Intshayelelo.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970 i-United States iye yanda ukubanjwa kukuziphithizela kwabathengi kunye nenzondelelo yenkolo ekhaya kunye nomkhosi okhukhumeleyo nonegazi laphesheya. Njengoko sisenjenjalo, ngaba le nkcazelo ilandelayo ayizange isifanelekele njengabantu ngabanye?
Ubundlobongela, ukunganyamezeli, ukuzithiya kunye nokukrokrela iimbono ezintsha, ukungakwazi ukuhlalutya, utyekelo lokuthatha inyathelo ngeemvakalelo kunokuba ucinge, ubuntu obubaxiweyo kunye nengqikelelo emxinwa kakhulu yoxanduva loluntu, ukuncamathela kwiintsomi kunye nemilinganiselo yobuxokiโฆ, inkulu kakhulu ukunamathela kwimilinganiselo yobuhlanga kunye notyekelo lokuthethelela inkohlakalo nentswela-bulungisa egameni lezo nqobo zisemgangathweni, iimvakalelo kunye nokunqongophala kwenyaniโฆ .
Hayi sonke, okwangoku; kodwa loo mazwi abhalelwa ukuchaza abantu bamazwe alishumi elinanye โoMzantsi Omtshaโ owavela emva kowe-1877. umbhali wayo i Carolinian intatheli WJ Cash.
UmZantsi oMtsha wawuyityhefu yenkohlakalo yamaziko kunye nokungabi nangqiqo kwenkqubo, okuphenjelelwa luloyiko, ukubawa, nentiyo; kuphela olona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi lwasekuhlaleni yayiyinkuthazo kunye nokungakhuseleki okwanikwa ukubulawa kwamawakawaka abantu abamnyama emva ko-1877.
Into yokuba iimpawu zoMzantsi Omtsha zamkelwa ngenzondelelo ngabo bonke abamhlophe yaziwa kakhulu; phantse ilityalwe ngokupheleleyo okanye engaziwa ngokubanzi kukuba, ngokwenqanaba elibalulekileyo iingcambu zayo zazikwimbali yethu yesizwe kwaye ixabiso layo labelwana ngalo kwinqanaba elinye okanye kwelinye kwisizwe sonke - njengoko kuphawuliwe ngumbhali-mbali uHoward Zinn, emva kweminyaka yakhe emininzi yokufundisa nokusebenza eMzantsi. :
Yiyo yonke into abayimangaleleyo ngabatshabhisi bayo, nangaphezu kokuba bebanga abakhuseli bayo. Inobuhlanga, inogonyamelo, inohanahaniso, ithiya abantu basemzini, ayinyanisekanga ekuphakanyisweni kwayo kwabafazi, inobuzwe, igcina isithethe, yaye inobuhlwempu obugqwesileyo phakathi kobutyebi obunempakamo. Ekuphela kwenqaku ekufuneka ndongeze kukuba iUnited States njengempucuko iquka zonke ezo mpawu zifanayo. Into yokuba uMzantsi unabo ngokuqatha ngakumbi kwenza kube lula ukuba isizwe sidlulisele iimpawu zaso eMzantsi, sizishiye simsulwa kwaye sinobulungisa. (The Southern Mystique)
Ngoku isizwe sethu sisonke sisendleleni yokuba sibe nokufana okusebenzayo nalaa Mzantsi; okanye okubi ngakumbi. Kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayizizo zonke ezingcono. Ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, kubalulekile kwabo balixabisayo โiphupha laseMelikaโ ukwazi indlela elabakho lula ngayo elo butho, ubunjani balo, kunye neziphumo zalo. Emva kwengxoxo eshwankathelayo yokudalwa kwayo kunye nokuvela kwayo, iinyani zanamhlanje esele zihlasimlisโ umzimba kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka ezicacileyo ziya kuphononongwa.
Uloyiso oludelekileyo.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwethu, uMzantsi wawuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-USA kwaye uphantsi kwemithetho yayo; alizange libe โlelinye ilizwe.โ Ubukhoboka, eyona nto bayibumbayo, bubonwa โnjengeziko labo elikhethekileyoโ; yayingeyonto โengaqhelekangaโ kuphela.
