Indawo yokuxhela inyama yenkomo yaseTyson Fresh Meats ePasco, eWashington yinqaba yoshishino yaseBhabheli. I-1500 labasebenzi abavela eMexico, eBosnia, eVietnam, nakwamanye amazwe akude, basebenza ingqiniba ukuya-kwingqiniba ecaleni kwendlela yokuqhawula isityalo, besika iintloko, imilenze kunye neempuphu, kunye nokuhlubula izidumbu ezinkulu zeenkomo. Imizimba ke iye ithwalwe ngetyathanga isiwe kubasebenzi abaninzi, abasebenzisa iigwegwe zentsimbi kunye neemela ukusika izilwanyana zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci, ekugqibeleni amiselwe ivenkile enkulu ekufutshane nawe.
Ngo-2003, ingalo yasekhohlo kaLuis Madrigal oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala yaba yingozi yomgca. โ[U]sike ingalo yakhe nge-hock-cutter,โ utsho uPasco Tyson olungisa inyama kunye nenkokeli yomanyano uMaria Martinez, ebhekisa kumatshini onamawele entsimbi ajijelwe ngamawele enzelwe ukunqumla idolo lenkomo. "Inkampani yayisuse abalindi bengalo kwi-hock-cutter kwaye umatshini wawungasebenzi ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yemveliso, wongezelela uMartinez. "Yonke into abayikhathaleleyo yimveliso, kungekhona ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi."
Ukupakisha inyama, ngokwendalo yayo, kuyingozi kakhulu. Ingcaphephe yezabasebenzi kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell uLance Compa uthi: โIihagu, iihagu, iinkunzi zeenkomo zizilwanyana ezinzima kakhulu kwaye [ukusikwa] kwenziwa kakhulu ngesandla, nto leyo ibeka uxinzelelo kwiingalo zabasebenzi, emagxeni nasemqolo. "Ubeka nje ezi mfuno zenyama phezu kweemeko: igazi, igrisi, ubushushu, kunye nevumba elibi, kunye nobungozi obuvela kubasebenzi abadibana nokutya kwesilwanyana okugayiweyo."
Kwaye kwelinye lawona mashishini ayingozi kakhulu e-United States, irekhodi yeTyson Fresh Meat's Pasco plant igqamile. Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMisebenzi yase-US yoKhuseleko lwezeMisebenzi kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo (i-OSHA), izinga lokulimala kunye nokugula kwiziko lingaphezu kwamaxesha amabini anesiqingatha umyinge wesizwe wezityalo zokupakisha inyama kunye nokuphindwe kabini kweendawo zokupakisha inyama kunye newaka. okanye abasebenzi abaninzi.
Isityalo sePasco sikwagqame ngendlela yesibini: ukubulawa kunye nokusika imigangatho yesityalo, kunye nokuchithwa kwayo kunye nemigca yokutyela, ibe yindawo yokulwa yomzamo wokuzama ukudibanisa umanyano, i-Teamsters Local 556, emele ukupakishwa kwenyama. abasebenzi apho iminyaka engaphezu kwama-25. NgoFebruwari, abasebenzi beli shishini bavotela ukugunyazisa imanyano phantsi kwelifu lezityholo zamaqhinga amdaka, ukunyhashwa kwemithetho yezabasebenzi, kunye nokugxothwa kweemanyano.
Abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ezi zinto zimbini - ukungabikho kokhuseleko kunye neenzame ezomeleleyo zokuchitha umanyano - ziyinxalenye yengxaki efanayo. Kwiinyanga ezizayo, ezinye iimanyano ezimele abasebenzi abapakisha inyama ziya kujonga umzabalazo kwisityalo saseTyson's Pasco njengentsimbi yamalungelo abasebenzi komnye weyona misebenzi yobuqhophololo yaseMelika.
Xa i-Teamsters Local 556 uNobhala-uNondyebo uMaria Martinez waqala ukusebenza kwisityalo sasePasco, sasiphantsi kobunikazi be-Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) kwaye yayiyivenkile yomanyano iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20. UTyson Foods, Inc. uthenge i-IBP kwi-2001, eyenza inkampani ibe ngumvelisi omkhulu wenyama yenkomo emhlabeni. UMartinez uthi xa uTyson engena, inkampani yanciphisa abasebenzi, okukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu okulimala. โKukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-IBP noTyson.
