Amaxwebhu afihlakeleyo angakumbi aye avela engqina ukuba ungcungcuthekiso olucwangcisiweyo lwamabanjwa e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan-kubandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi-yayingelotyala 'lee-apile ezimbi' ezimbalwa zokwaphula imithetho. Ukuthuthunjiswa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba imikhosi yase-US yayilandela imithetho ebekwe kumanqanaba aphezulu kurhulumente wase-US.
Enye imemo esandul' ukuvela yangomhla we-6 kaMatshi 2003 kwaye inesihloko esithi 'Ingxelo yeQela eliSebenzayo malunga nokuNcinywa kwaBabanjwa kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yobunqolobi.' Olu lolona luhlu lwamva nje lwe-post-9/11 Bush ulawulo lwememos esemthethweni / yomgaqo-nkqubo enika ukukhanya okuluhlaza ukuthuthumbisa. Imemo ikhutshwe kwi-Wall Street Journal, eyabika ngale nto kwi-7 kaJuni.
Imemo esanda kutyhilwa yabhalwa liqela lePentagon elisebenza phantsi kolawulo lweSebe lezoKhuselo uMcebisi Jikelele uWilliam J. Haynes II. Unobhala wezoKhuselo uRumsfeld ngokukhawuleza wayichaza imfihlo. Ngelixa igxininise kwintolongo yase-US yase-Guantanamo, imemo yabeka iingxoxo zomthetho kunye neendlela zokugocagoca ezathi zasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza e-Iraq.
Le kunye nezinye iimemo azichazi ngokutsha kuphela ukuba yintoni na eyenza intuthumbo ukuze 'kube semthethweni' uthotho lwezohlwayo ezikhohlakeleyo, ezihlazisayo, nezibulalayo. Bakwachaza ingqiqo ebanzi ebeka isebe elilawulayo likarhulumente, umongameli ngokukodwa, ngaphezu komthetho wangaphambili kunye nokusebenza kunye namanye amasebe karhulumente. Zineziphumo ezingaphaya kwehlazo lanamhlanje lokungcungcuthekiswa-ukuzisa ukukhanya kwelizwe lamapolisa. Bayinxalenye yamanyathelo okuhlanganisa amandla amakhulu kwisigqeba solawulo kunye nezixhobo zengcinezelo zombuso.
Ukulahla iMithetho kunye neZivumelwano
Imemo yomhla wesi-6 kuMatshi ka-2003 yabhalwa emva kokuba abalawuli baseGuantanamo bekhalazile ekupheleni kuka-2002 ukuba abagocagoci babo abakwazanga ukukhupha ulwazi olwaneleyo besebenzisa iindlela 'eziqhelekileyo'. Ngokutsho kweJournal, 'Igosa lasemkhosini eliye lanceda ukulungiselela ingxelo lathi lafika emva kokuba abahloli bemibuzo baseGuantanamo bephoxekile baqalise ukuzama iindlela ezingaqhelekanga kumabanjwa aphikisayo. `Besikulento isithuba esingangonyaka nangaphezulu kwaye singafumani nto kubo' ngoko ke amagosa agqiba kwelokuba `kufuneka sibe nombono onganeno malunga nokuba yintoni na intuthumbo kwaye ingeyiyoโฆ. Abantu bebezama ukuphelisa uxinzelelo.' '
Enye ingxaki eyayijongene nomkhosi wase-US yayiyiNgqungquthela yaseGeneva, apho i-US isayine. INgqungquthela yesiThathu yaseGeneva ichaza ukuba amabanjwa emfazwe kunye nabavukeli abathinjiweyo abanako 'kugrogriswa, ukuthukwa, okanye ukuchanabeka kuyo nayiphi na impatho engathandekiyo okanye engalunganga yalo naluphi na uhlobo' ukuze banyanzeliswe ukuba bathethe. INgqungquthela yesine yaseGeneva ithi 'akusayi kunyanzelwa ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokuziphatha ngokuchasene' nabantu abahlala phantsi kwemisebenzi, ngakumbi 'ukufumana ulwazi kubo okanye kubantu besithathu.'