Umba: ISiqendu II, iCandelo le-9 loMgaqo-siseko livumele ubukhoboka base-US ukuba buqhubeke iminyaka engama-20, imvume yahlaziywa ngokuzolileyo de kwapasiswa isiHlomelo se-14 ngowe-1866.
Into: Abane kwabahlanu koomongameli bethu babengabanini bamakhoboka.
Ngaphezu koko, ubukhoboka basemazantsi babungenakukhula ngaphandle kwabarhwebi bamakhoboka abanomoya baseMantla; kwaye uqoqosho lwaseMantla lwalungenakukwazi ukufumana amandla alo ezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokubonakalayo njengoko benzile ngaphandle kobukhoboka. UVeblen uyibeke kakuhle, ukuba nayo iwryly:
Urhwebo lwekhoboka aluzange lube ngumsebenzi "olungileyo" okanye utyalo-mali olungaqhelekanga ngokupheleleyo - "ulungelelwaniso kumda wokuvunyelwa." Kodwa nangona isenokuba yayingathandeki komnye umntu waseNew England amadoda emicimbi, kwaye nangona kwakusoloko kukho ukurhanelwa kokunyanzeliswa kokuziphatha okuhambelana norhwebo lwekhoboka, kodwa yaba nethamsanqa lokutsalwa kwinkonzo yesebe. ngcono kakhulu. Ngokunxulumene neqabane layo elibalekayo, urhwebo lwe-rum, labeka isiseko sobutyebi obubekeke kakhulu kuloo ngqwalasela yeshishini lorhwebo elathi ngoku libe liziko lenkcubeko yaseMelika, yaza ke yavelisa abanye baBantu abaBalaseleyo belizwe. Noko batshoyo. Mhlawumbi yayikwanjaloโฆ kusukelo lwangaphambili kule penumbra yokuziphatha apho ishishini laseMelika lafunda indlela yokungavumeli isandla salo sasekunene sazi ukuba isandla salo sasekhohlo senza ntoni, kwaye kusoloko kukho into ekufuneka yenziwe ukuba yenziwe kakuhle ngesandla sasekhohlo. (Ubunini abangekhoyo /1923/)
Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye noMgaqo-siseko ohlonyelweyo waphelisa ubukhoboka e-US Nangona abantsundu babekhululekile ngokusemthethweni emva ko-1877 ubomi babo bunokubonwa njengobugxwayiba ngakumbi: amakhoboka amnyama ayenokhuseleko olunye lwabantsundu abakhululekileyo babengenalo: babeyipropathi kwaye, njengoko kunjalo, baphathwe ngobuncinci inkathalo. Enye into efuna ukucaciswa kukuhla kwentlupheko uninzi lwabamhlophe.
Isiseko sale ngcaciso sikwintlanganiso yowe-1877 eyahlanganiswa โngobusuku nangamafu.โ (Veblen) Ke njengangoku, iCongress yathengwa kakhulu kwaye yahlawulwa; โabathengiโ bayo babengamaRiphabhlikhi asemntla anenzondelelo kunye noogxa babo abakwiiDemokhrasi ezisemazantsi; abathengisi yayiziingqungquthela zamaqela omabini. Isivumelwano sabizwa ngokuba โyiCompromise of 1877.โ Ingaba yenzeke njani?
Kuninzi okuye kwabhalwa ekuphenduleni loo mibuzo, kodwa de kwabhalwa iincwadi zombhali-mbali uC. Vann Woodward iimpendulo zenza okungakumbi ekusithelweni okanye ukufihla kunokuchaza. Ukugrumba nzulu, uWoodward (yena engumzantsi) wavelisa imisebenzi eqinisekileyo kulo mthetho kunye noMzantsi owawuvumela ukuba uvele: Ukuhlangana kunye nokuQinisekisa (1951,1956), kunye neMvelaphi yoMzantsi Omtsha, 1887-1913 (1951). Ukuhlangana kwakhonaโฆ wayezikhathaza ngento isahluko sakhe sokuqala esisibiza ngokuba โINgxaki engaziwayo.โ Imvelaphiโฆ ilandisa ngaphandle kweziphumo zembali yoMzantsi. Ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngenye indlela, ushwankathelo olufutshane olulandelayo luthatyathwe kwezo ncwadi.
