Umthombo: Ukugquma
Ngo-2020, iibhiliyoni zenziwa njengezihange. Ukubamba kobuqu kukaJeff Bezos kunyuke ukusuka kwi-113 yeedola ukuya kwi-184 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. U-Elon Musk uguqe ngokufutshane i-Bezos, nge-net enexabiso lokunyuka ukusuka kwi-27 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-185 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
Koohlohlesakhe abongamela amaqumrhu “eBig Tech”, ubomi bumnandi.
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ukongamela okwandisiweyo kwezi nkampani kwiimarike zabo zasekhaya kungumxholo wohlalutyo oluninzi, jikelele ukufikelela yinyani engafane ixoxwe, ngakumbi ziinkcuba-buchopho ezongameleyo kubukhosi baseMelika.
Ngapha koko, nje ukuba siphande ngobuchwephesha kunye namanani, kuyacaca ukuba iBig Tech ayiphelelanga nje emhlabeni jikelele, ibukoloniyali ngokomlinganiswa kwaye ilawulwa yi-United States. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi "digital colonialism."
Siphila kwihlabathi apho ubukoloniyali bedijithali ngoku busemngciphekweni wokuba sisoyikiso esibalulekileyo nesifikelela kude kuMzantsi weHlabathi njengoko ubukoloniyali obuqhelekileyo babunjalo kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. Ukwanda okuqatha kokungalingani, ukwanda kokubekw’ esweni ngurhulumente nobugcisa obuntsonkothileyo bamapolisa nomkhosi zezinye zemiphumo embalwa yolu lungelelwaniso lwehlabathi elitsha. Lo mkhwa unokuvakala umtsha kwabanye, kodwa kule minyaka ingamashumi eminyaka idlulileyo, iye yazinziswa kwimeko yelizwe jikelele. Ngaphandle kwentshukumo eyomeleleyo yokuchasana namandla, imeko iya kuba mbi kakhulu.
Yintoni i-Digital Colonialism?
Ikoloniyalizim yedijithali kukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kulawulo lwezopolitiko, lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwesinye isizwe okanye ummandla.
Phantsi kobukoloniyali obuqhelekileyo, abantu baseYurophu bahlutha baze bahlalisa umhlaba wasemzini; ezifakelwe iziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neenqaba zomkhosi, amazibuko olwandle kunye noololiwe; kuthunyelwa izikhephe zemipu ukuze kungene uqoqosho kunye nokoyiswa komkhosi; yakha oomatshini abanzima kunye nabasebenzi abaxhatshaziweyo ukukhupha imathiriyeli ekrwada; yakhela abasebenzi basebupoliseni iziseko zepanoptic; walawula iinjineli ezifunekayo kuxhatshazo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu loqoqosho (umzekelo, iikhemisti zokwemba izimbiwa); lwahlutha ulwazi lwemveli kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa; yathunyelwa ngenqanawa imathiriyeli ekrwada ibuyele kwilizwe elingunina ukuze ivelise izinto ezenziweyo; yajongela phantsi iimarike zeGlobal South ngeempahla ezenziwe ngexabiso eliphantsi; ukuxhomekeka okuzingisileyo kwabantu nezizwe kuMzantsi weHlabathi kulwahlulo olungalinganiyo lwabasebenzi behlabathi; kunye nemarike eyandisiweyo, ulawulo lwezozakuzo kunye nomkhosi ngenzuzo kunye nokuphanga.
Ngamanye amazwi, ubukoloniyali bebuxhomekeke kubunikazi nakulawulo lwemimandla neziseko ezingundoqo, ukutsalwa kwabasebenzi, ulwazi nempahla zorhwebo nokusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente.
Le nkqubo yavela kwiinkulungwane, kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha bongezwa kumxube njengoko bephuhliswa. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iintambo zangaphantsi kwamanzi zaququzelela unxibelelwano lwetelegraphic kwinkonzo yobukumkani baseBritane. Uphuhliso olutsha ekurekhodweni, ekugcinweni nasekuququzeleleni ulwazi lwaxhatshazwa bubukrelekrele bomkhosi base-US baqala ukusetyenziswa ekuthinjweni kweePhilippines.