Urhulumente wase-US kwakhona waqinisekisa i-UN Convention Against Torture ngo-1994, ethi 'akukho meko ikhethekileyo, nokuba yimeko yemfazwe okanye isoyikiso semfazwe, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko okanye nayiphi na imeko engxamisekileyo yoluntu, inokucelwa njengesizathu sokuthuthumbisa. ,โ ukuba imiyalelo evela kubaphathi โingasetyenziswa njengesizathu sokungcungcuthekisa,โ nokuba ukwaphulwa kwezi Ngqungquthela kusenokuba kulwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Umthetho onxulumene ne-US federal Torture Statute wenza intuthumbo, echazwa njengaso nasiphi na isenzo esijoliswe 'ukwenza iintlungu eziqatha emzimbeni okanye engqondweni okanye ukubandezeleka,' ulwaphulo-mthetho olunohlwaywa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-20 entolongweni, okanye isigwebo sokufa okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi bonke ukuba ixhoba lentuthumbo. uyafa.
Imemo ye-6 kaMatshi ka-2003 ibonisa ukuba imikhosi ekhokelayo yolawulo lwama impiriyali ase-US-isihogo-izimisele ukuqinisa amandla ehlabathi e-US ngamandla kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ityumza nantoni na emi endleleni yabo-babone le mithetho kunye nezivumelwano, kuquka nemithetho yase-US, njengoko. izithintelo ukuba zilahlwe ngokungenalusini.
Imemo yenza kanye oko ngokuchaza ngokutsha oko kuqulathe ukuthuthunjiswa, ngokubeka phambili uthotho lweengxoxo zomthetho zokunciphisa okanye ukungakhathaleli imithetho echasene nentuthumbo enika isebe lesigqeba amandla angenasiphelo, kunye nokuphakamisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzikhusela ngokwasemthethweni kwabo babandakanyekayo-ukusuka kumagosa aphezulu ukuya. iintuthumbo emhlabeni.
I-Wall Street Journal yachaza ukuba imemo 'Seta iSakhelo sokuSebenzisa iNtuthumbo.' Kwinyanga emva kwememo, uRumsfeld wachonga ngokusemthethweni iindlela ezingama-24 ezintsha nezifihlakeleyo zokuncina. Oku kwakungexesha apho imikhosi yase-US yayiqala ukujikeleza okukhulu kwe-Iraqis.
Urhulumente wase-US uzama ukufihla ezi zoyikeko ngokubanga esidlangalaleni ukuba ezi ndlela 'zezobuntu' kwaye uyakwenyanya ukuthuthunjiswa, ngelixa esala ukubhengeza iindlela zakhe zokuncinwa okanye nayiphi na i-memos yakhe yokungcungcuthekiswa-kubandakanya nesihlomelo samaphepha angama-40 kunye noMatshi. 6, 2003 uxwebhu oluchaza iindlela ezisanda kugunyaziswa zokuncinwa.
Ukubeka uMongameli ngaPhantsi koMthetho kunye neNkongolo
Imemo ye-6 ka-Matshi ka-2003 izama ukunqumla imiqobo yomthetho odlulileyo kunye nezivumelwano zokuhlushwa ngeendlela ezininzi.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, ithi, ngokutsho kweJournal, 'umongameli unamandla angenasiphelo okulwa imfazwe njengoko ebona kufanelekile, kwaye akukho Congress, iinkundla okanye umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe unokuphazamisa' kwaye ngoko ke 'umongameli okanye nabani na olandela imiyalelo yayibotshelelwe kuMthetho weNtuthuko womanyano.' Oku kuthetheleleka egameni 'lokufumana ulwazi olubalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amawaka angenakulinganiswa abemi baseMelika' kunye nokuxoxa ukuba umongameli njengomphathi oyintloko unamandla angenasiphelo ngamaxesha emfazwe.
Elinye igqwetha lasemkhosini elibandakanyekayo ekuyileni le memo lathi ubunkokeli bePentagon babuzama ukungqina 'amandla omongameli kwincopho yawo.'
Imemo yaphinda yaxoxa ukuba akukho nto iNkongolo inokuyenza malunga noku kubhengezwa kwamandla kamongameli. 'Naziphi na iinzame zeNkongolo yokulawula ukuncinwa kwabalwayo ngokungekho mthethweni ziyakwaphula uMgaqo-siseko ekukuphela kwawo kugunyaziso lomphathi oyintloko kumongameli,' yatsho le memo. Umongameli 'unesikhundla esiphezulu ngokomgaqo-siseko' kwiNkongolo kunye 'negunya elikhoyo' lokutshutshisa imfazwe, ngelixa 'iCongress ingenagunya-ukumisela imigaqo kunye neemeko apho umongameli angasebenzisa igunya lakhe njengomphathi-oyintloko ukulawula imikhosi. ukuqhutywa kwemisebenzi ngexesha lemfazwe.'
Ukukhusela abathuthumbisi
Olu xwebhu lukwalindele ukhuseleko lwasemthethweni kuye nabani na otyholwa ngokungcungcuthekisa-kodwa ubungqina obungakumbi bokuba urhulumente waseUnited States wayeceba ukungcungcuthekisa amabanjwa. Imemo yaxoxa ukuba iinkokeli zase-US eziyalela ukuthuthunjiswa kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye nabo bazenzayo 'banezikhuselo' ezininzi.
Enye 'yimfuneko' yokungcungcuthekiswa ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi lokuthintela uhlaselo. Enye 'yimiyalelo ephezulu'-leyo yokuba abathuthumbisi babelandela nje imiyalelo. Le yingxabano efanayo eyazama amaNazi eNuremberg, apho olu khuselo lwakhatywayo-ngoku luvuselelwa nguBush kunye nenkampani.
Amagqwetha aqulunqe le memo athi 'imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko' ithintela amagosa ohlwaya 'ngokunceda umongameli ekusebenziseni amagunya akhe awodwa omgaqo-siseko' kwaye akukho Nkongolo okanye zinkundla 'ezinokufuna okanye ziphumeze ukutshutshiswa komntu onjalo.'
Imemo iphinde yacebisa ukuba uBush kufuneka asayine umyalelo kamongameli ogunyazisa ukuthuthunjiswa ukuze akhusele abaphantsi kwakhe kunye nabalandeli bakhe ekutshutshisweni. Oku kuya kusebenza, yatsho le memo, kuba igunya lokubekela bucala imithetho 'lilifa kumongameli.' Akukaziwa ukuba uBush uwukhuphile na lo myalelo.
Ukuchazwa ngokutsha kweNtuthumbo
Imemo ye-6 kaMatshi nayo izama ukwenza ngokusemthethweni intuthumbo ngokuyichaza ngokutsha. Umthetho wangoku uchaza ukufakwa kwentlungu nokubandezeleka njengokuthuthumbisa. Kodwa i-memo ye-Pentagon ithi, 'Ukunyanzeliswa kweentlungu okanye ukubandezeleka komntu ngamnye, nokuba kusemzimbeni okanye ngokwasengqondweni, akwanelanga ukuba kungcungcuthekiswe.' Kunoko, ukubandezeleka kumele kube 'kuqatha' kwaye 'kuphakame kakhulu kangangokuba intlungu kunzima ukuyinyamezela.' Ingcaciso enjalo ivula iingcango zayo nayiphi na indlela yokuphathwa kakubi, inika abo bathuthumbisayo igunya lokugqiba ngoko umbandela othile โunokunyamezelaโ okanye โunokukunyamezelaโ.
Umthetho okhoyo uthi ukungcungcuthekiswa kunokubangelwa kukusebenzisa okanye ukoyikisa ukusebenzisa 'izinto ezitshintsha ingqondo okanye ezinye iinkqubo ezicetywa ukuphazamisa ngokunzulu imvakalelo yobuntu.' Amagqwetha kaBush axoxa ngelithi umthetho 'awukuthinteli konke ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi' kwaye 'ukuphazamiseka kwezivamvo okanye ubuntu kuphela akonelanga' ukwenza intuthumbo. Kunoko, umgangatho uphakanyiselwe phezulu kakhulu: ukuba ngekho mthethweni, ukunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuxinezeleka kwengqondo 'kufuneka kungene kumbindi wamandla omntu okuqonda ihlabathi elimngqongileyo.' Kwakhona, uluhlu lwenkohlakalo lwandiswa kakhulu, kwaye amandla okugqiba ukuba yintoni intuthumbo eshiywe kwisigwebo sabaphenyi base-US.
Ukothuka okuBanzi, i-Inshorensi esemthethweni
Omabini amagqwetha anenkqubela naphambili kunye nabakhi-mkhanyo bomthetho bavakalise umothuko kukutshayela okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kweengxoxo ezibekwe ngaphambili kwimemo ye-6 kaMatshi kunye nokuqhawula kabukhali kwisithethe somthetho kunye nokusebenza.
Qwalasela la magunya alandelayo akhankanyiweyo yiLos Angeles Times (6/10): Enye ingcaphephe yomthetho wemfazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts yabiza le memo 'libango lamandla alawulayo angenamkhawulo.' Unjingalwazi wezomthetho weYunivesithi yaseTexas wathi, 'Ayinakulunga. Kuphosakele nje ukuthi umongameli angenza nantoni na ayifunayo, nokuba kuchasene nomthetho.' Owayesakuba yijaji yegqwetha leMarines wathi, 'Yingxoxo endingazange ndiyibone yenziwe ngaphambili-ukuba amandla okulwa imfazwe omphathi-ntloko aphelise izithintelo kwiNgqungquthela yaseGeneva.' IJaji edla umhlala-phantsi yeGqwetha Jikelele kuMkhosi waManzi uthe, 'Ukuba igunya likamongameli njengomphathi oyintloko lixina umthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe, uphi umda? Ukuba wonke umntu olawulayo unokuwutyeshela umthetho, akukho bani ubotshwayo nguwo.'
Nditsho ne-impiriyali kunye ne-pro-war Washington Post yabhala umhleli (ngoJuni 9) ukuba imemo ilandele 'ingqiqo yolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, oozwilakhe kwihlabathi jikelele abavumela ukuthuthunjiswa ngenxa yezizathu `zokhuseleko lwesizwe.' '
Ubunkokeli bukaBush buyaqhubeka nokukhanyela kunye nokuthetha kabini, ngelixa bezama ukugubungela ubungakanani bentuthumbo yase-US kunye nomzila okhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu e-White House kunye nePentagon, kuquka uBush ngokwakhe. Bala ngokuqinileyo ukuchaza iindlela zokuncinwa ezisetyenziswayo okanye amaxwebhu achaza izizathu zabo.
Ummeli Jikelele uJohn Ashcroft ukubonakala kwe-8 kaJuni phambi kwephaneli yeSenethi ngumzekelo wobuxoki buka-Orwellian emsebenzini.
UAshcroft wabhengeza, 'Olu lawulo luyala ukungcungcuthekiswa' waza wathi, 'Umongameli waseUnited States akayalelanga nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha eya kwaphula uMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, engayi kwaphula nawuphi na umthetho owiswe yiNkongolo, okanye oko kuya kuthi. aphule naziphi na izivumelwano ezahlukahlukeneyo.' Kodwa wala ukuxoxa ngeememo ezahlukeneyo zentuthumbo eziye zavuza kumaphephandaba okanye izizathu ezisemthethweni ezikwezo memos zahlukeneyo. Walile ukujikela naziphi na iimemo kwiCongress-kwaye wala ukukhankanya nasiphi na isizathu esisemthethweni (njengelungelo lesigqeba) ngokwenza njalo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Ashcroft yayisebenzisa eyona mbono yesigqeba-isebe-ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezichazwe kwimemo ye-6 kaMatshi ka-2003.
ULarry Everest ungumnxibelelanisi wephephandaba le-Revolutionary Worker kunye nombhali we-Oli, Amandla kunye noBukhosi: i-Iraq kunye ne-US Global Agenda. Iwebhusayithi yakhe ithi: www.larryeverest.com
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