Unyulo lukamongameli lwangowe-1876 lwaba nosukuzwano olushushu. UMdemokhrasi, uSamuel J. Tilden (eNew York), wayethandwa ukoyisa uRutherford B. Hayes (eOhio) weRiphabhlikhi. Isizathu โsokulalanisaโ sasiyimfuneko yokuthintela imfazwe yamakhaya ehlaziyiweyo.
Into โeyayicwangcisiweyoโ yayingamalungiselelo enzelwe ukwanelisa iimfuno zamagunya awongamileyo oMntla noMzantsi: 1) ikomkhulu lasemntla lalinqwenelwa ngamandla ukufikelela okungathintelwanga kubutyebi obusisityebi kodwa obungekaphuhliswa kwaye lutsala amathuba oqoqosho asemaZantsi; 2) abarhwebi basemazantsi, abarhwebi abancinci, kunye nabanini bemihlaba nabo bazifunela inzuzo, kodwa ngokubaluleka okulinganayo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo kunye nentlekele, ukuphelisa umsebenzi womkhosi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yoKwakha kwakhona evumela abamnyama amalungelo abemi. Ekwenzeni oko kwakuthetha ukuba nesandla esikhululekileyo sokuphatha kakubi, ukucinezela kunye nokubulala abantsundu njengoko, okwangoku, omabini amashishini asemantla nakumazantsi ayephumelela ngeendleko โzabamhlophe abahlwempuzekileyo.โ
Indlela eyalungiselelwa ngayo iCompromise ibinokubonwa njengento ehlekisayo ukuba ibingasibekanga siseko samashumi eminyaka yentlekele kuninzi lwabantu basemazantsi, nokuba banjani na umbala wabo. Sijika kuqala kwiinkcukacha ezingcolileyo malunga nonyulo olubiweyo.
Amazwe asemazantsi bekulindelekeโฆ ukufola ngokuqinileyo emva kweTilden. Bonke ngaphandle kwesithathu kubo, eFlorida, eSouth Carolina, naseLouisiana kuxelwe ukuba baqokelele uninzi lweDemokhrasi, kwaye oosihlalo baseRiphabhlikhi eLouisiana naseFlorida babenamarhe okuba bawavumile loo mazweโฆ.
Ngaphandle kwezo / iivoti '/ iivoti, i-Tilden yayineevoti zonyulo ze-184 engxoweni, enye kuphela emfutshane ye-185 efunekayo ukuze unyule. UHayes ebesemva ngeevoti zonyulo ezili-166โฆ. Kwiivoti ezidumileyo. I-Tilden, ngokwembuyekezo esemthethweni kamva, iholele umchasi wakhe ngaphezu kwekota yesigidi /= 2 + yezigidi namhlanje/.
Emva kokoโฆ, "kwabhengezwa ukuba uHayes uneevoti zonyulo ezili-185 kwaye wonyulwa." (Umanyano)
Ivakala iqhelekile? Bekufanele, kwaye kungekuphela ngenxa yokuba yayiyibhodi yonyulo elawulwa ekuhlaleni yaseFlorida eyathatha isigqibo. Ivoti ethandwayo exhasa uTilden nangona kunjalo, uloyiso lonyulo lukaHayes ngevoti enye yabeka uHayes kwiNdlu eNgcaciso. Nemiphumo yako? Isimboli sento eyenzekayo eMzantsi yaba yiKlansman enezigqubuthelo kwitheko elinezixholoxholo; kuMntla, ukufikelela kwayo ngokulula kubutyebi bendalo obuphantsi baseMzantsi nangabantu busebenze kokubini ukomeleza kunye nokukhawulezisa ushishino ngokubanzi. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, uqoqosho lwaseMazantsi luye lwaba โlolwala maxesha,โ malunga nezinto ezaziphantse zangamantla - kunye nabasebenzi "abamhlophe bodwa" - iifektri zamalaphu, imigodi, oololiwe, oomatshini bentsimbi kunye neebhanki. Noko ke, kolu โphuculoโ uninzi lwabantu abamhlophe nabantsundu batshona kubuhlwempu obunzulu. Eyona nto yayiphawuleka ngokukhethekileyo yayizimo zengqondo zezobupolitika โzabamhlophe abahlwempuzekileyoโ njengoko ubomi babo bezinto eziphathekayo babusiya busiba mbi.
