoqosho "yesiphelo" okanye i-oyile ephezulu - kwaye yehle ngaphandle komzabalazo.. Enye isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba izinto eziya zisiba mbi, kokukhona ziya kuba ngcono kumathemba anzulu. Ke ngoko, amaxesha obunzima bezoqoqosho okanye ucinezelo lombuso amkelwe ekugqibeleni ukubonelela ngeemeko apho abantu abaqhelekileyo baya kuphulukana nemibono yabo malunga nenkqubo kwaye baye ngasekhohlo. Uninzi olungasekhohlo luyajikajika phakathi kwezi nguqulelo zimbini zentlekele. Zombini zicinga ukuba eluthuthwini kuya kuzalwa ihlabathi elitshaโihlabathi esingakwaziyo ukulidala ngokwethu. Nangona isoloko isebenza njengobulumko obuqhelekileyo obungahlolisiswanga, โingqiqoโ yohlobo oluthile, intlekele ayinamveliso kwabo bachasene nongxowankulu.
Ke kukho imilinganiselo emibini yokushiya intlekele. Eyokuqala iphathelene neemeko zenjongo ye-revolution, eyesibini, iimeko zokuthobela inguquko. Masiqale ngeyokuqala. Awuthandabuzi ukuba ubungxowankulu buvelisa iintlekele andithi? Endaweni yoko, njengoko usitsho, ukuba ezi ntlekele ngokwazo zanele ukuqhekeza inkqubo. Yeyiphi indlela engcono yokutolika unxulumano longxowankulu kunye nentlekeleโingakumbi ngokungabikho komzabalazo omxhelomnye?
Indawo entle onokuthi uqalise kuyo kukwahlula phakathi kweentlekele kunye nentlekele. Ubungxowankulu, ngokobume babo, buyintlekele. Nangona iqhelekile kwintlekele, ikwafuna iingxaki. Oko kukuthi, iingxaki zinceda inkqubo ukuba izihlaziye. Jonga nje indlela ongxowankulu abalusebenzise ngayo ubunzima obukhoyo bezoqoqosho ukuqokelela imveliso ukuze bafikelele kwingeniso ekhulayo, besebenzisa uloyiko lwabasebenzi lokuba banokuphulukana nemisebenzi yabo. Ngoko ukucinga ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho iya kuthi, ngokwayo, izise ukuwohloka kobungxowankulu akulunganga. Ngokufanayo, ukutshiswa koovimba bepetroleum abanokufikelelekaโnto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo eyintlekele eluntwini, ephembelela ukufudumala kwehlabathiโakudali umda ongenakoyiswa apho ubukhapitali bungenakuphila kuwo, njengoko abanye abenzi beoli bencopho becebisa. Endaweni yoko, ukuncipha koovimba bangoku kuqhube ukukhangelwa kwemithombo emitsha yepetroleum, kwavula iindlela ezintsha zokuqokelela kunye nengeniso. Ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba iUnited States iqikelelwa ukuba iza kodlula iSaudi Arabia kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwesibhozo njengeyona iphambili emhlabeni ekuveliseni ipetroleum.
Ingongoma ngethiyori kaMarxist, yaye ngokukodwa ukugxeka kukaMarx kuqoqosho lwenkululeko, yayikukubonisa ukuba oko kwakucingelwa ukuthobela umthetho wendalo omiselweyo ngokwenene kwakusisiphumo sesenzo somntu? Nangona kunjalo uthatha ithiyori kaMarxist eninzi ukuze unikezele kwintlekele.
Yinyani leyo. Njengangaphambili, umntu kufuneka ahlule phakathi kukaMarx kunye nabaninzi bakhe abangama-20th abaxhamli benkulungwane, abajika iingxoxo zakhe zaba yimfundiso yobuchwephesha. Utyekelo olwahlukahlukeneyo lwezobupolitika phantsi kwebhanile kaMarx lwabambelela ekubeni imithetho yentsimbi yembali yayiya kubuphelisa ubukhapitali, yaye olo loyiso lwalumiselwe kwangaphambili. Nangona uMarx wayezibandakanya kwi-rhetorical ekhula ngokwakhe, wayecacile ukuba abantu benza imbali ngomzabalazo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha iimbono zakhe zavela malunga neentlekele njengesiqalo sokuphazamiseka kwentlalo. UMarx no-Engels babulisa ubunzima bezoqoqosho ngo-1857-58 ngengcinga yokuba iya kuqalisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuguquka kwamaza. Akwenzekanga oko kwaye emva koko balushiya olo lindelo. Ngaphezu koko, ngoxa uMarx wayezigqala iingxaki njengeyona nto iphambili yobukhapitali, akazange athelekise iintlekele nokuwohloka kwenkqubo.