ITyson Foods, Inc., inkampani engumzali yeTyson Fresh Meats, sisigebenga phakathi kwezigebenga. UTyson ulawula ishishini lokupakisha inyama njengeyona processor inkulu kunye nomthengisi wenkukhu, inyama yenkomo kunye nehagu. Inkampani yase-Springdale, yase-Arkansas iphindwe kabini kukhuphiswano oluzayo, kunye nabasebenzi be-114,000 kunye neentengiso kunyaka odlulileyo we-26.4 yezigidigidi. Eyasekwa ngo-1935, iTyson Foods ivelisa enye kwiipounds ezine zenkomo, inkukhu, kunye nengulube e-US, kwaye ithengisa inyama phantsi kweempawu zikaThomas E. Wilson, Doskocil, Jac Pac, Reuben, ITC, Wright Brand, Russer, Jordan's , i-Continental Deli, kunye ne-Iowa Ham. Inkampani yosapho iqhutywa nguSihlalo kunye neCEO uJohn Tyson, umKristu ozinikeleyo, ongutatomkhulu wakhe owaqala inkampani. Ngaphantsi kobugosa besizukulwana esincinci, iTyson Foods "IiNqobo eziPhambili" ziquka ukuzama ukuba "yinkampani ethembekileyo" kunye "nokuzukisa uThixo." Kwiphulo layo elisingise kwivenkile engenanto yabasebenzi, inkampani ithetha ukuba ezi nkolo zimiselweyo ziya kubagcina abasebenzi babo bekhuselekile.
Kushicilelo lwamva nje lweTyson Press, umzekelo, umphathi wePasco uRay McGaugh usebenzise ulwimi oluthile lwebhayibhile ukwenza ikhonkco, esithi, "Iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zikaTyson kunye nekhowudi yokuziphatha iya kuqhubeka nokukhokela inkampani kunye nobudlelwane bayo naMalungu eQela njengoko sisebenza ngaphandle umanyano."
I-Union decertification redux
Uninzi lwabasebenzi kumzimveliso wePasco bathi uTyson ulikhawulezisile isantya ekufuneka abasiki benyama basebenze, ngelixa behlisa inani labantu emgceni. Amashumi alithoba eepesenti zabasebenzi ekubanjwe udliwano-ndlebe nabo kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts kunye neWhitman College ingxelo malunga nempilo yabasebenzi kunye nokhuseleko kwisityalo sasePasco bathi bakholelwa ukuba isantya setsheyini elihambisa inyama kumgca wokuqhawula sikhawuleza kakhulu, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwe-70 pesenti yathi uTyson. yabela abasebenzi abambalwa kakhulu kumsebenzi ngamnye.
"Into endiyibonileyo, kuba ndihlala ndisebenza kwisebe lokulungisa," utsho uMartinez, "abantu benzakala ngenxa yokuba abanalo ixesha lokugcina imela yabo okanye ukwenza iqhekeza labo lenyama kuba inyama ifika. enye emva kwenye. Isoloko ibuyela kwisantya setyathanga.
Ubukho bemanyano kwisityalo kwacelwa umngeni kulo nyaka uphelileyo, emva kokuba umsebenzi onganelisekanga, uCarlos Perez, owayephulukene noMartinez kunyulo lobunkokeli bombutho wasekhaya weTeamsters, waqokelela iisignesha ukunyanzela unyulo ukuba aqinisekise umanyano. (UMartinez uyilungu leqela lohlengahlengiso lweqela le-Teamsters kwi-Democratic Union, ngelixa uPerez wayexhaswa yi-Teamsters ukusekwa.) Emva koko uPerez waphakanyiswa ukuba abe ngumphathi nguTyson.
Xa abasebenzi bomzi-mveliso bevotela u-Epreli ophelileyo malunga nokuba baqhubeke nokuba nabameli bombutho kwiziko lePasco, icala elixhasa umanyano laphumelela. Abaphathi bakaTyson emva koko bathi amagosa ombutho athetha kakubi nabasebenzi njengoko babelindele ukuvota. NgoDisemba iBhodi yeSizwe yezoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi (NLRB) yanyanzelisa ukuba kuvotwe olutsha, nangona iGosa eliMamelayo le-NLRB lifumene iziphumo zokuba "unyulo oluthile lwenzekile kodwa ... alwanelanga phantsi kwemigangatho yomntu wesithathu ukubhukuqa unyulo."
Kulo Februwari kubanjwe unyulo kwakhona. Ngesi sihlandlo abasebenzi bomzimveliso bavotele ama-690 kuma-586 ukugunyazisa imanyano. Umphathi weplanti uMcGaugh ubange oku "njengevoti yokuzithemba kwinkampani kunye nabasebenzi bolawulo lweplanti yethu."