Namhlanje, uEduardo Galeano "imithambo evulekileyo” yoMzantsi weGlobal “ziimithambo yedijithali” enqumla ulwandle, idibanisa itekhnoloji ecosystem ephethwe kwaye ilawulwa yimbinana yamaqumrhu ase-US. Ezinye zeentambo ze-transoceanic fiber-optic zifakelwe iintambo eziphethwe okanye eziqeshiswe ngokuthandwa nguGoogle kunye ne-Facebook ukuqhubela phambili ukutsalwa kwedatha kunye ne-monopolization. Oomatshini abanzima banamhlanje ziifama zeseva yelifu ezilawulwa yiAmazon kunye neMicrosoft ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina, ukudibanisa kunye nokwenza idatha enkulu, isanda njengeziseko zomkhosi zobukumkani base-US. Iinjineli yimikhosi ehlangeneyo yabacwangcisi abakumgangatho ophezulu abanemivuzo enesisa ye-$250,000 okanye ngaphezulu. Abasebenzi abaxhatshaziweyo ngabantu abanemibala ekhupha izimbiwa eCongo naseLatin America, imikhosi yabasebenzi abancinci bechaza idatha yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa eTshayina naseAfrika kunye nabasebenzi baseAsia abaphethwe yi-PTSD emva kokucoca amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo zomxholo ophazamisayo. Amaqonga kunye namaziko eentlola (njenge-NSA) zii-panopticons, kwaye idatha yimathiriyeli ekrwada elungiselelwe iinkonzo ezisekelwe kubukrelekrele bokwenziwa.
Ngokubanzi, ikoloniyalizim yedijithali imalunga nokumilisela ulwahlulo olungalinganiyo lwabasebenzi, apho amagunya awongamileyo asebenzise ubunini beziseko ezingundoqo zedijithali, ulwazi kunye nolawulo lweendlela zokubala ukugcina uMzantsi ukwimeko yokuxhomekeka ngokusisigxina. Olu lwahlulo olungalinganiyo lwabasebenzi luye lwavela. Ngokoqoqosho, ukwenziwa kwemveliso kuye kwawa phantsi umgangatho wexabiso, kushenxiswa uqoqosho olukwizinga eliphezulu loqoqosho apho iifemu zeBig Tech ziphethe ngokuqinileyo.
Uyilo lwe-Digital Colonialism
I-colonialism yedijithali isekelwe kulawulo "lwezinto" zehlabathi zedijithali ezenza iindlela zokubala - isofthiwe, i-hardware kunye noqhagamshelwano lwenethiwekhi.
Iquka amaqonga asebenza njengabagcini-masango, idatha ekhutshwe ngababoneleli benkonzo abaphakathi kunye nemigangatho yoshishino, kunye nobunini babucala "bepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda" kunye "nobukrelekrele bedijithali." I-colonialism yedijithali iye yahlanganiswa kakhulu kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo ze-capitalism kunye nolawulo olugunyazisiweyo, ukusuka ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi, ukuthathwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokucwangciswa kwezoqoqosho kwiinkonzo zobuntlola, i-hegemony yodidi olulawulayo kunye nepropaganda.
Ukujonga kuqala kwisoftware, sinokubona inkqubo apho ikhowudi eyayikhe yabelwana ngokukhululekileyo kwaye yabelwa ngokubanzi ngabacwangcisi benkqubo yaba yabucala kwaye iphantsi kwamalungelo okushicilela. Kwi-1970 kunye ne-80s, iNkongolo yase-US yaqala ukomeleza amalungelo okushicilela esoftware. Bekukho umkhwa wokuchasana koku ngendlela yeelayisensi “zeSihla seSoftwe esiSimahla neSivulelekileyo” (FOSS) ezinike abasebenzisi ilungelo lokusebenzisa, ukufunda, ukuguqula nokwabelana ngesoftware. Oku kuneengenelo zendalo kumazwe akuMzantsi weGlobal njengoko yenze “idijithali eqhelekileyo,” esimahla kulawulo lweshishini kunye nokuqhutywa kwengeniso. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko intshukumo yeSoftware yasimahla yasasazeka ukuya eMazantsi, yabangela umva wenkampani. Microsoft yahlekisa iPeru xa urhulumente wayo ezama ukushenxa kwisoftware yeMicrosoft yobunini. Kwakhona wazama ukuthintela oorhulumente baseAfrika ukusuka ekusebenziseni inkqubo ye-GNU/Linux FOSS kumasebe karhulumente nasezikolweni.