Ukuba uMarx wayenokuqonda ukuba ubukhapitali abusokuze buphele ngenxa yeentlekele, uninzi lwamalandela akhe aluzange luphele. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni 20th Ngenkulungwane, abantu abangoontamo-lukhuni baseYurophu babandakanyeka kwiingxoxo malunga nokuwohloka okuzayo okungenakuphepheka kobukapitali. Ukuwohloka kwakusoloko kubonwa elundini, kube neziphumo ezibi kwezopolitiko: ukuyekelela kwelinye icala kunye ne-adventurism kwelinye. Umzekelo wale mva koko wanikelwa ngabavukeli base-Estonia, apho kwaqhambuka uqhushululu ngaphandle kwenkxaso yenkitha yabantu ngenxa yokuba kwakucingwa ukuba ubukhapitali babusele busentlungwini: โNgentsimbi yesi-5.15:1 kusasa ngoDisemba 1924, 9, amaKomanisi angamakhulu amabini anamashumi amabini anesixhenxe aqalisa umkhosi. I-CLR James yabhala, โyaye ngentsimbi yesi-XNUMX yabe yoyiswa ngokupheleleyo, yenza umonakalo ongathethekiyoโฆโ
Ngaba oku kuseyinto ehluphayo ekhohlo?
Ingcinga yokuba i-capitalism iya kuwa phantsi kobunzima bayo inokuthanani okuncinci kakhulu namhlanje, kumaxesha ethu achasene ne-utopian, kodwa ibonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ndiyikhankanyile i-oyile encopho: i-Deep Green Resistance ithi kuza u-2015 i-capitalism yezoshishino iyakuqala ukuqhambuka ngenxa yokuncipha koovimba be-oyile kwaye iya kuba ivuthiwe ukuba iwiswe liqela elincinane lamajoni azimiseleyo. Kwakhona, sabona, ekuqaleni kobunzima bezemali, abanye bavuya ngasekhohlo ukuba ubukhapitali buyaqhambuka nokuba ixesha lethu lide lafika. Ngokucacileyo, loo nto ayizange ihambe kakuhle kwaye olo lonwabo luye lwehla ubukhulu becala. Kodwa ibambelele kwintelekelelo yabasekhohlo bemigca eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-anarchist ukuya kwi-Marxist, njengo-Immanuel Wallerstein otsalela kwimbono yamaza e-Kondratiev ukuphikisa ukuba i-capitalism iqhubekile ukusuka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970 kwaye kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ukuya kwamashumi amathathu ayiyi ube nathi ixesha elide, endaweni yento engcono okanye embi.
Kufuneka ndiyigxininise into yokuba ndicinga ukuba kusengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo ukuba iiradicals zinqwenele ukuphela kongxowankulu. Ngokwembali, yinkqubo entsha kwaye akukho nto ingunaphakade ngayo. Kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba kuyimpazamo ukucinga ukuba esi siphelo siza kuza ngoomatshini, ngaphandle komzabalazo obanzi.
Olunye uhlobo lwentlekeleโingcamango yokuba ukwanda kokudodobala kwezoqoqosho okanye ukucinezelwa kukarhulumente kushukumisela abantu ukuba baye ekhohloโixhaphake ngakumbi kubantu abaneembono ezibaxiweyo namhlanje. Kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, iingcamango zabavukeli ziye zathandwa ngakumbi, zomelezwa ngendlela enye yeyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu. Imvukelo Oluzayo. Uvukelo lubhiyozela ungquzulwano olwandileyo kunye nengcinezelo ehambelanayo njengokubonelela ngemvukelo. Inguqulelo engachulumancisi kangako yolu luvo iye yanomtsalane ngokubanzi ngasekhohlo kunye nengqikelelo yokuba ubungqongqo bunokuvuselela iintshukumo eziqatha. Isekelwe kwingcamango elula kakhulu yezopolitiko-ukuba abantu bakhohlisiwe malunga nenkqubo abaphila phantsi kwayo kwaye bafuna ukothuka ukuze babone izinto njengoko zinjalo ngokwenene. Kodwa le ngcamango, ikhuthaza ngokwenene, ayikuqondi ukuntsonkotha koko kushukumisela abantu ekubeni benze okuthile. Ivuthiwe for myardism.