Inyunyana ibona izinto ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye ifake inkcaso kwi-NLRB, ithi uTyson "waphazamisa amalungelo abasebenzi kwaye waphazamisa ukhetho" kwi-22 yokuphulwa komthetho wabasebenzi. Ezi nkcaso ziquka ukugrogrisa nokubanyanzelisa abasebenzi, ukunika okanye ukunika abasebenzi izibonelelo ukuze babaphembelele ukuba bavote ngokuchasene nombutho, ukusasaza uncwadi lwephulo lobuqhetseba ekutyholwa ukuba lulo lombutho, nokunika abasebenzi inkcazelo yobuxoki ngamaxesha neendawo zokuvota.
"UTyson uvale isityalo kwiiveki ezi-6 okanye ezi-7 kwaye wahlawula abantu kwiiyure ze-32 [ngeveki]", utsho ummeli uDavid Rosenfeld, omele i-Local 556. "Asinakuchaswa ukuba abasebenzi bahlawulwe. Kodwa akuqhelekanga. Kufana nokunyotywa ukuze abasebenzi balibale ngayo yonke enye into eyenziwe yinkampani. Kwaye oku kwakuphambi konyulo. " UTyson wanqumamisa okwethutyana imveliso ukusuka ngoJanuwari ukuya kuFebruwari kwizityalo zakhe ezininzi, ngenxa yemfuno ephantsi yenyama yenkomo, yatsho inkampani. Umbutho ukwatyhola ukuba uTyson uxelele abasebenzi ukuba ubude bokuyeka emsebenzini buxhomekeke kwindlela abavote ngayo kunyulo lokukhutshwa kweziqinisekiso.
Isithethi sikaTyson uGary Mickelson uphikisana nezityholo ezinjalo, echaza ukuba inkampani yenza ngokwamalungelo ayo. "Nangona unyulo lokukhutshwa kweziqinisekiso lwaba sisiphumo soxwebhu lwezikhalazo olwaqalwa ngabasebenzi beyure, umthetho uvumela inkampani ukuba ithathe isikhundla kwaye inxibelelane naMalungu eQela lethu ngokubaluleka kwevoti yabo. Besifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi."
Ngokutsho kwegqwetha lemanyano uRosenfeld, phakathi kwezona zenzo zimbi kakhulu inkampani ezenzileyo yayikukucela uncedo lwempapasho yolwimi lwaseSpanish yasePasco, ebizwa ngokuba yiLa Voz, ukupapasha iingxelo ezingeyonyani zokuba isityalo sasePasco siza kuvala kwaye sifudukele kwenye indawo ukuba abasebenzi bavotele umanyano. โInkampani iyayixhasa [iLa Voz] ngeentengiso ezininzi,โ utshilo uRosenfeld. Emva kokuba iphepha liprinte isiqwenga malunga nokuqhubeka komanyano olukhokelela ekuvalweni kweziko, "inkampani idlulise inqaku ngaphakathi nakwindawo ejikeleze isityalo."
Iinkokeli zeTeamsters Local 556 ziye zamangalela uLa Voz, zityhola, phakathi kwezinye izityholo, ukuba eli phepha libanga ukuba iinkokeli zemanyano zavala imarike yaseJapan kwiimveliso zaseTyson kulandela uhambo lokuya eJapan. Ngokwenyani, iJapan, kunye namanye amazwe angaphezu kwama-20, yavala imakethi yayo kwinyama yenkomo yase-US emva kokuba imeko ye-BSE, okanye isifo senkomo esiphambeneyo, yafunyanwa kwilizwe laseWashington ngo-2003.
"Sidanile kodwa asothuswanga zizityholo zobuxoki zombutho," utshilo uTyson isithethi uGary Mickelson kwingxelo yamva nje yenkcaso yomanyano kwi-NLRB. "Njengomqeshi, zonke izenzo zethu ezikhokelela kwivoti enjalo zilawulwa ngumthetho we-federal. Asizange senze okanye sithethe nantoni na engafanelekanga okanye engekho mthethweni." UMickelson ukholelwa ukuba ibhodi yabasebenzi iya kusichitha isibheno seTeamster, yongeza ukuba uTyson "ujonge phambili ekusebenzeni naMalungu eQela lethu kwindawo engenamanyano."
Ithamsanqa libengezela phantsi
Ukuba neemveliso zobuvulindlela ezifana neMcDonald's Chicken McNuggets, iTyson Foods ngoku ikhwele iAtkins wave yeprotein ephezulu, ukutya okunekhabhohayidrethi ephantsi e-US. (Jonga ibar esecaleni). Kwi-75 yezigidi zeedola ezixhaswa nguTysonรขรโยข umabonwakude, unomathotholo, iwebhu, kunye nephulo lentengiso yoshicilelo, uTyson uzenzele igama kwakhona "njengomboneleli weprotheyini okhokelayo kwihlabathi."
I-Fortune Magazine isandula ukubiza iTyson America's "Most Admired" inkampani yokutya, ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yabaphathi be-10,000, abalawuli kunye nabahlalutyi bezokhuseleko, okwesibini kwiminyaka emithathu. Uqikelelo oluphezulu lukaFortune ngobunkokeli bale nkampani lubonakala lukwabelwana ngalo nebhodi kaTyson, eyathi kunyaka ophelileyo yanika uSihlalo kunye ne-CEO uJohn Tyson ibhonasi ye-5.4 yezigidi zeedola - enye yeyona inkulu kunyaka wokubhatalwa kwabaphathi.
Kwi-2004, inkampani iphandwa yi-US Securities and Exchange Commission for awarding, ngaphandle kokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo, umlawuli weTyson kunye no-CEO wangaphambili - uyise kaJohn Tyson - uDon Tyson $ 1.7 yezigidi kwiibhonasi ukusuka kwi-1997 ukuya ku-2003. UTyson Foods uvumile ukuhlawula i-$ 1.5 yezigidi kwisivumelwano ne-SEC. Ukanti embindini wothethwano kunye ne-SEC, abalawuli beenkampani banike uDon Tyson i-1.2 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka isivumelwano sokubonisana, kunye nomhlalaphantsi wonyaka we-750,000 yeedola kunye nezinye izinto. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, iBhanki ephethwe ngumbutho iAmalgamated Bank, enezabelo eziphantse zibe ngama-89,000 eTyson, yafaka isimangalo ngokuchasene nenkampani ngelithi iTyson Foods iqinisekise amalungu osapho lukaTyson anjengoDon Tyson umrhumo omkhulu wokucebisana emva kokuba ethathe umhlala phantsi kwifemu - nasemva kokuba eswelekile. .
Ukuze ahlawule le mali, uTyson wamkele imigaqo-nkqubo ecinezela abasebenzi kunye neemanyano. Ingxelo yamva nje ye-Human Rights Watch ebhalwe nguLance Compa ibonisa ukuba iimeko zokusebenza kunye nokulungelelanisa kwiplanti yaseTyson's Pasco ayifani nerekhodi yomkhondo wequmrhu lilonke. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba uTyson, kunye ne-meatpacking kunye ne-processing giants uSmithfield kunye ne-Nebraska Beef, banyhasha ngokucwangcisiweyo amalungelo abasebenzi bawo: ukukhusela abasebenzi ngokungafanelekanga kwingozi, ukuthatha ithuba labasebenzi abangabhalwanga, ukungahlawuli imbuyekezo yabasebenzi, ukuthintela ngokungekho mthethweni ilungelo labo lokuququzelela. umbutho wabasebenzi, okanye ukugxotha iimanyano ezikhoyo.
"UTyson uhlala ebasusa abasebenzi abaqhankqalazayo okanye abathethela abanye," utshilo umsebenzi weenkukhu ocatshulwe kwingxelo esebenza kwisityalo saseTyson eRogers, eArkansas. โXa babetsiba kwiinkukhu ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini ngomzuzu ukuya kumashumi amane anesibini, abantu abaninzi baqhankqalaza. Ndiwuthandile, nanku umnyango. Kukho abanye abafaki-zicelo abangamakhulu asibhozo abalindele ukuthatha umsebenzi wakho.'
UTyson, owalile ukuphawula ngokuthe ngqo kwiCorpWatch, uye wakhupha ingxelo emva kokukhutshwa kwengxelo. โSidanile zizigqibo ezilahlekisayo zale ngxelo, kodwa asothuswanga sinikwe amaqhina ombhali kubasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo,โ yatsho inkampani, isalatha kwiBill of Rights yeQela likaTyson, eyakhutshwa ngenye imini phambi kokuba kupapashwe ingxelo yeHRW.
UMthetho oYilwayo wamaLungelo uqinisekisa "ilungelo labasebenzi lokukhetha ukuba bayafuna ukudibana kunye ngeenjongo zothethathethwano oluhlangeneyo." Ikwachaza ukuba abasebenzi banelungelo "lokuxelela uTyson kuqala ... ukuba nabani na [umqeshwa] uvakalelwa kukuba uphathwa ngokungekho sikweni malunga nawo nawuphi na umcimbi wengqesho," mhlawumbi endaweni yokuguqukela kwimanyano.
IBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi ifumene uTyson enetyala lokugxotha ngokungekho mthethweni imanyano kwisityalo sayo senkukhu ngo-1993 eDardanelle, eArkansas nakwi-subsidiary yayo yaseHolly Farms ngo-1995. Ngo-2003, uTyson waqesha abaqhankqalazi abasisigxina ngexesha lengxabano yabasebenzi kwiplanti yayo yokulungisa inyama IJefferson, eWisconsin, itsala umsindo kuluntu apho.
Ngo-2001, emva kophando olufihlakeleyo lweminyaka emithathu, abatshutshisi bombuso batyhola uTyson ngokwenza iyelenqe lokurhwebesha abantu abasuka eMexico nakuMbindi Merika ukuba baye kusebenza kwizityalo zabo zenkukhu e-Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Indiana, Missouri naseVirginia. Iminyaka eyi-7, ukwenzela ukunyusa inzuzo. Ngaphandle kobungqina babaphathi bokuba imiyalelo ivela phezulu, ijaji yaseTennessee yaqukumbela ngempikiswano ngo-2003 ukuba umsebenzi wawuqhutywa ekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwemvume yabaphathi benkampani.
Kwiinzame zokunyusa amanyathelo okhuseleko ngaphakathi kweefektri zabo, uTyson unika inani labasebenzi bakhe ukuGqwesa kwiimbasa zoKhuseleko kwaye uye wamkela into ebizwa ngokuba yiSangqa soKhuseleko sikaSihlalo. Kulo nyaka, inkampani ikwanikezele ngeMbasa yabo yokuqala kaSihlalo yoKhuseleko oluGqwesileyo. UTyson uyazingca ngokuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko ngokungqongqo, kodwa ingxelo yakhe iphakamisa amathandabuzo. Ngo-2003, uJason Kelly, umsebenzi waseTyson Foods River Valley Animal Feed Ingredients ethengisa isityalo eTexarkana, eArkansas, wasweleka ngenxa yokuphefumla ihydrogen sulfide xa wayelungisa umatshini oguqula iintsiba zenkukhu zibe kukutya kwesilwanyana. IHydrogen sulfide yigesi enetyhefu eyenziwe ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. UTyson ukhutshwe izicatshulwa ezihlanu zokwaphulwa kwangabom, ukuphulwa okunzulu kwe-12, kunye nezinye ezimbini zokuphulwa kwemithetho ye-OSHA, kodwa iinkqubo ze-OSHA zanqunyanyiswa kulindelwe uphando olukhulu lwejury ngokufa kukaKelly.
Izibalo ze-OSHA ezifunyenwe ngoMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi zityhila ukuba kunyaka ophelileyo izibonelelo ze-31 zaseTyson kwilizwe lonke zahlelwa njengeendawo zokusebenzela ezinokulimala okuphezulu kunye nezinga lokugula e-US. Ezi zibandakanya amaziko eTyson Foods eAlabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania naseTexas.
Buyela kwihlathi?
ETyson Fresh Meats ePasco, abasebenzi balindele isigwebo seBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi. Ukuba i-NLRB igqibe kwelokuba izichaso zeTeamsters Local 556 kunyulo lokukhutshelwa kwePasco zivumelekile, abasebenzi bomzi-mveliso baya kunikwa ithuba lesithathu lokuvota ukuba bangayigcini na imanyano yabo. Ukuba i-NLRB iyazixhasa iziphumo zonyulo lwangoku, isityalo saseTyson siya kuhamba ngendlela yeshishini lokupakisha inyama kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo, eyayikade ilishishini elilawulwa yimanyano kunye nowona mvuzo uphakamileyo wokwenza umsebenzi wokuvelisa.
UDavid Rosenfeld, igqwetha le-Local 556, ukholelwa ukuba inyunyana inecala eliqinileyo lokubhukuqa unyulo lokukhutshwa kweziqinisekiso, kodwa wongeza ukuba kuya kuba ngumlo ophakamileyo kunye ne-NLRB. "Andinathemba lokuba i [NLRB] izakulunga. Kodwa izichaso zombutho zilungile."
United Food and Commercial Workers union's uJill Cashen wabelana ngokuthandabuza kukaRosenfeld. โUmthetho wezabasebenzi kweli lizwe awonelanga ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo amalungelo abasebenzi okuququzelela kunye nokuba nelizwi elilungelelanisiweyo emsebenzini,โ utshilo.
USasha Lilley ngumbhali wabasebenzi beCorpWatch kunye nomvelisi we- Against the Grain kwi-KPFA ye-Pacifica Radio.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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