Ecaleni kokwenziwa kwabucala kwesoftware kwafika ukufakwa kumbindi okukhawulezayo kwe-Intanethi ezandleni zababoneleli benkonzo abaphakathi abanjengoFacebook noGoogle. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukutshintshela kwiinkonzo zelifu kutshitshise inkululeko yeelayisensi zeFOSS ezinikwe abasebenzisi kuba isoftware isetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter zeBig Tech corporations. Amafu eenkampani ahlutha abantu amandla okulawula iikhompyuter zabo. Iinkonzo zamafu zibonelela ngeepetabytes zolwazi kwiinkampani, ezisebenzisa idatha ukuqeqesha iinkqubo zabo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. I-AI isebenzisa iDatha enkulu "ukufunda" - ifuna izigidi zemifanekiso ukuqonda, yithi, unobumba "A" kwiifonti zayo ezahlukeneyo kunye neefom. Xa zisetyenziswa ebantwini, iinkcukacha ezinovakalelo zobomi bomntu ngamnye ziba sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu iingxilimbela zobuchwephesha ezihlala zizama ukusikhupha.
Emazantsi, uninzi lwabantu lubambekile kwiifowuni ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ii-smartphones ezinedatha encinci yokugcina. Ngenxa yoko, izigidi ezininzi zabantu bafumana amaqonga afana ne-Facebook "njenge-intanethi," kwaye idatha malunga nabo isetyenziswa ngama impiriyali angaphandle.
"Iimpembelelo zeempendulo" zeDatha enkulu yenza imeko ibe yimbi ngakumbi: abo baneenkcukacha ezingaphezulu kunye nezingcono banokudala iinkonzo ezingcono kakhulu zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, ezitsala abasebenzisi abaninzi, ezibanika idatha engakumbi ukwenza inkonzo ibe ngcono njalo njalo. Ngokufana nekoloniyalizim yakudala, idatha ifakwe njengezinto ezingasetyenziswanga zamagunya ama impiriyali, athi alungise idatha kwaye enze iinkonzo zibuyele kuluntu lwehlabathi, nto leyo yomeleza ngakumbi ulawulo lwabo kwaye ibeka wonke umntu kwimeko engaphantsi yokuxhomekeka.
UCecilia Rikap, kwincwadi yakhe ezayo, Ubungxowankulu, Amandla kunye noTshintsho: Ubungxowankulu beNgqondo yobuGcisa buDluliwe, ibonisa indlela i-US tech giants isekela ngayo amandla abo emarike kulawulo lwazo lwengqondo, iyalela isixokelelwano sempahla entsonkothileyo yeefemu ezingaphantsi ukuze kutsalwe irenti kunye nokuxhaphaza abasebenzi. Oku kubanike amandla okuqokelela "ukwazi-ngubani" kunye "nokwazi" ukucwangcisa nokucwangcisa amakhonkco exabiso lehlabathi, kunye nokuthengisa ulwazi lwabucala kunye nokuhlutha ulwazi oluqhelekileyo kunye neziphumo zophando loluntu.
I-Apple, umzekelo, ikhupha irenti kwi-IP kunye nokufaka uphawu kwii-smartphones zayo, kwaye ilungelelanisa imveliso kunye nekhonkco lempahla. Abavelisi bezinga eliphantsi, njengabahlanganisi beefowuni kwizityalo zokuvelisa ezibanjwe yi-Foxconn yaseTaiwan, iiminerali ezikhutshelwe iibhetri zaseCongo kunye nee-chipmakers ezibonelela ngeeprosesa, zonke zingaphantsi kweemfuno kunye ne-whims ye-Apple.
Ngamanye amazwi, iingxilimbela zetekhnoloji zilawula ubudlelwane beshishini kulo lonke ikhonkco leemveliso, ukwenza inzuzo kulwazi lwabo, imali eyinkunzi eqokelelweyo kunye nolawulo lwamacandelo angundoqo asebenzayo. Oku kubavumela ukuba baxoxisane okanye bakhuphe iinkampani ezinkulu ezivelisa ngobuninzi iimveliso zabo njengabangaphantsi. Iidyunivesithi zibandakanyeka. Awona mazwe abalulekileyo kumazwe aphambili ama-impiriyali ngabona badlali baphambili kwindawo yemveliso yezemfundo, ngelixa iiyunivesithi ezisesichengeni kwiperiphery okanye isemi-periphery zezona zixhatshazwayo, zihlala zingenamali yophando nophuhliso, ulwazi okanye amandla. ukufunyaniswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nezibonelelo zokulwa xa umsebenzi wabo uthathwa.