Ngokwembali, mhlawumbi owona mzekelo woyikekayo wokubi, owona ungcono unokufunyanwa kwiinkokeli zeQela lamaKomanisi laseJamani ngeminyaka yee-1930 ezazikholelwa ukuba ukuba amaNazi aqalisa ukulawula, aya kuhlahlโ indlela eya kwimvukelo. Iqela lamkela ngokusemthethweni isiqubulo esithi, "Emva kukaHitler-ithuba lethu", kwaye lakhuthaza amalungu alo ukuba avotele amaNazi kunyulo lwelizwe lasePrussia. Akufuneki kutshiwo ukuba iphele kakubi kakhulu kubo.
Nangona kunjalo uMarx wabambelela kwingcamango yokuba kwakukho ukuphikisana okuthile kubukhapitali nto leyo ekugqibeleni engazinzanga. Umzekelo iplanethi ayinakuxhasa ukukhula koqoqosho oludibeneyo ngonaphakade.
Kanjalo. UMarx akazange, ewe, enze loo ngxoxo ithile, kodwa isemthethweni kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba ubungxowankulu bunokusitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo isiseko sokukhula okudityanisiweyo, umntu ucinga ukuba elo nqaku alisondelanga, njengengozi enjengokufudumala kwehlabathi, iasidi yolwandle, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukutshatyalaliswa kweengqaqa zekorale, ukutshabalala kwezinto ezininzi, kunye nokutyhefa kwemizimba yethu kuye kwaba njalo. . Oku kungenxa yesakhono esothusayo kodwa esimangalisayo sobukapitali sokutsiba โimida yendaloโ yeentlobo ngeentlobo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala, i-capitalism ihlala ivula iindlela ezintsha zokufumana inzuzo kunye nokuqokelela, ezinye izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinye ezingabonakaliyo, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokubandakanya iindawo ezintsha zobomi kwifom yempahla-ukusuka emzimbeni ukuya emgangathweni wolwandle-ngokuvala into ebingaphandle kwemarike. . Kwaye i-capitalism, esekelwe njengoko ikwintshabalalo yokuyila, ihlala isebenzisa amaxesha entshabalalo ngenjongo enye: khawucinge nje ngorhwebo lwamatyala ongcoliseko, ukulungiswa kokuchitheka okuyityhefu, okanye ukwandisa iindleko zokhathalelo lwempilo ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo nemiphunga. Ukuba oku kuya kukwazi ukuqhubeka ngonaphakade kunzima ukucinga, kodwa ukuba i-capitalism ayikwazanga ukwanda nge-3% yezinga elihlanganisiweyo lokukhula, akucaci ukuba buya kuwela phantsi, kunokuba buxhuzule ngeendlela ezingalinganiyo ixesha. , kunye nemimandla ethile enekhontrakthi kwaye eminye ingekho. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, yindlela entle emfiliba yokufikelela kwihlabathi lobungxowankulu beposi.
Ukuba iintlekele azisoloko zivelisa umzabalazo oxhaphakileyo, ngaba kufanelekile ukuthi umzabalazo oxhaphakileyo nangona kunjalo ufuna uhlobo oluthile lobunzima ukuze uqhubeke? Umzekelo elona xesha linenkqubela phambili kwimbali yezabasebenzi yase-US yayingoo-1930s ngexesha lokuDodobala okuKhulu.
Ngokucacileyo udushe lwasentlalweni alubonakali ngaphandle emoyeni. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo andicebisi ukuba imizabalazo yoluntu ayinakuvela ngamaxesha obunzima bezoqoqosho-ngokucacileyo inakho. Kodwa amaxesha amaninzi iingxaki ezinjalo kuphela Kuvela ukuba ngunobangela wemizabalazo. Kukho iingxaki ezininzi, ezoqoqosho okanye ezopolitiko, ezinokuthi, kwaye mhlawumbi, zivuse isiphithiphithi kwaye zingabi njalo-inqwaba yamapolisa abulalayo angaqalisi uqhushululu, iinkqubo ezingqongqo ezingaphembeleli imvukelo, njalo njalo-eziye zalibaleka.
Ukukhomba izithako ezibangela uqhanqalazo luhlala lukhohlisa kuba izinto ezininzi zidla ngokuba semsebenzini. Ngokuchaseneyo nobulumko obufunyenwe ngasekhohlo, nangona kunjalo, imizabalazo emininzi ayiphumi kwiimeko zoqoqosho ezimandundu, kodwa ngamaxesha okwanda. Uxinzelelo olukhulu, njengoko ukhankanyile, luhlala lubanjwa njengomzekelo obalaseleyo wengxaki yezoqoqosho ebonelela ngomhlaba ochumileyo weentshukumo zentlalo. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe, nalapho, ukuba mhlawumbi ezona ziganeko zomkhosi kolo dabiโimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso edumileyo nokuhlala phantsi kogwayimbo ngowe-1936-37โazizange zibekho ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, kodwa ukuchacha, xa izinga lokuqeshwa lathi lafika. inyuke ngepesenti ezingamashumi amathathu ukusuka kubunzulu boxinzelelo. Kwaye oku kuyaxela: amaxesha amaninzi imibutho yentlalontle ifumana owona mtsalane mkhulu xa ulindelo lwabantu luphakama kwaye benoluvo lwamandla abo adibeneyo, hayi ubuthathaka. Iintshukumo zee-Sixties e-US, ngokufanayo, zavela kwixesha lokunyuka kwezoqoqosho kunye nemivuzo ephezulu. Yayiyimvelaphi yenqanaba elikhulu kunye nefayile yomkhosi, eye yawa emva kwengxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho kwiminyaka yoo-1970s.
Esinye seziphumo ezimbalwa ezamkelwayo zentlekele yoqoqosho ka-2008 kukungaphumeleli kwayo kongxowankulu. Umzekelo uNaomi Klein ucebise ukuba iWall St. Crisis yayiyeyo 'neoliberalism' ukuba kwakuyintoni ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin 'kubukomanisi'. Ukuba akukho nto iyenye ke iintlekele zinokubeka iingxoxo zerevolution kunye namalungiselelo ongxowankulu emva etafileni. Xa sijonga oku ngaba intlekele iyinto embi?
Ingxaki iye yashukumisa, ubuncinci kwangethuba, imbono yokuba ubukhapitali babungachaphazeleki. Kodwa njengokuba usondela ngakumbi, oku bekusenzeka ngakumbi kwi-neoliberalism (edla ngokuba sisithethantonye sobukhapitali phakathi kwabanxaxhi basekhohlo, kodwa ngokucacileyo luhlobo nje olunye). Iqela labantu ababalaseleyo ngasekhohlo babhengeza, ukuba asikokuwa kwenkqubo yongxowankulu, ubuncinane ukufa kobungxowankulu bemalike ekhululekileyo. Kodwa oko kwangqineka kunethemba eligqithiseleyoโkwakungafani nokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin. I-neoliberalism isenokuba iye yagxothwa kwezinye iindawo, kodwa ihleli ingumyalelo wemini kwiGlobal North.
Naziphi na iingxoxo ezihlaziyiweyo zotshintsho lwenguqu nobomi obungaphaya kobukapitali buya kuba yinto entle, nangona ndingaqinisekanga ngenqanaba ekwenzeke ngalo ngayo nayiphi na indlela ebanzi ngexesha lobunzima obukhoyo. Njengoko bendigxininisa, akukho nto izenzekelayo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kweentlekele, upolitiko, kunye nesenzo esiqatha. Ngexesha leentlekele abantu banokufudukela ekhohlo okanye ekunene, okanye bahlale apho bakhoyo, bezama ukuzihambela. Uloyiko-kwaye le ngongoma eyenziwe nguJames Davis kwi Intlekeleโutyekele ekunene, hayi ngasekhohlo. Xa abantu besoyika, kunokwenzeka ukuba bamkele izisombululo ezigunyazisiweyo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabaphambukeli kunye nabanye.
Njengoko uEddie Yuen exoxa, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba, xa siphila kumaxesha anzima, abantu abaninzi bakhathazwa kukudinwa yintlekele. Enye i-jolt ayizukubenza bagqibe kwelokuba i-revolution yimpendulo. Akuyomfuneko ukuba bakholelwe ukuba kukho into engalunganga, okanye inkqubo esiphila phantsi kwayo ayisebenzi kubo. Abanalukholo lokuba nantoni na enokwenziwa ukuyiguqula. Yaye imbono yentlekele ayenzi nto ukulungisa loo ngxaki isisiseko. Enyanisweni, kuyakuthintela ukujamelana nayo. Izama ukugqitha umsebenzi osoloko unzima wokufikelela kwabanye abangavumelaniyo nawe kwaye ubancede bazilungelelanise.
Ngaba imfazwe yahlukile kwezinye iintlobo zentlekeleโmhlawumbi ngenxa yenguqulelo yayo okanye imiphumo yokuchasana nenguqulelo?
Ewe, imfazwe yayinokujongwa njengento engaqhelekanga. Ngokwembali, iimfazwe ziye zabonakala zibangela iinguqulelo. Amaza amakhulu oguquko lwe20th inkulungwane yalandela iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala neyeZibini, njengoko kwaba njalo nokuqhekeka kobukhosi bamathanga. Abo bacelwe ukuba babingelele, okanye babulale kwaye basengozini yokubulawa, mancinci amathuba okuba bafune ukubuyela kumyalelo wakudala.
Kodwa iimfazwe zikwanika urhulumente amandla anyanzelisayo ngakumbi egameni lokhuseleko lwesizwe, njengoko sisazi. Ziphawulwa ngengcinezelo enkulu kunye ne-jingoism, xa ii-radicals zihlala zingakwazi ukuzenza zivezwe ngaphezulu kwe-xenophobic okanye i-nationalist din, kwaye iimfazwe zihlala zikhulula imikhosi yasekunene. Kwaye izifundo ze-20th Inkulungwane, ukusuka kwiWW1 ukuya kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam, ayilahlekanga kwiiklasi ezilawulayo. Bayaqonda ukuba abantu ababizelwe emkhosini, nokuba basuka kumazwe angama-impiriyali, banokwandiswa. Yiyo loo nto ngoku batyekele ekuthembeleni kwimikhosi ye-proxy kunye ne-drones, njengoko sibonile e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.
Maxa wambi umntu uye eve ukuba iinguqulelo azikho ngenxa yokuba imfazwe itshintshile. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba eyona meko ibalulekileyo yoguquko eyenzeka eYurophu kwinkumbulo yamva nje-iziganeko zikaMeyi 1968 eFransi-azange ziphenjelelwe yimfazwe, kodwa zenzeke kuluntu olunenkqubela ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha loxolo, ukuba sinokubiza. yiloo nto.
Ukuba akukho nto intsha ngokukodwa malunga 'nentlekele' zeziphi iimeko zangoku ezenza le ngcamango ibe nomtsalane? Ukuba njengoko usithi 'intlekele' inikezelwa njengethathela indawo yomsebenzi onzima wombutho kunye nomzabalazo, ingaba 'intlekele' iluphawu lobunzima bokuzibandakanya kumzabalazo kangakanani?
Lowo ngumbuzo ophambili. Intlekele ibonakala ixhaphake kakhulu ngamaxesha okoyiswa kwezopolitiko kumanxele. Ukuboleka ibinzana le-EP Thompson, yi-chiliasm yokuphelelwa lithemba, ukuba sichaza ukuphelelwa lithemba kwezopolitiko, kunokuba ngokwengqondo, imigaqo. Yiyo loo nto i-chestnut endala malunga nayo ilula ukwenza umfanekiso wesiphelo sehlabathi kunokuphela kobungxowankulu-into ephawule iminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo, ngokoyiswa kwe-radical left kunye nokuvela kwe-neoliberalism kunye ne-mantra yayo yokuba yiyo kuphela enokwenzeka. indlela.
