Kule veki, iSixeko saseFiladelphia sivumile ukuba a $ 9.25 yezigidi Ukuhlaliswa kwabaqhankqalazi abathi baphathwa kakubi ngerhasi yeenyembezi kunye nesitshizi sepepile ngexesha loqhanqalazo olulandela ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi ka-2020.
Ukuphendula okunjalo kumapolisa aphelisa uqhanqalazo ngezixhobo zokulawula abantu kunqabile eUnited States nakwihlabathi liphela. Uzinziso lweza njengoko abaphandi benika ingxelo yokuba amapolisa akumazwe amaninzi ahlala enzakalisa kwaye ade abulala abaqhankqalazi ngezixhobo zokulawula abantu ukusukela ngo-2015 njengoko oorhulumente bebesenza uqhanqalazo.
Ukwenzakala kwezixhobo zokulawula isihlwele kuyanda kwaye kuxhaphakile kumazwe anegunya elinjenge-Iran neTshayina kunye namazwe “edemokhrasi” ekucingelwa ukuba anyamezela ukuchasana kunye neendibano zikawonke-wonke, ngokwengxelo entsha evela kooGqirha bamaLungelo oLuntu kunye ne-International Network of Civil Civil. Imibutho yeLiberties (INCLO). Ingxelo ithi, “I-Lethal in Disguise: Indlela Izixhobo Zokulawula Isihlwele Eziyichaphazela Ngayo Impilo Namalungelo Oluntu,"Bafumanise ukuba bangaphezulu kwe-121,000 abantu kwihlabathi liphela bonzakele okanye babulawa ngezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba zingenabungozi kangako zokulawula isihlwele ezinje ngekhemikhali irritants, "flash bang" iziqhushumbisi kunye neembumbulu zerabha ukusukela ngo-2015, nangona uninzi lokonzakala lunokwenzeka lungakhange luxelwe.
Ukusuka kwimvukelo yase-Iraq naseChile ngo-2019, ukuya kwiintshukumo ezininzi ezichasene noorhulumente baseIran, eMyanmar nasePeru, ungquzulwano phakathi kwamapolisa kunye nemibutho yezentlalo ecel' umngeni urhwaphilizo lukarhulumente kunye nokufuna amalungelo asisiseko ngoku yinkxalabo yezempilo yoluntu jikelele, ngokutsho kwengxelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kule nyanga, izixhobo zokulawula abantu ziye zasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi e-Bangladesh, e-Ethiopia, eFransi, eGeorgia, eGrisi, e-Israel nakwimimandla yasePalestina, eLebhanon, e-Itali, eKenya, eMozambique, ePakistan, ePeru, eMzantsi Afrika, eSri Lanka. Turkey, kunye ne-US
"Ukucinezelwa koqhanqalazo kuhlala kunje jikelele njengoqhanqalazo," utshilo uMququzeleli weNkqubo ye-INCLO uLucila Santos kwingxelo. "Ukongezelela kubundlobongela obukhulayo bezixhobo zokulawula abantu abaninzi, ukusukela ngo-2016 sibone itekhnoloji entsha isetyenziswa ngoorhulumente ngaphandle kokuphendula okanye ukongamela."
E-Philadelphia, uqhanqalazo olunoxolo lwajika lwanobundlobongela nge-1 kaJuni, 2020, njengoko amapolisa adubula iimbumbulu zerabha kunye nerhasi yeenyembezi kubaqhankqalazi ababevale izithuthi kwindlela yemoto, iqhinga lokulwela ingqalelo yoluntu lonke ngexesha loqhanqalazo lukaFloyd. Njengenxalenye yokuhlala, isixeko siya kuhlawula I-$ 9.25 yezigidi ukuya kwii-demonstrators ze-350 namagqwetha abo, ngokutsho kwiingxelo.
“Ndicinga nge-1 kaJuni yonke imihla,” utshilo ummangali u-Erin Zegar ngexesha lenkomfa yabezindaba ngoMvulo. “Yayisisiphithiphithi kunye neentlungu endingazange ndazifumana mna. Kwaye emva kokuhlanjululwa kweenyembezi, ukutshizwa ngepepile, ukubethwa ngeembumbulu zerabha, yaba yimpama engakholelekiyo ebusweni ukubukela isixeko sikhanyela uxanduva ngokuphindaphindiweyo.”
Inani lomonzakalo oluxeliweyo oluvela "kwi-kinetic impact projectiles" edutyulwe kwimipu, efana neembumbulu zerabha kunye "neebhola zepepper," liyanda kwihlabathi jikelele nase-US, apho izixhobo ezinjalo zabangela ukwenzakala kakhulu ngexesha lovukelo lobuhlanga lwango-2020. ubulungisa. Ukususela kwi-2015, ubuncinane abantu be-2,190 emhlabeni wonke benzakaliswa yi-projectiles egxothwe kwizixhobo "ezingabulali", kuquka i-945 eyayikhubazekile ngokusisigxina kunye ne-12 ubuncinane eyafa.
"Nanjengomntu ofunde izixhobo zokulawula isihlwele kunye neempembelelo zazo kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ndisaqhubeka ndikhwankqiswa kukungabikho kwedatha okanye ukungafihli nto kubavelisi bezi zixhobo, abasebenza kwaye benze inzuzo ngokungohlwaywa," uRohini Haar. , ugqirha ongxamisekileyo kunye nombhali okhokelayo wengxelo, wathi kwingxelo.
NjengaseFiladelphia, amapolisa kulo lonke elase-US "abeke ngokungenamkhethe" izixhobo zokulawula isihlwele ezinjengeembumbulu zogwebu/isiponji, iimbumbulu zerabha, iibhola zepepile, imijikelo yeembotyi, iibhombu zetshokhwe kunye neziqhushumbisi zeflashbang ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi, uninzi lwabo olwaluhlanganisene ngoxolo, ” ngokutsho kwengxelo. Abacholacholi beendaba kunye nabo babebukele baphathwa ngenkohlakalo baza babanjwa, yaye ubuncinane iziganeko ezingama-950 zobundlobongela obunyanzelwa ngamapolisa ziye zachazwa, nto leyo eyaphumela ekwaphukeni kwamathambo, ukwenzakala okuhlasimlis’ umzimba kunye nokungaboni. Amapolisa adubula iiprojectiles amfamekisa abantu abasibhozo kulo lonke elase-US nge-30 kaMeyi, 2020, yedwa.
Ngeli xesha, ilizwe laliqhambuka kuqhanqalazo olunomsindo kulandela ukubulawa kwamapolisa kuka-Floyd, uBreonna Taylor nabanye abantu abaNtsundu. Ngokungafaniyo noqhanqalazo oluphambi kwekomkhulu leshishini okanye kwiofisi karhulumente, olu qhankqalazo lwalucel’ umngeni ukufaneleka kwaloo mapolisa athunyelwa kwicorral ukuze aqhawule.
Kwizixeko ezininzi, abaqhankqalazi kunye namapolisa batyholana ngokunyuka kwerhasi neembumbulu zerabha. Ingxelo ilumkisa ukuba amapolisa ase-US nakwihlabathi liphela akaqeqeshekanga ngokufanelekileyo ukuthoba nokuhlonipha amalungelo abaqhanqalazi, kwaye ubukho nje bezixhobo zokulawula isihlwele ezandleni zamapolisa odushe kunokubangela ukungavisisani ezitratweni.
Ingxelo iphinda ibonise ukuba izixhobo zokulawula isihlwele zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulwa nemibutho yentlalontle elwela amalungelo abantu abaMnyama, abantu boMthonyama okanye be-LGBTQ kunye namanye amaqela angathathi hlangothi, ngelixa uqhanqalazo olude olufana nohlaselo lwe-6 kaJanuwari kwiCapitol lufumana impendulo ethe cwaka. .
Ngokusekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe neengcali ezingama-22 zenkululeko yoluntu, le ngxelo iqukumbela ngelithi uqhanqalazo lweBlack Lives Matter oluchasene nogonyamelo lwamapolisa lwahlangatyezwa “nogonyamelo oluphakame ngendlela engathethekiyo.” Ubundlobongela obuchasene nabaqhankqalazi bendalo buyanda kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya ne-US, apho amapolisa aphethe imipu yesintu kutshanje adubule abulala umkhuseli wehlathi e-Atlanta owaziwa ngokuba yi "Tortuguita" phantsi kweemeko ezikrokrisayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yeenyembezi kunye nesitshizi sepepile ukusasaza iindibano zikawonke wonke kusaxhaphakile kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ngelixa kujongwe ukuba kusasazwe izihlwele ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo omkhulu, ubuncinci abantu abayi-119,000 bonzakele “ziikhemikhali ezicaphukisayo” ukusukela ngo-2015 kwihlabathi liphela. Idatha itsalwa kwiincwadi zonyango ezikhoyo, kwaye inani langempela lokulimala - kubandakanywa ukukhubaza, ukulimala kwexesha elide kunye nokufa okubangelwa yimpembelelo yeegesi zegesi ezikhatywayo ezikhutshwe njengeprojekthi-kunokwenzeka ukuba ziphezulu kakhulu.
Ngelixa izixhobo zolawulo lwabantu zibizwa ngokuba “ziyingozi kangako,” ukufa kunye nokwenzakala okugonyayo kuxelwe kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi xa amapolisa edubula izitshizi zodidi lomkhosi kubaqhankqalazi okanye izihlwele.
Kukho imigangatho embalwa yamazwe ngamazwe yokumisela ukuba yintoni eyenza isixhobo sokulawula isihlwele “singabi yingozi kangako,” kwaye uninzi lwamazwe alulawuli ishishini elivelisa izixhobo okanye lubonelele uluntu ngolwazi malunga nendlela izixhobo ezisebenza ngayo, zeziphi iikhemikhali ezinokuba nazo kwaye indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngokuchasene nabantu kubomi bokwenyani.
"Lixesha elidlulileyo apho oorhulumente bavala iimbumbulu zerabha kuzo zonke iisetingi zolawulo lwabantu abaninzi - i-kinetic impact projectiles ayinakuze isetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo kwiindawo zoqhanqalazo," utshilo uHaar. "Ukongeza, oorhulumente kufuneka bakhuphe izixhobo zokulawula abantu emthunzini kwaye bagunyazise ingxelo yoluntu malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo kunye nokuphendula ngokusetyenziswa kakubi."
Ishishini likhula kuphela, kunye "nenoveli" kunye nezixhobo ezixubileyo ezifana neenkanunu zamanzi eziqulethe i-pepper spray, izixhobo ze-electron-shock okanye i-Tasers (eye yabangela ubuncinane ukufa kwe-100 elugcinweni lwamapolisa e-US kuphela), kunye ne-cannons yesandi esikhulayo indlela yabo isiya ezandleni zamapolisa odushe.
"Ngaphandle kokuba zisetyenziswa kaninzi kangakanani kuqhanqalazo kwihlabathi liphela kunye namawaka okwenzakala nokufa ngenxa yoko, akukho migaqo ibalulekileyo okanye iimfuno zokunika ingxelo kwiiarhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kwizixhobo zolawulo lwabantu abaninzi kumazwe amaninzi," Wathi uHaar.
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