Ubukoloniyali bemfundo
Omnye umzekelo wendlela i-digital colonization edlala ngayo kwicandelo lezemfundo.
Njengoko ndicacisa ngobude kum dissertation yobugqirha kubuchwepheshe bezemfundo eMzantsi Afrika, iMicrosoft, Google, Pearson, IBM kunye nezinye izigebenga zethekhinoloji zijija izihlunu kwiinkqubo zemfundo kuwo wonke uMzantsi weGlobal. KuMicrosoft, oku akukho nto intsha. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iMicrosoft yazama ukomeleza oorhulumente base-Afrika ukuba bathathe indawo yeSoftware yaMahala ngeMicrosoft Windows, kuquka nezikolo.
EMzantsi Afrika, iMicrosoft ine umkhosi wabaqeqeshi beetitshala abaphantsi abaqeqesha ootitshala kwindlela yokusebenzisa iMicrosoft software kwinkqubo yezemfundo. Ikwabonelele ngeetafile zeWindows kunye nesoftware yeMicrosoft kwiiyunivesithi ezinjengeDyunivesithi yaseVenda, intsebenziswano eyayibhengeza kakhulu. Kutshanje, ibambisene nomboneleli weselula uVodacom (uninzi lwabo oluphantsi kweVodafone yamazwe ngamazwe yaseBritani) ukubonelela ngemfundo yedijithali kubafundi baseMzantsi Afrika.
Ngelixa iMicrosoft ingoyena mboneleli uphezulu, enekhontrakthi ubuncinane kumasebe amahlanu kwasithoba emfundo amaphondo eMzantsi Afrika, uGoogle ukwafuna ukwabelana ngemarike. Ngentsebenziswano ne-South African startup CloudEd, bafuna ukuqhankqalaza ikhontrakthi yokuqala kaGoogle nesebe lephondo.
UMichael noSusan Dell Foundation nabo bajoyine umxube, banikezela ngeSithili seDatha (DDD) kwiqonga koorhulumente bamaphondo. Isoftware yeDDD yenzelwe ukuqokelela idatha elandelela ize ibeke esweni ootitshala nabafundi, kubandakanywa amabanga, ukubakho kunye “nemiba yasekuhlaleni.” Ngelixa izikolo zilayisha idatha eqokelelweyo rhoqo ngeveki endaweni yexesha lokwenyani, eyona njongo iphambili kukubonelela ngokujongwa ngexesha lokwenyani lokuziphatha kwabafundi kunye nendlela abaqhuba ngayo kulawulo lwe-bureaucratic kunye “nohlalutyo lwedatha olude” (uhlalutyo lwedatha eqokelelwe malunga neqela elifanayo labantu ixesha).
Urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika ukwandisa iLifu leSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elinokuthi ekugqibeleni lisetyenziswe kucupho olungenabuxhakaxhaka lobuchwephesha. UMicrosoft uye wadibana neDBE ngesiphakamiso sokuqokelela idatha “yendlela yobomi bomsebenzisi,” ukuqala esikolweni kwaye, kwabo bagcina iiakhawunti zeMicrosoft Office 365, babe ngabantu abadala, ukuze urhulumente akwazi ukwenza uhlalutyo lwexesha elide kwizinto ezinjengonxibelelwano phakathi. imfundo kunye nomsebenzi.
Ubukoloniyali bedijithali beBig Tech busasazeka ngokukhawuleza kuzo zonke iinkqubo zemfundo eMzantsi. Ukubhala eBrazil, UGiselle Ferreira kunye nababhali abasebenzisana naye, “Ukufana phakathi kokwenzeka eBrazil kunye nohlalutyo lukaKwet (2019) lwetyala laseMzantsi Afrika (kunye mhlawumbi namanye amazwe ‘kuMzantsi wehlabathi’) kuyamangalisa. Ngokukodwa, xa iinkampani ze-GAFA [iGoogle, iAmazon, i-Facebook, i-Apple] zibonelela ngetekhnoloji ngesisa kubafundi abahlelelekileyo, idatha itsalwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwaye emva koko iphathwe ngendlela eyenza ukuba izinto zasekuhlaleni zingabi nakubaluleka.”