Ngeli xesha imibutho yentlalo ibisoloko ikwisiphithiphithi, ngeli lixa abasebenzi bebandakanywe kubungxowankulu be-neoliberal ngokudibana kwezemali. EUnited States, kuye kwakho amaxesha okuhlanganisana okukhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje-imiboniso emikhulu yokulwa imfazwe ka-2003, ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe luka-2006 (oluyinombolo yogwayimbo olukhulu kwimbali yase-US) -kodwa ukudala okuqhubekayo, iintshukumo eziqhubekayo bekunzima kakhulu. . Nditsho noOccupy wagqabhuka ngendlela emangalisayo emva koko wawa. Iindlela zakudala zolungiselelo-ingakumbi imodeli yeqela lami-ziye zangathenjwa, kodwa iindlela ekucingelwa ukuba zithe tye kwiminyaka yakutshanje nazo zithwaxwa ziingxaki. Ukuphelelwa lithemba kwezopolitiko kunye nobunzima bombutho buziboleka ethembeni lokuba isiphithiphithi sangaphandle siya kuthatha indawo yomsebenzi onzima wokufikelela nokulungelelanisa abanye. Ukongezelela koku eyona ngxamiseko yokwenene abantu abaninzi abavakalelwa ngayo ngemfuneko yokuphelisa umonakalo wobukapitaliโukufudumala kwehlabathi kuyeyona nto icacileyoโyaye intlekele iyaqondakala ngokucacileyo. Intlekele ayisayi kuphela ngokusalatha kwimiphumo yayo emibi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iiradicals zizama ukuhlaziya iprojekthi ye-anticapitalist ebanzi, izimvo zibalulekile. Njengoko intlekele ihenda, yimbono efanele igatywe.
Njengoko usitsho nangona kunjalo, ukuba 'intlekele' ayisosisombululo sokungabi nathemba kunye nokulalanisa ngasekhohlo, ukushiya nje 'intlekele' ayisosisombululo naso. Iyandichukumisa into oyithethayo yokuba kanye njengokuba iingcamango zibalulekileโinjalo nembali. Kukho into eyimbali malunga nentlekele, kungekuphela nje ngengqiqo yokuba ayikhathaleli ukoyisa iingxaki, kodwa nasekucebiseni ikhefu eligqibeleleyo kuyo yonke into ebiqhubeka ngaphambili, intlekele inohlobo lokungaboni ngabom kwimizabalazo yangaphambili ngasekhohlo. ; imizabalazo ezize noloyiso lokwenene.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyinyani ukuba iintlekele azixabisi iimfazwe ezidlulileyo, nangona kungekho rhoqo. Kukho ezinye, ngakumbi zodidi lwe-determinist, abanokuthi bazibeke kweyona ncopho yemizabalazo yangaphambili. Kodwa ubukhulu becala, imizabalazo yangaphambili-kwaye yintoni eyenza abanye baphumelele kwaye abanye bangabi nayo-ingaphantsi kokubaluleka. Intlekele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, malunga neendlela ezimfutshane kunye neshishini elimdaka lokulwa kunye nokuphulukana namaxesha athile kunye nokuphumelela amanye kunokukhutshelwa ecaleni.
Ubonakala ukhomba ingcamango ekhangayo kumacandelo ekhohlo emva kwexesha, ukuguqulwa kwentlalo ebanzi okanye i-revolution njengento enkulu yokuhlanjululwa, umzuzu apho siqala ikhalenda ngokutsha. Ngokumalunga nokuqhawuka okukhulu kunye nexesha elidlulileyo, ndinovelwano kwimpembelelo. Kodwa akukho nto injengokwakha ukusuka ekuqaleni, ukudala uluntu olutsha olungenziwanga ngezinye zezinto zakudala. Kwiingxoxo zangaphambili elinye icala liye laxoxa ukuba inguqu yenguquko-nguquko ayikho malunga nokutshabalalisa ixesha elidlulileyo-uluvo olubi lwe-revolution-kodwa endaweni yoko yakhela kwizinto ezilungileyo zehlabathi ezisele zikhona kwimizabalazo esiyilwayo. Enye, imvakalelo embi, yokutshintsha kwentlalo ayipheleli nje kwintlekele, kodwa umntu unokuyibona kwingcamango eyintlekele yokuqhekeka kokucoca. Akumangalisi ukuba, intlekele ithande ukugxininisa ubuthathaka bethu obuhlangeneyo, kunokuba amandla ethu adibeneyo. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba kufuneka kuphetshwe, nokuba izinto zibonakala zimbi kangakanani na, kuba ayichanekanga.
USamuel Grove ngumphandi ozimeleyo kunye nentatheli.
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Nikela