[Eli nqaku lithathwe kwi-Oli, Amandla kunye noBukhosi:
Kubantu baseAzizabad, ilali encinci esentshona
Umkhosi wase-US ekuqaleni wabanga ukuba babethe “injongo esemthethweni” yeTaliban, yokuba ngabantu aba-5 ukuya kwaba-7 kuphela ababuleweyo-okuthiwa "umonakalo wesibambiso" -kwaye abanye abangama-30 ukuya kuma-35 ababhubhileyo yayingamajoni aseTaliban. Yayibubuxoki obu.
Abacholacholi beendaba ababeze kule lali bathi: “Kwindawo ekwakusiliwa kuyo, imingxuma yoonokrwece yayithe saa intendelezo yaye iingqushu zazigqobhoze imingxuma eludongeni. igazi lalithe saa eludongeni….Ivumba lemizimba lahlala kwelinye ikhomponi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abahlali belali baqalise ukugrumba ngeemihlakulo.Bafumana umzimba wosana, ugcwele uthuli ekoneni yegumbi eliqhushumbisiwe. " Abasindileyo "bachaze uqhankqalazo oluphindaphindiweyo kwizindlu apho inkitha yabantwana ibilele, ootatomkhulu nootatomncinci noomakazi begxalathelene nabo ngaphakathi." (ENew York Times, NgoSeptemba 8, 2008)
"Ngaba oku kujongeka ngathi kufanelekile kumlo weTaliban?" omnye umhlali uxelele i-NPR (27 Agasti 2008), ephethe isihlangu esincinci kunye nesigqubuthelo esikrazukileyo somfazi.
Le yayiyeyesithathu imbubhiso enkulu yabemi base-Afghan yimikhosi yase-US-NATO kweli hlobo kuphela. Ukusukela ngo-2005, phakathi kwe-2,700 kunye ne-3,200 abemi kuqikelelwa ukuba babulewe yimikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO, ukuhlaselwa kwabo kunye nokuhlaselwa kweebhombu kuyanda. Kwaye konke oku ngumzekelo wamva nje wokubandezeleka okukhulu kwemfazwe yase-US-NATO
Umkhosi wase-US uye wanyanzelwa ukuba urhoxe kumabango awo okuqala malunga ne-Azizabad, kwaye kuthiwa uqhuba "uphando." Kodwa inye into abalawuli base-US-kunye noBush, uMcCain no-Obama-abakhange babuye baxoke bobona buxoki bukhulu kubo bonke: Ukuba ukuhlasela kwe-US e-Afghanistan yimfazwe esemthethweni yokuzikhusela eyaqaliswa ukuphendula uhlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, I-2001 kwaye injongo ephambili ikhusela ukuhlaselwa kwexesha elizayo kwi-US Kwaye ngoku kukho iifowuni, kubandakanywa noBarack Obama, ukuthumela amawaka emikhosi e-Afghanistan.
Hayi "Imfazwe Elungileyo" Eye Ibi
Inye into engekaxoxwa kwiphulo likaMongameli yi-Afghanistan: bobabini abagqatswa (singasathethi ke ngoGeorge W. Bush) bayavumelana ngesidingo esingxamisekileyo sokunyuka - kwaye baphumelele - loo mfazwe. Esi simo siye sahamba ngaphandle kokuphikiswa - nangabaninzi ababechasa uhlaselo lwase-Iraq. Kodwa imfazwe yase-Afghanistan ayisiyiyo "imfazwe elungileyo," ngoku imbi. Yayiyimfazwe engekho sikweni, yama impiriyali yokoyisa kunye nobukhosi kwasekuqaleni. Yaye isaqhubeka iyimfazwe yobukumkani obungekho sikweni, yama impiriyali namhlanje.
Imfazwe e-Afghanistan ayizange ibe yimpendulo nje kwi-9/11. Yaqanjwa lulawulo lukaBush njengesalvo yokuvula kwimfazwe engenamida yobukumkani obukhulu phantsi kwerubrikhi "yemfazwe yobugrogrisi." Injongo yale mfazwe yayikukoyisa ubufundamentali bamaSilamsi, ukubhukuqa amazwe angekho phantsi kolawulo lwase-US ngokupheleleyo, ukuhlengahlengisa uMbindi Mpuma kunye nemimandla yase-Asiya kuMbindi, kwaye kuthathelwe ulawulo olunzulu lwemithombo ephambili kunye neendlela zokuthunyelwa konikezelo lwamandla ngobuchule. Konke oku kwakhula ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi yokucwangciswa kwama impiriyali, ukucwangciswa kobuchule kunye nokungenelela. Kwaye ukususela ekuqaleni yonke yayiyinxalenye yesicwangciso ngokubanzi sokwandisa kunye nokomeleza amandla ase-US-ukudala ubukhosi behlabathi be-imperiyali obungenakuphikiswa kwaye obungenakuphikiswa.
Konke oku kuboniswa yinto eyenziwa ngabalawuli base-US-kunye nokucwangcisa-kule mimandla kunye nehlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka elishumi ye-1990s, kuquka ne-Afghanistan ngokwayo. Inokuboniswa ngezicwangciso i-US eyayinazo zokudodobalisa, mhlawumbi ukubhukuqa, urhulumente weTaliban wase-Afghanistan nangaphambi kwe-9/11. Ingabonakaliswa ziingxoxo zokwenyani kunye nezigqibo ezithathwe ngurhulumente kaBush kwisiphumo esikhawulezileyo se-9/11, kunye neenjongo zemfazwe zase-US e-Afghanistan nakuMbindi Mpuma ngokubanzi, esaqhubayo. Kwaye inokuboniswa ngokuziphatha kwe-US kwimfazwe kunye nefuthe elibe nalo kubantu base-Afghanistan.
Ngoo-1990: Ishumi leminyaka lokuCwangcisa nokuCwangciswa koBukhosi obuKhulu
"Imfazwe yobugrogrisi" kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-Afghanistan kwavela kwishumi leminyaka lokucwangcisa, ukucwangciswa, kunye nomzabalazo phakathi kwabalawuli base-US malunga nendlela yokwandisa kunye nokomeleza ukubamba kwabo emhlabeni.
Ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 yayiyinyikima yomhlaba. Ngequbuliso abalawuli base-US bazifumana bengasajongani nentshaba exhobe ngenyukliya, ubukhosi bama impiriyali. Bayibize ngokuba "ngumzuzu ongaqhelekanga," apho i-US ingakhange ijongane nabakhuphisana nabo baphambili kwihlabathi. Kodwa emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, bajongana nemiceli mngeni emitsha kunye neyoyikisayo-ukukhula okunokwenzeka kweentshatsheli ezintsha (iRussia, iTshayina, iManyano yaseYurophu okanye indibaniselwano), utshintsho olukhulu lwezoqoqosho oluziswe kukuwohloka kwebloc yeSoviet kunye nokukhawuleza kweSoviet Union. I-capitalist globalization, iingxaki eziphazamisayo kuMbindi Mpuma otyebile ngeoli, ukwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nenani elikhulayo lamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, adlakazwe yimfazwe, okanye aqhekekileyo (abizwa ngokuba "ngamazwe ahlulekileyo") ukuwa kwawo kunokutyhila i-US elawulwa yi-US. ulungelelwano lwehlabathi.
Kanye emva kokuwa kweSoviet, isiseko samaqhinga obukhosi-i-neoconservatives okanye i-neocons-yaqala ukuxoxa ukuba i-US kufuneka itshixe kweli hlabathi le-unipolar kwaye ithintele naziphi na iintshaba ukuba zivele zicele umngeni kwi-US.
Oku kwachazwa kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko kwi-1992 "Isikhokelo soCwangciso loKhuselo" -eyabhalwa nguPaul Wolfowitz, Lewis Libby kunye noZalmay Khalilzad phantsi kolawulo loNobhala wezoKhuselo uDick Cheney-onke amagosa aphezulu kamva kulawulo lweBush II. Olu xwebhu lwaxoxa ukuba i-US kufuneka iqinisekise "ukuba akukho gunya liphezulu livumelekileyo ukuba livele eNtshona Yurophu, e-Asiya okanye kummandla owawusakuba yiSoviet Union" kwaye iUnited States ihlale inamandla kwihlabathi kwixesha elizayo elingenammiselo. I-Defence Guidance yayinombono wokuphumeza ezi njongo zifikelela kude ngokuhlasela abo bakhuphisana nabo okanye amazwe afuna izixhobo zokutshabalalisa, ukomeleza ulawulo lwe-US kwiPersian Gulf oil, kunye nokwala ukuvumela imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe okanye umthetho ukuba uthintele inkululeko ye-US yokwenza izinto.
Ulawulo lukaClinton lwalufuna ukomeleza kunye nokwandisa amandla e-US ezoqoqosho, ezomkhosi kunye nezopolitiko kwihlabathi jikelele-kubandakanywa nokuhlaselwa komkhosi e-Iraq, eSomalia, e-Afghanistan nase-Balkan.
Kodwa kwiineocons, oku akuzange kufane ngokwaneleyo. UZalmay Khalilzad, owazalelwa e-Afghan waseMelika kunye nomcebisi wexesha elinye kwinkampani yeoli ye-Unocal, wayengumdlali ophambili kwi-neocon ekhubekisayo. Kamva wayeya kuba ligosa eliphezulu kulawulo lukaBush-kubandakanywa njengonozakuzaku wokuqala e-Afghanistan emva kokuhlala e-US, emva koko waya e-Iraq. Ngexesha le-1990s, uKhalilzad wakugxeka ukunqongophala "kwengcamango yokumanyanisa" kumbono wehlabathi likaClinton, kwaye waxoxa ngokugxila ekuthinteleni abanye ukuba babe "ne-hegemony phezu kwemimandla ebalulekileyo," kuquka iPersian Gulf.
Kule minyaka ilishumi yee-1990s, le ngundoqo kudidi olulawulayo yaqhubeka isenza inyama kwaye ilwela lo mbono-kumaphepha amaninzi ophando, iisemina zokucinga, iimbono, kunye neenzame ezifana ne "Project for New American Century" kunye Iphepha lomgaqo-nkqubo elithi "Clean Break" elibhalelwe ubunkokeli bakwaSirayeli. Kunye nokucwangciswa kwehlabathi jikelele, bakhokele iqela elikhulayo lokufuna inyathelo eliqatha ngokuchasene nolawulo lukaSaddam Hussein eIraq, kubandakanya nokubhukuqa, kunye nokwandisa iinzame zokuthatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nolawulo lweTaliban eAfghanistan. Konke oku, kwakhona, kwakuyiminyaka ngaphambi kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, 2001.
I-Afghanistan-Ukhuphiswano lwaMandla amakhulu kunye neMibhobho yaMandla
Ngexesha le-1990s, i-Afghanistan yayiyenye indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwiinzame zase-US zokuqinisa ukubamba kwayo kwimithombo yamandla ehlabathi kunye nokongamela emkhosini nakwezopolitiko. I-Afghanistan isembindini womhlaba we-Eurasia. Ngowe-1997, uZbigniew Brzezinski, uMcebisi weSizwe kwezoKhuseleko kulawulo lweCarter, wathi, “Igunya elilawula i-Eurasia liya kulawula imimandla emibini kweyona mithathu ihambele phambili nenemveliso yezoqoqosho…. Malunga nama-75 ekhulwini abantu behlabathi bahlala e-Eurasia, yaye uninzi ubutyebi behlabathi bukhona ngokunjalo…I-Eurasia yenza malunga nama-60 epesenti yeGNP yehlabathi kunye nesithathu kwisithathu semithombo yamandla eyaziwayo yehlabathi." (UZbigniew Brzezinski, I-Grand Chessboard: I-American Primacy kunye ne-Geostrategic Imperatives, Iincwadi ezisisiseko, eNew York, ngo-1997)
Emva kokuwa kweSoviet, ubudlelwane kulo mmandla batshintsha ngokukhawuleza. IiRiphabliki ezintlanu zoMbindi Asia—iTurkmenistan, iUzbekistan, iKazakhstan, iTajikistan neKyrgyzstan—eyayifudula iyinxalenye yeSoviet Union yaza yahluthwa.
As Ihlabathi Eliza Kuphumelela yahlalutywa ngowama-2001: “Njengoko iiSoviet Union zarhoxa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ama-impiriyali ase-US aqalisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokutshintsha impembelelo yeSoviet kumazwe akuMbindi weAsia athabathe awawo, ukuwadibanisa nemarike yehlabathi nokuqhawula ulawulo lwaseRashiya. ngaphaya kwemibhobho eya kuloo marike.Bakwazimisele ukwakha enye indlela ukuya kummandla wePersian Gulf njengobonelelo lwamandla olungundoqo ukuze kuqiniswe indawo ebalaseleyo ye-US yehlabathi.Omnye wemiba ephambili yoku, ngokuqinisekileyo, yayikukuthintela iRussia Ukuvela kwakhona njengembangi enkulu kulo mmandla. Umbhobho owawufunwa yi-US kwafuneka unqumle i-Afghanistan ukuya ePakistan ukuya kwiilwandle ezivulekileyo ukuze ifikelele ngokukhululekileyo kwimarike yaseNtshona. ("Imbali ye-Imperialist 'Umdlalo Omkhulu,'" Ihlabathi Eliza Kuphumelela, 2002/28)
(I-US nayo yazama ukwenza buthathaka kwaye yahlula iRiphabhliki yamaSilamsi yase-Iran ngokuthintela imibhobho ukuba yakhiwe nge-Iran-ibhulorho yendalo eya kwiPersian Gulf-kwaye ngokuyijikeleza kunye namazwe anobutshaba. Esi sesinye isizathu sokuba i-US ekuqaleni ixhase iTaliban I-Afghanistan-yayisebenza njenge "sunni buffer" kumda osempuma we-Iran.)
Ukufumana ulawulo lwe-Afghanistan kwabonwa ngabalawuli bakaClinton njengento ebalulekileyo yesi sicwangciso. Ke ngo-1996, xa amaSilamsi abambelele kwisiseko seTaliban athatha amandla, emva kweminyaka emine yemfazwe yamakhaya ekrakra emva kokubhukuqwa kolawulo lwe-pro-Soviet uNajibullah, ama-impiriyali abaxhasa ngethemba lokuba angazinzisa i-Afghanistan kwaye asebenzisane ne-US Ulawulo lwaseBush. ekuqaleni waqhubeka nokugcina ubudlelwane kunye neTaliban-evuma ngaphezu kwe-40 yezigidi zeerandi kuncedo lwemali ngoMeyi ka-2001.
Ukujikela ngokuchasene neTaliban
Kodwa nanjengoko babeluvuma olu ncedo, kwaye ngaphambi kwe-11 kaSeptemba 2001, i-US nayo yayijikela urhulumente weTaliban, kubandakanya nokucwangcisa ukumosha kwaye mhlawumbi ukuyibhukuqa. Esinye isicwangciso esinjalo sabetha idesksi kaBush ngoSeptemba 10.
Iinkxalabo zabalawuli baseMelika azinanto yakwenza nokuphendula, ubume bobuthixo beTaliban, ebimele ubukhulu becala iiklasi zefeudal kunye nezizwe zelizwe elikhulu lase-Afghanistan, iPashtun. Endaweni yoko, babenexhala lokuba iTaliban iya isiba ngumchasi oyingozi, emi endleleni ye-ajenda yengingqi yase-US kunye nezicwangciso zehlabathi.
Okokuqala, imfazwe yamakhaya yaqhubeka iqhuma e-Afghanistan, apho iTaliban ibonakalise ukungakwazi ukuyiphelisa. Oku kwenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuqhubela phambili ngezicwangciso zokwakha umbhobho we-oyile ukunqumla e-Afghanistan ukuya ePakistan. Okwesibini, izenzo zeTaliban kunye noku kungazinzi okuqhubekayo kwakuphembelela i-radical Islamic fundamentalism, eyaye yabonwa njengengxaki ephambili ngabacwangcisi base-US. Oku kwaqhutyelwa ekhaya kubo ngoqhushumbo luka-1998 kwizindlu zozakuzo zase-US eKenya naseTanzania. I-US yagxeka u-Osama bin Laden kunye ne-al-Qaeda, ababezinze e-Afghanistan. (Ulawulo lukaClinton lwaqalisa uhlaselo lwe-missile e-Afghanistan ngokuchasene neenkampu ze-al-Qaeda emva kolu hlaselo.)
Olu nxunguphalo olukhulayo lwakhokelela ekubeni i-US iqalise ukwakha uthungelwano olufihlakeleyo lwe-anti-Taliban e-Afghanistan kwangoko ngo-1997. Oku kubandakanya ukubonelela ngezigidi zeedola ekuncedeni i-anti-Taliban Northern Alliance kunye nokuthumela amaqela ayimfihlo ukuba asebenze nabo. (Iinkokeli zeTaliban kwakuxelwe ukuba zikulungele ukujikela u-bin Laden kuma impiriyali okanye ubuncinci bamyeke alishiye ilizwe de kube uhlaselo lwe-missile lwase-US luka-1998 lwabaqinisekisa ukuba nabo babejolise kubo.)
Ucwangciso olunjalo lwanyuswa emva kokuba uGeorge W. Bush elawula. Ngaphambi komhla we-11 kuSeptemba, 2001, bekukho iyantlukwano ebukhali kulawulo lukaBush malunga nokuba kugxininiswe kumaSilamsi angengawo karhulumente "abanqolobi" abafana ne-al-Qaeda okanye amazwe anjenge-Iraq. Kodwa izicwangciso zokunyusa uhlaselo kwi-al-Qaeda kunye nokudodobalisa urhulumente we-Taliban-mhlawumbi nokuwubhukuqa-zaphuhliswa kwaye zixoxwa. Kwincwadi yakhe Bush eMfazweni, uBob Woodward unikela ingxelo yokuba ngoAprili 2001—kwiinyanga ezi-5 ngaphambi kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11—kwakusenziwa amalungiselelo okuqalisa ukuxhobisa uManyano lwaseMntla. NgoJulayi, izindululo zabekwa phambili ukuba zingapheleli nje ekubuyiseleni umva i-al-Qaeda, kodwa ukuyisusa kwaye "iqhubele phambili ekukhubekiseni nasekuphazamiseni iTaliban." Nangona ulwahlulo phakathi kweqela laseBush lungazange lusonjululwe, esi sicwangciso savunywa ngoSeptemba 4, kunye ne-$ 125-200 yezigidi ezinikwe i-CIA ukuba iyiphumeze. Ibekwe kwidesika kaBush nguMcebisi weSizwe kwezoKhuseleko iRice ngoSeptemba 10 njengomyalelo oyimfihlo kaMongameli, elindele ukutyikitywa kwakhe.
Icandelo 2: NgoSeptemba 11, i-US ijolise kuMbindi Mpuma kunye neplanethi kunye nefuthe elibi lokubizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yoloyiko" kubantu base-Afghanistan.
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ULarry Everest ngumbhali we I-Oli, Amandla kunye noBukhosi: I-Iraq kunye ne-US Global Agenda (Common Courage 2004), umbhaleli we Revolution (www.revcom.us) kunye negalelo kwi Impeach uMongameli: Ityala elichasene noBush kunye noCheney (Amabali asixhenxe). Unokufikelelwa nge www.larryeverest.com.
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