Izikolo zenza iisayithi ezinkulu zeBig Tech ukwandisa ulawulo lwazo kwiimarike zedijithali. Abantu abahluphekayo eMzantsi bahlala bexhomekeke koorhulumente okanye amaqumrhu ukuba babonelele ngesixhobo ngaphandle kweendleko, okubenza baxhomekeke kwabanye ukuba benze isigqibo ngesoftware abayisebenzisayo. Yeyiphi indlela engcono yokubamba isabelo semakethi kunokulayisha kwangaphambili iBig Tech isoftware kwizixhobo ezibonelelwa abantwana-abanokuba nolunye ufikelelo oluncinci kwitekhnoloji kunefowuni yenqaku? Oku kunenzuzo eyongeziweyo yokubamba abaphuhlisi besoftware bexesha elizayo, abanokuthi bakhethe, bathi, uGoogle okanye uMicrosoft (endaweni Izisombululo zetekhnoloji zabantu ezisekwe kwiSoftware yasimahla) emva kokuchitha iminyaka besebenzisa isoftware yabo kwaye baqhelana nojongano kunye neempawu zabo.
Ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi
Ubukoloniyali bedijithali bukwabonakala kwindlela amazwe kuMzantsi weHlabathi axhatshazwa ngayo kakhulu kubasebenzi abaphantsi ukubonelela ngegalelo elibalulekileyo kubuchwepheshe bedijithali. Sekude kwaqatshelwa ukuba iDemocratic Republic of the Congo inikezela ngaphezu kweepesenti ze-70 ze-cobalt yehlabathi, iminerali ebalulekileyo kwiibhetri ezisetyenziswa kwiimoto, ii-smartphones kunye neekhompyutha. Iintsapho ezilishumi elinesine kwi-Democratic Republic zikhoyo ngoku ukuxhomekeka I-Apple, iTesla, iAlfabhethi, iDell kunye neMicrosoft, ibatyhola ngokuxhamla ekusebenzeni kwabantwana kwishishini lemigodi ye-cobalt. Inkqubo yokwembiwa kwezimbiwa ngokwayo ikholisa ukuba nefuthe elibi impilo yabasebenzi kunye zabo iindawo zokuhlala ezingqongileyo.
Ngokuphathelele i-lithium, oovimba abaphezulu babekwe eChile, eArgentina, eBolivia naseOstreliya. Imivuzo yabasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe aseLatin America iphantsi ngokwemigangatho yelizwe elityebileyo, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa iimeko zokusebenza abazinyamezelayo. Ngelixa ukufumaneka kwedatha kuyahluka, e-Chile, abo baqeshwe emigodini bafumana phakathi kwe-$1,430 kunye ne-$3,000 ngenyanga, ngelixa e-Argentina umvuzo wenyanga unokuba ngaphantsi phakathi kwe-$ 300 kunye ne-$ 1,800. Kwi-2016, umvuzo omncinci wenyanga wabasebenzi basezimayini eBolivia yanda ukuya kwi-250 yeedola. Ngokwahlukileyo, abasebenzi basezimayini base-Australia bafumana malunga ne-9,000 yeedola ngenyanga kwaye banokufikelela kwi-200,000 yeedola ngonyaka.
Amazwe akuMzantsi akwabonelela ngentabalala yabasebenzi abaphantsi kwezixhobo ezinkulu zobugcisa. Oku kuquka inkcazelo yedatha yeeseti zedatha yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, abasebenzi beziko lokufowunela kunye neemodareyitha zomxholo kwizigebenga zemidiya yoluntu njengoFacebook. Iimodareyitha zesiqulatho zicoca imidiya yoluntu isondlo somxholo ophazamisayo, onje ngegazi kunye nezinto ezingcolileyo ngesondo, zihlala zibashiya bonakele ngokwasengqondweni. Nangona kunjalo, imodareyitha yomxholo kwilizwe elifana neIndiya inokwenza kancinci $ 3,500 ngonyaka - kwaye oko kusemva komvuzo Nyusa ukusuka $1,400.
Ubukhosi baseTshayina okanye base-US?
ENtshona, kukho incoko eninzi malunga "iMfazwe Yomlomo entsha,” kunye ne-US ne-China zisilwela ukongama kwethekhinoloji yehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ngokusondeleyo kwi-ecosystem yetekhnoloji kubonisa ukuba iinkampani zase-US zilawula kakhulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.
I-China, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokukhula okuphezulu, ivelisa malunga neepesenti ze-17 ze-GDP yehlabathi kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba izakudlula i-US ngo-2028, isondla kumabango okuba ubukhosi baseMelika buyancipha (ibali elalidume ngokunyuka kweJapan). Xa ulinganisa uqoqosho lwaseTshayina ngokuthenga ukulingana kwamandla, kunjalo esele inkulu kune-US. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ingcali yezoqoqosho uSean Starrs ebonisa kwi Uhlaziyo olutsha lwesobunxele, oku kuphatha ngokungafanelekanga amazwe njengeeyunithi ezizimeleyo, "zisebenzisana njengeebhola zebhiliyoni etafileni." Ngokwenyani, iStars ikhuphisana, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lwaseMelika "alukhange lwehle, ludityaniswe nehlabathi." Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi xa ujonge iBig Tech.
Ngexesha le-post-WWII, imveliso yenkampani yasasazwa kuthungelwano lwemveliso yamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, ngeminyaka yee-1990s, iinkampani ezifana ne-Apple zaqala ukukhupha iimveliso ze-elektroniki ukusuka e-US ukuya e-China nase-Taiwan, zixhaphaza abasebenzi be-sweatshop abaqeshwe ziinkampani ezifana ne-Foxconn. I-US tech transnationals idla ngokuyila i-IP, yithi, iiswitshi ze-router ezisebenza kakhulu (umzekelo, i-Cisco) ngelixa ikhupha amandla okuvelisa kubenzi be-hardware eMzantsi.
I-Starrs ibonise iinkampani eziphezulu ze-2,000 zehlabathi ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni, njengoko zibekwe yi-Forbes Global 2000, kwaye zilungelelanise ngokwamacandelo angama-25, ebonisa ukongamela kwe-US transnational. Ukusukela ngo-2013, balawula ngokwezabelo zenzuzo kwi-18 kumacandelo angama-25 aphezulu. Kwincwadi yakhe ezayo Amandla aseMelika adityaniswe ngezehlabathi: Ukucinga kwakhona amandla eSizwe kwiXesha lokuDityaniswa kwehlabathi, Iinkwenkwezi zibonisa ukuba i-US ihlala ilawula. KwiSoftware ye-IT kunye neeNkonzo, isabelo senzuzo sase-US yi-76 yepesenti ngokuchasene ne-10 yepesenti yaseChina; kwi-Technology Hardware & Equipment, yi-63 yepesenti ye-US xa ithelekiswa ne-6 yepesenti ye-China, kunye ne-Electronics, yi-43 kunye ne-10 ekhulwini, ngokulandelelanayo. Amanye amazwe, anjengoMzantsi Korea, iJapan kunye neTaiwan, ahlala eqhuba ngcono kuneTshayina kwezi ndidi.
Ukubonisa i-US ne-China njengabakhuphisani abalinganayo kwidabi lobungangamsha bobuchwephesha behlabathi, njengoko kusenziwa rhoqo, kuyalahlekisa kakhulu. Umzekelo, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zika-2019 Ingxelo ye "Digital Economy". ithi: "IJografi yoqoqosho lwedijithali igxininiswe kakhulu kumazwe amabini" - eUnited States naseTshayina. Kodwa ingxelo ayihoyi kuphela izinto ezichongiweyo ngababhali abanje ngeStars iyasilela ukuyiphendula into yokuba uninzi lweshishini letekhnoloji lase China lilawula. ngaphakathi I-China, gcina iqaqobana leemveliso kunye neenkonzo eziphambili, ezinje nge-5G (Huawei), iikhamera zeCCTV (Hikvision, Dahua) kunye nemidiya yoluntu (TikTok), ekwabambe izabelo ezinkulu zentengiso phesheya. I-China ikwanayo notyalo-mali olukhulu kwezinye iifemu zetekhnoloji zangaphandle, kodwa oku akubonakalisi isoyikiso sokwenyani kulawulo lwe-US, enesabelo esikhulu sotyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngokunjalo.
Enyanisweni, i-US yi-empire ye-tech ephezulu. Ngaphandle kwemida yase-US kunye neTshayina, i-US ikhokelela kwiindidi zeenjini zokukhangela (iGoogle); izikhangeli zewebhu (iGoogle Chrome, Apple Safari); Iinkqubo ze-smartphone kunye nethebhulethi (iGoogle Android, Apple iOS); ideskithophu kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zelaptop (iMicrosoft Windows, macOS); isoftwe yeofisi (Microsoft Office, Google G Suite, Apple iWork); iziseko zelifu kunye neenkonzo (Amazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM); amaqonga onxibelelwano lwentlalo (Facebook, Twitter); ezothutho (Uber, Lyft); uthungelwano lweshishini (Microsoft LinkedIn); ukusasaza ukuzonwabisa (i-Google, i-YouTube, i-Netflix, i-Hulu) kunye neentengiso ze-intanethi (i-Google, i-Facebook) - phakathi kwabanye.
Umphumo kukuba, nokuba ungumntu okanye ishishini, ukuba usebenzisa ikhompyuter, iinkampani zaseMelika zizuza kakhulu. Bangabanini benkqubo yendalo yedijithali.
Ulawulo lwezopolitiko kunye neendlela zobundlobongela
Amandla ezoqoqosho e-US giants tech ahamba kunye nefuthe labo kwezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle. Njengakwamanye amashishini, kukho umnyango ojikelezayo phakathi kwabaphathi betekhnoloji kunye norhulumente wase-US, kwaye amashishini etekhnoloji kunye nomanyano lwamashishini achitha imali eninzi ephembelela abalawuli bemigaqo-nkqubo elungele iimfuno zabo ezithile - kunye ne-digital capitalism ngokubanzi.
Oorhulumente kunye nee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, nabo, benza intsebenziswano kunye ne-tech giants ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ongcolileyo. Kwi-2013, u-Edward Snowden wachaza ngokudumileyo ukuba iMicrosoft, i-Yahoo, i-Google, i-Facebook, i-PalTalk, i-YouTube, i-Skype, i-AOL kunye ne-Apple bonke babelane ngolwazi kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe ngeprogram yePRISM. Kwalandela izityhilelo ezininzi, kwaye ihlabathi lafunda ukuba idatha egcinwe ngamaqumrhu kwaye isasazwa kwi-intanethi ifunxwa kwiziko ledatha elikhulu likarhulumente ukuze lixhatshazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe aseMazantsi ebekujoliswe kuwo kuhlolo lwe-NSA, ukusuka kwi- Phakathi empuma ukuba iAfrika kwaye ilatin America.
Amapolisa kunye nomkhosi basebenza kunye neenkampani zetekhnoloji, ezonwabileyo ukujonga amanqatha emali njengababoneleli beemveliso kunye neenkonzo zokucupha, kubandakanya kumazwe akuMzantsi. Umzekelo, ngeCandelo loKhuseleko loLuntu kunye noBulungisa elaziwa kancinci, uMicrosoft uye yakhe inkqubo yentsebenziswano ebanzi kunye “nonyanzeliso lomthetho” abathengisi abagadayo, abasebenzisa itekhnoloji yabo kwisiseko selifu seMicrosoft. Oku kubandakanya iqonga ledolophu elibanzi lokujonga umyalelo kunye nolawulo olubizwa ngokuba yi "Microsoft Aware" eyathengwa ngamapolisa eBrazil naseSingapore kunye nesisombululo semoto yamapolisa kunye neekhamera zokuqaphela ubuso eziye zakhutshwa eKapa naseThekwini, eMzantsi Afrika.
IMicrosoft nayo ebandakanyeka kakhulu kushishino lwentolongo. Ibonelela ngeendidi zezisombululo zesoftware yentolongo ezigubungela wonke umbhobho woluleko, ukusuka “kubaphuli-mthetho” abasebatsha ukuya ekuvavanyweni kwangaphambi kokuxoxwa kwetyala kunye novavanyo, ngentolongo nentolongo, kunye nabo bakhululwe entolongweni kwaye bafakwe kwingqawule. E-Afrika, babambisene nenkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiNetopia Solutions, enika i-platform ye-Prison Management Software (PMS) equka "ulawulo lokubaleka" kunye nohlalutyo lwamabanjwa.
Ngelixa kungacaci ukuba iNetopia yoLawulo lweNtolongo ibekwe phi kanye, iMicrosoft kuchazwe ukuba "iNetopia [liqabane/umthengisi weMicrosoft] eMorocco egxile kakhulu ekuguquleni ngokwedijithali, iinkonzo zikarhulumente kuMntla nakuMbindi Afrika." I-Morocco inerekhodi yokuxhaphaza abachasi kunye nokungcungcuthekisa amabanjwa, kwaye i-US isandula ukuqaphela ukubanjwa kwayo kweNtshona yeSahara, ngokuchasene nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Kangangeenkulungwane, amagunya obukhosi avavanya itekhnoloji emapoliseni kunye nokulawula abemi bamazwe angaphandle kuqala, ukusuka kumsebenzi wobuvulindlela kaSir Francis Galton wokuprinta iminwe e-Indiya naseMzantsi Afrika, ukuya kwidibaniso yaseMelika yebhayometriki kunye nezinto ezintsha zokulawula izibalo kunye nolawulo lwedatha olwenze eyokuqala. izixhobo zangoku zokucupha ukuzolisa iiPhilippines. Njengombhali-mbali uAlfred McCoy li bonise, ukuqokelelwa kobuchwephesha bokucupha obusetyenziswe kwiiPhilippines banikezela indawo yokuvavanya imodeli ekugqibeleni yabuyiselwa eUnited States ukuba isetyenziswe ngokuchasene nabaphikisi basekhaya. UMicrosoft kunye namaqabane akhe iiprojekthi zokucupha ubuchwephesha obuphezulu bacebisa ukuba abantu baseAfrika baqhubeke nokusebenza njengelebhu yovavanyo lwe-carceral.
Ukutyhala ngasemva
Itekhnoloji yedijithali kunye nolwazi ludlala indima ephambili kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye nobomi bentlalo kuyo yonke indawo. Njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yobukumkani baseMelika, iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zase-US zibuyisela ubukoloniyalizim eMzantsi ngobunini kunye nolawulo lwepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, ubukrelekrele bedijithali kunye neendlela zokubala. Uninzi lweziseko ezingundoqo, amashishini kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ziikhomputha yipropathi yabucala yeekopoporasi zaseMelika, ezongamele ngaphandle kwemida yase-US. Iifemu ezinkulu, ezinje ngeMicrosoft kunye neApple, zilawula amatyathanga obonelelo lwehlabathi njengodlame lwengqondo.
Utshintshiselwano olungalinganiyo kunye nolwahlulo lwabasebenzi lulandela, ukuqinisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-periphery ngelixa kuqhubela phambili ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nentlupheko yehlabathi.
Endaweni yokwabelana ngolwazi, ukudlulisa iteknoloji kunye nokubonelela ngeebhloko zokwakha ekwabelwana kwempumelelo yehlabathi ngokulinganayo, amazwe atyebileyo kunye namaqumrhu awo ajolise ekukhuseleni inzuzo yawo kwaye ashukumise uMzantsi ngenxa yomsebenzi ophantsi kunye nokutsalwa kwerenti. Ngokulawula awona macandelo angundoqo e-ecosystem yedijithali, ukutyhala itekhnoloji yabo ezikolweni kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho lwezakhono kunye nokusebenzisana nabaphezulu beshishini kunye norhulumente eMzantsi, iBig Tech ithimba iimarike ezikhulayo. Baza kuxhamla kwiinkonzo zokucupha ezinikezelwa kumasebe asebupoliseni nasezintolongweni, konke oko ukwenza imali.
Ukanti ngokuchasene nemikhosi yamandla agxininisiweyo, kuhlala kukho abo bahlehlayo. I-Resistance to Big Tech in the South inembali ende, ukusukela kwimihla yoqhanqalazo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchasene no-IBM, uHewlett Packard nabanye ababeshishina kuMzantsi Afrika wocalucalulo. Ekuqaleni koo-2000, amazwe akuMzantsi weGlobal amkele iSoftware eSimahla kunye ne-commons yehlabathi njengendlela yokuchasa ubukoloniyali bedijithali okwethutyana, nokuba uninzi lwaloo manyathelo sele luphelile. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iintshukumo ezintsha ezichasene nekoloniyalizim yedijithali ziyavela.
Kuninzi okuqhubekayo kulo mfanekiso. Ingxaki yendalo edalwe yi-capitalism isoyikisa ngokukhawuleza ukutshabalalisa ubomi eMhlabeni ngokusisigxina, kwaye izisombululo kuqoqosho lwedijithali kufuneka idibane nobulungisa bemo engqongileyo kunye nemizabalazo ebanzi yokulingana.
Ukuphelisa ubukoloniyali bedijithali, sidinga isakhelo sengqiqo esahlukileyo esicela umngeni kwiingcambu kunye nabadlali abaphambili, ngokunxulumene neentshukumo zengca ezizimiseleyo ukujongana ne-capitalism kunye ne-authoitarianism, ubukhosi baseMelika, kunye nabaxhasi babo beengqondo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela