I-DOLLAROCRACY: Indlela iMali kunye noNyulo lweMedia Complex iyonakalisa iMelika nguJohn Nichols noRobert W. McChesney
UKWAHLULWA KWEDIJALI: Indlela ubuKapitali obuyijikela ngayo iIntenet ngokuchasene neDemokhrasi. nguRobert W. McChesney
Ababhali bezi ncwadi zibalaseleyo (kunye nezinye zabo) bayaqhubeka nokubuyisela ebomini uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo luka-1966 lukaBaran noSweezy. I-Monopoly Capital. Ngokwenza njalo, namhlanje bamisela imodeli eyabo ngamandla abo kunye nokugxeka kwabo. Incwadi kaMcChesney ithatha ingqalelo ebukhali kwi-Intanethi. Incwadi edibeneyo yakhe kunye noNichols igxile kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwase-US ngokubanzi (ngogxininiso olunamandla kumajelo eendaba. /1/
Ndiqala ngokucaphula kuzo zombini iincwadi ezibonisa indlela: Okokuqala, kuMcChesney's Uqhawulo lweDijithali:
"Uninzi lohlalutyo lwe-Intanethi luhamba phakathi kokonwaba kwe-utopian kunye nesihogo se-dystopian, kusilela ngokupheleleyo ukulungisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamandla ezoqoqosho kunye nehlabathi ledijithaliโฆ. kwaye i-Intanethi iye yangenademokhrasi.โ
Okulandelayo kwincwadi yabo edibeneyo, I-DOLLAROCRACY:
"Xa uMongameli uBarack Obama waphinda wanyulwa, ezinye iingcali zaphikisana ukuba, nangona inkcitho engalawulwayo yephulo, apha kwakukho ubungqina bokuba imali enkulu ayinakuthenga unyulo. Kwaba kwachasana noko. Unyulo luka-2012 lwaluyi-quantum leap: yayiliphulo lokuqala lonyulo lwe-$ 10 yeebhiliyoni zaseMelika. Kwaye yomeleza amandla odidi olutsha kwezopolitiko zaseMelika: abantu abazizityebi ngokumangalisayo kunye neenkampani ezichaza ngokutsha ezopolitiko zethu ngendlela yokuba, ngokusilela ungenelelo olumangalisayo, lubonise ukuphela kwedemokhrasi yethu. Lihlabathi leDolarocray. "
Ngoku ndiphendukela kwiincwadi zabo kunye neembono zam apho i-USA imi khona ngokwentlalo-qoqosho. Ndaqala ngokucaphula iincwadi zabo, yaye okulandelayo kuya kuquka ezinye ezininzi. Ndiyathemba ukuba abo bafunda olu phononongo baya kuqhubeka befuna iindlela zokufunda ezi ncwadi kunye nezinye ezinxulumene nazo. Kufuneka siqonde kwaye sijongane noko kungalunganga kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwaye ngoba, ukuba siza kuba nobomi obulungileyo. Ngoku sijonge kwicala elihlala liyingozi kakhulu kwezentlalo noqoqosho kunye nomkhosi.
Uqhawulo lweDijithali
Kwintshayelelo yale ncwadi, uMcChesney - emva koku "McC" - ubeka inqanaba elibi lokuya kulandela:
Abantu abaninzi namhlanje, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abaninzi abantu abatsha, banganikela nantoni na ukuze babe noqoqosho olufana ne-American capitalism ngo-1972. Ukungalingani kwakucutheka kwaye kunqabile ukuba kubekho ngokwemigangatho yangoku: imisebenzi ehlawula kakuhle yayimininzi, iziseko zophuhliso zazinomona wehlabathi, nolawulo lwalungenamfezeko xa luthelekiswa norhwaphilizo lwanamhlanje. Kwakukho indawo yabantu abatsha kwezoqoqosho. Kwakukho ithemba, into ekunzima kakhulu ukuyihlanganisa kule mihlaโฆ.Ngoku obukapitali buphakathi kwengxaki yehlabathi engenasiphelo kwaye nemo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, eMelika, ubuncinane, iyothusa, ibonakala iphezulu. ixesha lokujonga nzulu ngakumbi ubudlelwane be-Intanethi kubungxowankulu kwaye bobabini kwidemokhrasi.
Kwangoko โMcCโ inika imbali emfutshane yokuzalwa kwe-Intanethi, ulindelo lwayo, kunye nokushukuma kwayo ekubeni yiseti yamathuba amangalisayo ibe iseti ehlala iyonakalisa kwaye iyingozi yokwenyani:
โI-Intanethi yincopho yenkqubela ye-elektroniki ephantse ibe ziinkulungwane ezimbini kunxibelelwano, ukususela kwitelegraph, ukufota, ukufota, ukurekhodwa ukuya kutsho kwi<em>cinema, unomathotholo, umabonwakude, yaye ekugqibeleni iisathelayithi neekhompyutha.
Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, kwaye ucaphula uBen Scott:
โSikutshintsho lweparadigm kathathu apho unxibelelwano lomntu, i-maw media, kunye neenkcukacha zentengiso ziye zafakwa ngaphakathi kolungelelwaniso olutsha ukuze iyantlukwano ibe yedlula'โ Uqoqosho luziqhelanise ne-Intanethi kwaye ngoku luzaliswe ngamashishini edijithali, Iifemu ezinkulu ebezingekho xa uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bazalwa. I-Intanethi ibonakale ilawula yonke into esendleleni yayo. โ
Abo bakwishumi elivisayo bajongana nentlalo-qoqosho eqhubekayo yemivuzo ephantsi kunye namaxabiso aphezulu, kodwa ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko rhoqo kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zemfundo ukufumana imisebenzi elungileyo. Elo lihlabathi lepesenti ephezulu nehlala iphezulu kubo nakubazali babo: ngaphandle kokuba bakwi-10% ephezulu (isingatsho ukuba ipesenti enye ephezulu): bangenisa imali ngeendleko โzabantu.โโฆ
Kanjani? Kwi20th kwinkulungwane "abantu abaqhelekileyo" base-USA ngaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye basebenza ngokungathi bayayazi into ekufuneka beyenzile ukuba "okuqhelekileyo" akusekho kuthetha "ukuhlwempuzeka." Saya kusebenza kwezopolitiko ngeminyaka yoo-1930 โ saphinda okwethutyana; kwiminyaka njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiphela kwaye, kwiminyaka embalwa emva ko-1960 kwaye yaphila kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko u-"McC" ebonisa:
"Eyona mbambano ibalaseleyo, eyona nto ibingumba phakathi kweenkqubo zepropathi kunye nokuzilawula ukusuka ekuqaleni kweriphabliki, eneneni ukusukela eAthene, ibe lungquzulwano phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu olubangelwa kukungalingani okuveliswa luqoqosho, olunokuthi lube yingxabano phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. kujongela phantsi ukulingana kwezopolitiko apho idemokrasi isekelwe khona.
Kwaye ucaphula uRobert Dahl, weYunivesithi yaseYale:
'Ukuba umvuzo, ubutyebi, kunye nesikhundla sezoqoqosho zizinto zezopolitiko kwaye zabiwa ngokulinganayo, ngoko abemi banokulingana njani kwezopolitiko?
Yaye ukuba abemi abanakulingana ngokwezobupolitika, idemokhrasi iza kubakho njani?'
Ukonyuka okukhulu okwamkelwa ngokubanzi ngoku kokungalingani kwezoqoqosho e-United States kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo kubeka isoyikiso esikhoyo kulawulo olunokwenzeka kwaye ekugqibeleni uninzi lwenkululeko uninzi lwaseMelika luyithatha lulaโฆ. Uphando lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba amahlwempu kwaye nabakumgangatho ophakathi abanampembelelo kwaphela kubameli babo abanyuliweyo. Akunjalo kwizityebi.
Ngoku, Dahl kwakhona:
'Isakhono somdla osisityebi sokudlala indima enkulu kunyulo lwaseMelika luphawu nje olunye lwenkqubo ende. Nakuphi na ukuphononongwa kwe-Intanethi okugabadelayo ukoyikiswa kwangoku kokungalingani ekuzilawuleni nakwinkululeko kuya kuba nesiphako kwasekuqaleni.'โ
Lilonke, ezi ncwadi zimbini zibalulekileyo nezifundekayo ngokungaqhelekanga zezopolitiko/ezoqoqosho zibaluleke kakhulu njengesiseko kunye nenkuthazo yentshukumo eyomeleleyo yezopolitiko- umbutho ekufuneka siwomeleze kwakamsinyane ukuba sifuna ukuba noluntu olundilisekileyo. Uluntu oluqhubekayo luqhutywa ngabantu abazizityebi, abanamandla, nabayingozi.
UDoug Dowd ngumbhali-mbali wezoqoqosho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Ukungalingani kunye neGlobal Economic Crisis. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe]
amaNqaku
1. UMcChesney kunye noNichols bobabini abagxeki ngokuphawulekayo bentlalontle kwezinye iincwadi zabo ezininzi kunye namanqaku angenamanani. Rhoqo kodwa hayi kuphela, bobabini badla ngokubhalela Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga. Njengoko kwakunjalo kum, baye baphenjelelwa kakhulu nguBaran noSweezy; apho, inqaku: ndibenethamsanqa lokusebenza kunye no-Baran kunye no-Sweezy ekuhambeni kwexesha; Baran xa sobabini sasifundisa kwi-SF Bay Area; U-Sweezy xa wayenam "ukufundisa i-econ" kubasebenzi boPhononongo lweNyanga, okanye kamva, .xa ndandimzele ukuba eze kufundisa e-Cornell (eyathi ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekubeni atshate umfazi wam wangaphambili uZirel owathi, ngokuqondakalayo, wawela kuye.).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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