Ukwanda kobunzima kubasebenzi icala-by-icala kunye nokwanda kwamandla esizwe yayingeyonto inoveli; UHobsbawm usazisa ukuba ubomi babasebenzi baseBritani bancitshiswa ngama-20 ekhulwini ukusuka ngeminyaka yee-1820 ukuya kutsho ngoo-1850. Ezo โzingqusho zimnyama zikaSathanaโ (uBlake) zenguqu kwezemizi-mveliso zanyanzeliswa kubasebenzi ababephelelwe lithemba kodwa kungekudala baza kuxhathisa. Intsabelo yabasebenzi abamhlophe basemazantsi kwiminyaka yasemva kowe-1877 yaba kukwamkela usizi lwabo olusoloko lusanda ngokwezinto eziphathekayo ukuze bafumane โumvuzo wobumhlopheโ ( Roediger ); babindekile;
Ngo-1900 umsebenzi wokugaya umqhaphu wayeluhlobo olwahlukileyo kakhulu eMzantsi, uhlobo oluthile ngeendlela ezithile mhlawumbi olungaphantsi kwalowo wamandulo omhlophe ohluphekileyo, owawungowakhe ekuqaleni. Isikhumba esimhlophe esifileyo, isifuba esitshoneyo, kunye namagxa agobileyo yayiziimpawu zenzala. Ubuso obungenazinyosi, amabunzi ancinci, amazinyo omvundla, amehlo entlanzi egoggling, imilenze enkenenkene, kunye nemizimba ekhubazekileyo yayigcwele - ngaphezulu nangaphaya komda wokuxhaphaka kwabo emaphandleniโฆ. Kwaye iziganeko zesifo sephepha, ukuphambana kunye nokuxhuzula, kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, i-pellagra, isifo esinomdla sokunqongophala kwevithamini esiphantse sahluke kakhulu eMzantsi, sasisanda. (Imali; kwaye ubone Woodward, Originsโฆ; noMitchell.)
Kwaba ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II apho abasebenzi abamhlophe basemazantsi baqalisa ukuqhubela phambili kwimpilo-ntle yezinto eziphathekayo; okanye de kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 apho abantu balapho abantsundu baqalisa ukuqhubela phambili ekubeni ngabemi ngokupheleleyo. Yayiyimveliso yemfazwe kunye nofakelo oluninzi lwemizi-mveliso kunye nomkhosi olwenzela ukuba abantu basemazantsi baphile kakuhle. Kwabo bahlala, izityalo ezininzi zemfazwe kunye neziseko zomkhosi zazingundoqo; ukongeza, izigidi zabamnyama nabamhlophe bafudukela eMntla, eMpuma, okanye eNtshona ukuze bafumane imisebenzi kunye / okanye basebenze emkhosini. Ngokuthe ngqo nangokungangqalanga, imfazwe yayinento yokwenza nokulwela amalungelo abantu emva kwemfazwe; izigidi zabamnyama zisebenza emkhosini, ukulwaโฆ yintoni? Izikhalazo zabo, zongezwa kwiimfuno ezihlala zinyuka zesidima kunye nenkululeko yomntu omnyama, zenzelwe intshukumo enamandla.
Ngaloo ndlela, xa uMzantsi uguqukela ekuphileni ngeendlela ezamkelweyo kunye neendlela zesizwe siphela emva kwemfazwe kwakungenxa yeempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ezivela ngaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, i-United States njengelizwe ngoku efana kakhulu noMzantsi oMtsha ayinakulindela uncedo lwangaphandle ukusisindisa kuthi.
Imbali engaphambili inokubonwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokungachanekanga ngabaninzi, kubandakanya - mhlawumbi ngakumbi - abafundi bembali yase-US. Umsebenzi wam wokuphumelela wahlulwa phakathi kwezoqoqosho kunye nembali kwiyunivesithi ehamba phambili, kwaye ndandingazi nto ngoku emva kweminyaka yam yokufunda. Ukuba amava am ayengawodwa anokuqinisekiswa luvavanyo lwaso nasiphi na isicatshulwa sembali yase-US esamkelweyo. Ummeli wolo kusilela yinto enokufunyanwa "kwisichazi-magama" esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimbali yaseMelika. Nangona kukho ingeniso ye "The New South" akukho kukhankanywa "ukulungelelaniswa" okudala ukuba uMzantsi okanye ngaphantsi kwayo emdaka; oko kuxutyushwa โluloyisoโ lwayo lwezoqoqosho.
Okona kubi, xa kuxoxwa ngemicimbi yezopolitiko, sixelelwa ukuba kuMazantsi eNtsha "iMegro kunye ne-white suffrage" inyukileโฆ." Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uWoodward ebonisa, kukho ukwehla okukhohlakeleyo kwi-avareji yentlalontle yezinto emva ko-1877 kwabantsundu nabamhlophe. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubela phambili yezopolitiko, eyona nto iphambili kwimizabalazo yamaLungelo oLuntu eMzantsi ngeminyaka yoo-1960 yayikukuvumela abantu abamnyama ukuba babhalisele ukuvota ngaphandle koloyiko lokubethwa okanye ukubulawa. UMthetho wamaLungelo okuvota ka-1965 wawuyimfuneko ukuba uqalise nokuphelisa elo hlazo. Okunye okushiyeke kungakhankanywa kukuba nakwilizwe elisezantsi eliphakathi njengeTennessee uninzi lwabantsundu lwalungenazo zikolo, lungenazo ukhathalelo lwempilo, izindlu ezilihlazo, kwaye babesebenza ngokugqithisileyo njengabanini-zabelo kwimivuzo yendlala - njengokuba babenjalo โabamhlophe abahlwempuzekileyo,โ njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili.
Ingqondo yaseUnited States.
Ke yintoni e-USA yanamhlanje enika ukubaluleka kule ngxoxo ingentla? Ukubekela bucala unyulo luka-2000, akukhange kubekho โkuyekelelaโ ngokulula ukuthambisa i-skids ngokuphindukuzalwa koMzantsi oMtsha. Endaweni yoko, izalathiso ezoyikisayo apho i-US ishukumayo ngoku iyimveliso yentlanganiso eyoyikisayo yeengqondo - ezo zamashishini amakhulu namancinci kunye nabanye abazizityebi kunye namajoni kunye namaqela axhasa imipu, amaKristu abambelele kwisiseko, achasene nokuqhomfa. anti-gays kunye nokwahluka kwangoku "Know-Nothings." Xa zidibene, bobabini abanamandla kunye nabanomdla abaninzi banikezela ngezixa ezingaqhelekanga zamandla okuthenga kwezopolitiko kunye namandla ezopolitiko - ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye ngokunxulumene nathi bachasayo iindlela zangoku.
Ezo zigidi ziye zayeka okanye zivuma kolu tshintsho lufanelekileyo zonke zisisikhumbuzo soninzi โlwamahlwempu amhlopheโ akuMzantsi Omtsha abathi bengaqondanga bazizisela umonakalo kwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko nokwezentlalo.
Kambe kukho iyantlukwano emininzi phakathi kwembali yaseMzantsi kunye neyangoku yesi sizwe; kodwa ezinye zezo yantlukwano zothusa ngaphezu kokuthomalalisa. Indima "yoMzantsi oSolid" kwiQela leDemokhrasi yayingahambelani kakhulu nepesenti yabemi bayo, njengoko ilinganiswe kwikomiti esebenzayo esisigxina kwiCongress kwaye ngaloo ndlela igunya layo lokuvuma iijaji zomdibaniso ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye namandla okuyalela okanye ukuguqula umthetho. (Katznelson) Unxunguphalo esizweni nangona yayinjalo,- uMzantsi uzonakalisa kakhulu ngokwawo. Namhlanje, xa amandla amakhulu e-US esetyenziswa kakubi asongela impilo-ntle yezinto eziphathekayo, uxolo kwaye, ubuncinane, ukusinda kokusingqongileyo kwehlabathi lonke.
Umonakalo owenziwe sisizwe sethu sele ugqithisile; ngoku iyakhawuleza. Nokuba iimeko zethu zasekhaya nezehlabathi bezinokuqhubeka ukuba maxongo ngesantya esikhoyo ngoku bekuya kuba buhlungu ngokwaneleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iingxaki zasekhaya kunye/okanye kumazwe angaphandle beziza kubamba kwaye amagunya akhoyo ngoku aqhubelekayo ukongamela, besinokungena kwintlekele. Ngaba zikho izizathu zokulindela โiintlekeleโ?
Enyanisweni, zininzi kakhulu. Apha kudweliswe isishwankathelo sezinto eziphambili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ezisongela isiphithiphithi kunye nokuphazamiseka; kwaye kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nganye izondla, yondliwa, kwaye ikhulisa abanye kunxibelelwano olutshabalalisayo:
I-1) e-United States ngokukodwa, ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwamandla ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ezisele zigqithise ngokugqithiseleyo kunye norhwaphilizo oluxhaphakileyo, olukhokelwa yiNdlu ye-White House enokukhukhumala kwayo, ukungakhathali, ukungazi kunye nokubonakala kungakhathali kwizinto zokwenene ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zihamba kakuhle ngaphaya kwayo nantoni na ngaphambili;
2) uqoqosho lwehlabathi oluxhomekeke kakhulu kumakhaya asele esezintabeni, amatyala eenkampani, esizwe, kunye nangaphandle kwe-United States, ekufuneka eqhubeke enyuka okanye ewa;
3) uqoqosho olubuthathaka ngokuyingozi lwase-US, olukade lungenakuthelekiswa nanto kodwa ngoku icandelo lemveliso elibuthathaka (elilinganiswa zizigidi zemisebenzi elungileyo elahlekileyo) ngoku lithatha indawo yesibini kwicandelo lezemali elilawulwa luqikelelo - kakhulu loyikeka kwizindlu, ezonyanyekayo kakhulu. imali yomhlalaphantsi;
4) iseti yokunyuka kunye nemingeni yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko edibeneyo ekhokelwa yi-US, nokuba kukho ukungavisisani okusele kuninzi kunye nokukhulayo okuvela kwi-Latin America, ubuthathaka obusasazekayo boqoqosho lwaseYurophu, kunye nokunyuka okumangalisayo kwamandla e-China ne-Indiya;
5) ukuvuswa okuphawulekayo komkhosi wase-US, ohamba kunye nokuxhaswa ngokuqiniswa kobuhlanga kunye nenkolo esisiseko kunye neengxabano ezikhulayo phakathi kwe "Jihad noMcWorld" (Barber)
6) ukwanda kwengxabano kunye namathuba ongquzulwano phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-China malunga neTaiwan kwaye, ngokunjalo, iNorth Korea ne-Iran, njengoko "i-quagmire" e-Iraq isanda kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ingxabano phakathi kwaSirayeli / iPalestina kunye neSaudi Arabia iphakama. , njengoko besenza phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan;
7) ukudodobala kwemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezindlu e-US, ngoku kutshabalalisa
eyakha yaba yimigaqo-nkqubo ephawulekayo yaseNtshona Yurophu naseJapan, eyaphumela ekubeni kubekho izidubedube, ukungaqiniseki nokukhubazeka;
I-8) iindlela zokuboleka kunye nokuthengwa kwabathengi ukuphazamisa ingqalelo kunye namandla kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko eqiqayo e-US kwaye, ngokunyuka, kwamanye amazwe - konke oko kunye nokondliwa "yimboni yokuqonda" (i-Shor; Ensenzberger) ethengisa izimo zengqondo kunye neengcinga ngokulula njengempahla kunye neenkonzo, kwaye ekwenzeni "kusifundisa ukuthanda into esingayifuniyo kwaye singayifuni into esiyenzayo" (uBharan); kanye into enqwenelwa ngabasemagunyeni, kanye xa uluntu ngokubanzi lufuna ulwazi olungcono kwaye lubandakanyeke kwezopolitiko.
Kuyo yonke imbali yethu, sizibone njengelizwe lamathuba; akuzange kube njalo kubo bonke, kodwa kuye kwabaninzi. Ngoku, abantu abazizityebi kakhulu baba lizothe ngakumbi kwaye barhafiswa ngokucekisayo kweli lizwe lityebileyo kwihlabathi - okwangoku, kwaye ngenxa yezizathu ezinxulumeneyo, bahlala bembalwa abakwaziyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo ezisisiseko zesondlo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, izindlu, imfundo, kunye nethuba.
Akukho sizathu samkelekileyo sokuba ezo mfuno zingahlangatyezwana nazo, okanye zivumele ububi obusendleleni . Endaweni yoko, iinkokeli zethu zithetha ngokungafihlisiyo kwaye ziziphatha ngokungathi โimpumelelo ilaphaโ njengoko, ngokuqonda okanye hayi, bamisela inqanaba lenkqubo yokuxhuzula.
Eli phupha liguqukayo aliyi kuguqulwa ukusuka phezulu ukuya phezulu; ukuze iimbono zethu zibe nokufezekiswa kwakhona, โthina bantuโ kufuneka siyenze iphile; kufuneka sandise, sisasaze, kwaye sizinzise iinzame zethu zezopolitiko. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20, njengoko iingxaki zayo zabangela ukuba ihlabathi libe sisidubedube, ukudideka nemfazwe, nalo lavelisa ubuFasi. Ngaba kulapho sisingise khona?
Ewe kwaye hayi. Omnye wabagxeki abaphambili befascism wayichaza โnjengobungxowankulu obuvalwe iiglavu.โ (Laski) โIiglavuโ yayizezo zedemokhrasi yezobupolitika. Ukuba, njengoko, kwaye xa i-US iyonke isiya ifana ne "New South," kunokwenzeka ukuba yenze njalo ngedemokhrasi yezopolitiko; "i-fascism enxibe iiglavu," oko kukuthi.
Kwabaninzi abafunda oku ukuba into enjalo inokwenzeka eUnited States yinto nje engenakwenzeka? Nokuba yiloo nto, okanye ayinakwenzeka na loo nto ixhomekeke ekubeni izigidi zethu ezithathe โiphupha laseMelikaโ ngokuzimisela nazo ziya kuzithathela ingqalelo ezopolitiko kunesiko lethu.
Ngowe-1937, xa ubuFasi baseJamani babunempembelelo enkulu, uRobert A. Brady wabhala oko kuseyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yofundo ngemvelaphi nendalo yayo: Umoya noKwakheka kobuFasi baseJamani. Kwiphepha lesihloko sakhe wakhetha ukucaphula iLear kaShakespeare:
Ukuba oko amazulu ayenzi imimoya yawo ebonakalayo
Khawuleza uhle, ukuze uthomalalise ezi ziphoso zimbi.
Iya kuza,
Uluntu kufuneka luzinyanzele ukuba lixhoba,
Njengezilo zasemanzini anzongonzongo.
Ixesha lalisele liphelile kumaJamani; kusekho ixesha lokuba โsithomalalise ezi zenzo zimbi.โ
Ucaphulo
UBharan, uPawulos. 1969. โIzibhengezo zentengiso,โ kwi-Longer View. ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga yeendaba.
Brady, uRobert A. 1937. Umoya kunye nesakhiwo seFascism yaseJamani. ENew York: iViking Press.
Imali, WJ 1941. Ingqondo yaseMzantsi. ENew York: Knopf.
Ellsberg, D. 2002. Iimfihlelo: Isikhumbuzo kwiVietnam kunye nePentagon Papers. ENew York: iViking Penguin.
Ensenzberger, H. 1974. Ishishini lokuZiqonda. ENew York: iSeabury Press.
Hobsbawm, EJ 1968. Ishishini kunye noBukhosi. ENew York: iPantheon.
Katznelson, I. 2005. Xa iAffirmative Action yayimhlophe. ENew York: iWW Norton kunye neNkampani.
Laski, H. 1936. Ukunyuka kweLiberalism yaseYurophu. London: Allen & Unwin.
Mitchell, B. 1921. Ukukhula koMqhaphu oMazantsi. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Roediger, D. 1991. Umvuzo woBumhlophe: Ubuhlanga kunye nokwenza iKlasi yokuSebenza yaseMelika. ENew York: Verso.
Schor, J. 1991. I-American Working Overwork. ENew York: Iincwadi ezisisiseko.
โโโ- 1998. The Oversent American. ENew York: Iincwadi ezisisiseko.
Veblen, eThorstein. Ngo-1923, ubunini abangekhoyo kunye neShishini loShishino kumaxesha amva nje. ENew York: Huebsch.
Woodward, CV 1951. Imvelaphi yoMzantsi oMtsha, 1877-1923. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Zinn, H. 1964/2002. I-Mystique yaseMzantsi. ENew York: Knopf/South End Press.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela