Ngaba awuboni okubhaliweyo kwiscreen esichukumisayo? I-techno-utopia iphezu kwethu. Sihambile kwii-smartphones ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ukuya kwiifriji ezikrelekrele kunye neemoto ezikrelekrele. Iinguqu eziguqukayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziya kuhlala zisihla. Ngo-2018, kunjalo phambili Gartner, uphando lweteknoloji yolwazi kunye nenkampani yokucebisa, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithathu baya kusebenzela "abaphathi be-robo" kwaye ngokukhawuleza thina - okanye ubuncinane abacebileyo phakathi kwethu - baya kuthenga kwiivenkile ezinkulu ezizenzekelayo kunye nokulala kwiihotele zerobhothi.
Ngayo yonke le techno-triumphalism igqobhoza kwihlabathi lethu eligcwele idijithali, ayimangalisi into yokuba abezomthetho bajonge kwitekhnoloji - "ubupolisa obukrelekrele," nabani na? -ukunceda ukubuyisela intembeko yoluntu emva kokusweleka kukaMichael Brown ngo-2014 eFerguson, eMissouri, kunye uluhlu olude wamanye amadoda antsundu angaxhobanga abulawa ngamapolisa eAnytown, eMelika. Uluvo lokuba itekhnoloji inendima eqinisekileyo ekufuneka iyidlalile ekuphuculeni umsebenzi wamapolisa, enyanisweni, yayiyiplanki esembindini yeqela likaMongameli Obama lohlengahlengiso lwamapolisa.
Kwingxelo yayo, ekhutshwe ngoMeyi ophelileyo, i-Task Force kwi-21st Century Policing igxininise indima ebalulekileyo yetekhnoloji ekukhuthazeni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho engcono, igxininisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhamera zomzimba wamapolisa ekudaleni ukuvuleka okukhulu. "Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha," kunjalo zifunyenwe, "inokunika amasebe asebupoliseni ithuba lokuzibandakanya ngokupheleleyo kunye nokufundisa uluntu kwingxoxo malunga nokulindela kwabo elubala, uxanduva kunye nobumfihlo."
Ngokwenene, ingxelo igxininise iindlela apho amapolisa anokuzibandakanya noluntu, asebenze ngentsebenziswano, kwaye enze izinto elubala ekusebenziseni ezo teknoloji zintsha. Mhlawumbi akusayi kukhwankqisa ukufunda, nangona kunjalo, ukuba inyaniso engokwasemthethweni yobupolisa benkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ayibonakali ngathi ayifani naleyo yayikhuthazwa ngumbutho. Amasebe amapolisa kuzwelonke amkela ubugcisa obutsha obunamandla obukwazi ngokumangalisayo ukungena kubumfihlo babantu, kwaye ixesha elininzi ezi zifakwa emfihlekweni, ngaphandle kwesaziso soluntu okanye ingxoxo, singasathethi ke ngemvume.
Kwaye ngelixa ingxelo yeqela labasebenzi ithetha zonke izinto ezilungileyo, ukugrumba okuncinci kutyhila ukuba iifedi azigcini nje ngokubeka iziqhoboshi ekusebenziseni amapolisa ngokungafanelekanga kobuchwepheshe, kodwa ziyayikhuthaza - nokuba ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobuchwephesha. ukholelwa ukuba uya kugcina amapolisa enyanisekile. Ukuyibeka ngokuthe ngqo, i-techno-utopia ayikho kude kumda, kodwa i-flipside yayo inokuba.
Ukuqaqanjelwa kwaye ungayazi nokuyazi
UShemar Taylor utyholwa ngokuphanga umqhubi wepizza ekhombe ngompu. Amapolisa afumana incwadi egunyazisa ukugqogqa ikhaya lakhe aza ambamba emva kokuva ukuba iselfowuni eyayisetyenziselwa ukuodola ipizza yayisendlini yakhe. Indlela amapolisa alandele ngayo indawo yaloo fowuni yinto eyenziwa ligqwetha likaTaylor bendifuna ukwazi.
Umcuphi wamapolisa aseBaltimore wabiza iqonga kwityala likaTaylor wayebaleka. โKukho izixhobo esiza kuzisebenzisa endingazukuxoxa ngazo,โ utshilo. Xa iJaji uBarry Williams yamyalela ukuba axoxe ngayo, akazange avume, egxininisa ukuba isebe lakhe lisayine isivumelwano sokungachazi kunye ne-FBI.
โAwunaso isivumelwano sokungachazi nto nenkundla,โ yaphendula ijaji, igrogrisa ngokudelela umcuphi ukuba akaphenduli. Waphinda wala kwakhona. Ekugqibeleni, kunokuba aveze iteknoloji eyayifumene iselula kaTaylor enkundleni, abatshutshisi bagqiba ekubeni baburhoxise ubungqina, bebeka esichengeni ityala labo.
Kwaye ungacingi ukuba lo mboniso wenkundla wawukhethekile okanye wawungaqhelekanga kule mihla. Enyanisweni, yayiluphawu nje olunye lwelinge elichukumisayo lelizwe lonke lokugcina ubugcisa obuhlaselayo nobuthandabuzekayo ngokomgaqo-siseko ukuba buhlolisiswe, nokuba ziinkundla okanye luluntu.
Itekhnoloji ekuthethwa ngayo yaziwa ngokuba yi-โStingray,โ igama lebrendi yento ebizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba sisilingisi sesayithi yeseli okanye i-IMSI catcher. Ngu ukulinganisa inqaba yeselula, esi sixhobo, ngophuhliso kumabala edabi aphesheya, ifumana iiselfowuni ezikufutshane ukuze ziqhagamshele kuyo. Isebenza kancinci njengomdlalo wabantwana iMarco Polo. โMarco,โ isifanisi seselfowuni siyakhwaza kwaye zonke iiselfowuni ezikuloo nethiwekhi kwindawo ziphendula, โPolo, nasi isazisi sam!โ
Enkosi kule nkqubo yokufowuna kunye nokuphendula, i-Stingray iyazi zombini ukuba zeziphi iiselfowuni kwindawo kwaye ziphi. Ngamanye amazwi, iqokelela ulwazi hayi malunga nomrhanelwa othile kuphela, kodwa nabaphi na abantu ababukeleyo kwindawo ngokunjalo. Ngelixa amapolisa anokusebenzisa obu buchwepheshe ukukhomba indawo yomrhanelwa, ngokuphosa umnatha obanzi kangako kukwakho ukubakho kweentlobo ezininzi zokuxhatshazwa komgaqo-siseko - umzekelo, ukutshayela iinkcukacha zakhe wonke umntu ozimase uqhanqalazo okanye intlanganiso yezopolitiko. Ezinye Stingrays ekwaziyo ukuqokelela iinombolo ID cell phone kuphela kodwa amanani ezo phones ukuba ucofe kunye neencoko zomnxeba. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Stingray bubugcisa obunokuthi buvule ucango lokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukutshayela ulwazi ebekungekudala lungafumaneki kubo.
Konke oku kuphakamisa iintlobo zemiba yomgaqo-siseko enokuthi isonjululwe kwiinkundla kunye neengxoxo zoluntuโฆ ngaphandle kokuba, ewe, ubuchwepheshe bugcinwa buyimfihlo, nto leyo kanye ibisenzeka.
Emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-Stingrays yaba ngowokuqala umbiko in 2011, i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye namanye amaqela zamatshantliziyo azama ukufumana ngakumbi malunga nendlela iteknoloji eyayisetyenziswa ngayo, kuphela ukubaleka ngokukhawuleza ukuchasana okunzima ukusuka kumasebe amapolisa kwilizwe lonke. Ukunikezelwa "ngezicelo zeerekhodi ezivulekileyo" phantsi koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi-njengemithetho karhulumente, baphantse bakuchasa ngokufanayo ukuxela ulwazi malunga nezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngokwenza njalo, bahlala bekhankanya izivumelwano zokungabonakali abazityikitye kunye ne-Harris Corporation, umenzi we-Stingray, kunye ne-FBI, bebavimbela ukuba baxelele nabani na (kubandakanywa nezinye iimpahla zaseburhulumenteni) malunga nendlela-okanye nokuba-basebenzisa izixhobo.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukuphepha okunjalo kufikelela kumanqanaba asondeleyo ahlekisayo. Umzekelo, amapolisa kwisixeko saseSunrise, eFlorida, anikezela ngesicelo sokuvula iirekhodi, wala ukuqinisekisa okanye ukukhanyela ukuba babenazo naziphi na iirekhodi zeStingray. Phantsi kokhuselo lwesigwebo senkundla yokhuseleko yesizwe, iCIA kunye ne-NSA ngamanye amaxesha zibhenela kweli qhinga libalekayo (elibizwa ngokuba "Impendulo yeGlomar"). Isebe lePolisa laseSunrise, nangona kunjalo, ayisiyi-CIA, kwaye akukho lungiselelo kumthetho waseFlorida onokuvumela ukuba lithathe i-tack enjalo. Xa i-ACLU yabonisa ukuba isebe sele lithumele iirekhodi zokuthenga ze-Stingrays kwiwebhusayithi kawonkewonke, inikezele ngeekopi eziphindwe kabini zaloo maxwebhu kwaye yazama ukubiza i-ACLU $ 20,000 kwiirekhodi ezongezelelweyo.
Kwisiganeko esingaqhelekanga, iSebe lePolisa laseSarasota laliza kuguqula ezinye iirekhodi ze-Stingray kwi-ACLU ngokuhambelana nomthetho weerekhodi ezivulekileyo zaseFlorida, xa i-US Marshals Service. yangena yambamba iirekhodi kuqala, libanga ukuba lingabanini kuba lalibambe igosa lasekuhlaleni elinye. Kwaye iinzame ezigqithisileyo ekusithekeni aziphelelanga nje eFlorida, njengoko abo bathweswe ityala lokunyanzelisa umthetho bezibophelela ekusithekeni kweStingray ngendlela ebenza ukuba babe ngabaphuli-mthetho.
Kwaye ayiloluntu kuphela oluvinjwa ulwazi malunga nezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo; benjalo nabagwebi. Rhoqo, amapolisa afumana utyikityo lwejaji ukuze abekwe iliso ngaphandle kokuzihlupha ngokuchaza ukuba aya kusebenzisa iStingray. Ngapha koko, amagosa ahlala ekuphepha ukuchaza itekhnoloji kwiijaji, ebanga ukuba abanako ukwaphula ezo zivumelwano ze-FBI zokungabhengezi.
Ngamaxesha amaninzi, amapolisa asebenzisa iStingrays ngaphandle kokuzikhathaza ngokufumana isigunyaziso, endaweni yoko afune umyalelo wenkundla ukuvumela ngakumbi umgangatho osemthethweni. Le yinxalenye yomtsalane weteknoloji entsha yabasemagunyeni: akukho nto ilungiswayo malunga nendlela yokuyisebenzisa. Iijaji zesibheno eTallahassee, eFlorida, umzekelo, phendla ukuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni asebenzise esi sixhobo izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-200 ngaphandle kwemvume. ESacramento, eCalifornia, amapolisa yamkelwa enkundleni ukuba babe, kuphando olungaphezulu kwama-500, basebenzise iStingrays ngaphandle kokuxelela abagwebi okanye abatshutshisi. Olo โyayiluqikelelo oluqikelelweyo,โ kuba babengenandlela yokwazi elona nani lichanekileyo kuba babezicime ngokulula iirekhodi zokusetyenziswa kukaStingray emva kobungqina obufunyenwe zizixhobo kubacuphi.
Uninzi lwale ngubo yokufihlakala, esasazeke kwilizwe liphela, iye yacwangciswa yi-FBI, eye yafuna amasebe alapha ekhaya alangazelela obona buchwepheshe bushushu buza kutyikitya ezo. izivumelwano zokungaxeli. Isivumelwano esinye, yafunyanwa e-Oklahoma, iyalela ngokucacileyo amapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuba afumane "iindlela zophando ezongezelelweyo nezizimeleyo" ukuxhasa ubungqina bukaStingray. Ngamafutshane, bazakugquma ukusetyenziswa kwe-Stingrays ngokwenza ngathi ulwazi lwabo lufunyenwe ngenye indlela-uhlobo lomgaqo-siseko oyingozi owaziwa ngokuba yi-euphemistically kwizangqa zokunyanzeliswa komthetho njenge "ulwakhiwo oluhambelanayo.โ Ngoku olo lwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kobu buchwepheshe butsha luyaphuma - njengakwityala likaShemar Taylor eBaltimore - abagwebi baqala ukugweba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweStingray ngokwenene kufuna iwaranti. Bakwagxininisa ukuba amapolisa kufuneka axelele ngokuchanekileyo abagwebi xa bejonge ukusebenzisa i-Stingray kwaye bachaze iziphumo zayo zabucala.
Inkunkuma ngaphakathi, inkunkuma iphumile
Kwaye ayisiyiyo i-Stingray kuphela ethatha imikhosi yamapolisa yasekhaya kwindawo entsha nengaziwayo yomgaqo-siseko othandabuzekayo kodwa ubuchwephesha obuhenda kakhulu. Qwalasela umkhwa omtsha oshushu "wokuqikelelwa kobupolisa." Iimveliso zayo azinakuba zikumgangatho ophezulu. Bahamba ngamagama ahlukeneyo afana ne-PredPol (ewe, imfutshane kwi-predictive policing) kunye ne-HunchLab (kwaye akukho nto iphosakeleyo nge-hunch, ikhona?). Into abayithembisayo bonke, nangona kunjalo, yinto enye: ubupolisa obungakhethi cala obakhelwe kutsha nje kwisoftware yekhompyuter kwaye bukwazi ukusebenzisa idatha enkulu ngeendlela - ukuze abathengisi babo bakuxelele - banokumisela ngokupholileyo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokwenzeka phi. kwenzeke ngokulandelayo.
Ubuchwephesha obunjalo bubambe isithembiso sokuvumela ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho ukuba zifake izixhobo zazo kwiindawo ezizifuna kakhulu ngaphandle kwaloo nto imbi yokucalucalulwa kwabantu ukubandakanyeka. "Iindlela eziqikelelwayo zivumela amapolisa ukuba asebenze ngokuthe kratya ngezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo," Iingxelo iRAND Corporation. Kodwa isoftware entsha ibonelela ngento enomtsalane njengobupolisa obusebenzayo- kanye into ebifunwa ngumbutho kamongameli. Ngokutsho kwenkokeli yemarike I-PredPol, itekhnoloji yayo "inika amagosa ithuba lokusebenzisana nabahlali, inceda ekwakhiweni kobudlelwane kunye nokomeleza amaqhina oluntu."
Enjani idyllic! Kwi-post-Ferguson America, leyo yindlela yokuthengisa ephumelelayo yabenzi bezigqibo ngeblue. Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ukuba i-PredPol isetyenziswa ngoku malunga nama-60 ee-arhente zogcino-mthetho eUnited States, kwaye imali eyinkunzi yotyalo-mali iqhubeka nokugalela kwinkampani. Ngo-2013, SF ngeveki umbiko ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-150 yamasebe kwilizwe liphela ebesele esebenzisa isoftware yobupolisa exelwe kwangaphambili, kwaye loo manani anokonyuka kuphela njengoko amandla okwenza imali kwi-craze atsale itekhnoloji enzima efana IBM, Microsoft, yaye Palantir, Ukwenziwa ngokubambisana kwe-PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel.
NjengoStingray, isoftware yamapolisa aqikelelwayo yenye enye into ephuma kwiimfazwe zelizwe ezikude. I-PredPol yaba, ngokutsho SF ngeveki, ekuqaleni eyenzelwe "ukulandelela abavukeli kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili ukulimala e-Iraq," kwaye yayixhaswa ngemali yiPentagon. Omnye wabacebisi benkampani, UHarsh Patel, esetyenziselwa ukusebenzela Kwi-Q-Ifowuni, iCIA's venture capital firm.
Abantu abalwela inkululeko yoluntu kunye nabalweli bamalungelo oluntu, nangona kunjalo, abachukumiseki kangako koko kunconywa njengempumelelo yetekhnoloji yamapolisa. Sithanda ukuyijonga njengeseti yeendlela ezintsha ezinokuthi amapolisa aqhubeke nembali ende yokubhala iprofayili kunye nokugwebela ulutsha oluhluphekayo kunye nolutsha oluncinci. Sikwathandabuza nokuba itekhnoloji iyasebenza na njengoko ipapashiwe. Njengoko siyibona, intetho yakudala ethi "inkunkuma ngaphakathi, khupha inkunkuma" inokuchaza ngcono indlela isoftware entsha eza kusebenza ngayo, okanye njengoko iRAND Corporation ibeka, "iziqikelelo zilungile kuphela njengedatha esisiseko esetyenzisiweyo ukuzenza. โ
Ukuba, ngokomzekelo, isoftware ixhomekeke kwidatha yolwaphulo-mthetho lwembali evela kumkhosi wamapolisa ocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ngoko iza kuthumela isikhukula samagosa kwindawo efanayo ebesoloko ingaphaya-kobupolisa. Kwaye ukuba oko kuyenzeka, ewe, abasebenzi abaninzi baya kufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho olungakumbi - kwaye i-presto, unokuba nethuba lokufumana impendulo echanekileyo yocalucalulo, ukubanjwa, kunye "nempumelelo" yobugcisa obuphezulu. Ukuqonda ukuba kuthetha ukuthini oko, khumbula ukuba, ngaphandle kwekhompyuter emehlweni, phantse abantu abamnyama abaphindwe kane njengabamhlophe babanjelwa ukuba nentsangu, nangona ukusetyenziswa phakathi kwala maqela mabini ku. malunga ngokufanayo.
Ukuba ushiya ecaleni imiba yomkhethe, kusekho umbuzo osisiseko ekufuneka uwuphendule malunga netekhnoloji entsha: Ngaba isoftware iyasebenza okanye, ngenxa yoko, banciphise ulwaphulo-mthetho? Ewe kunjalo, iinkampani ezithengisa iimveliso ezinjalo zinyanzelisa ukuba yenze njalo, kodwa akukho lucazululo luzimeleyo okanye uphononongo olusele luqinisekisile ukusebenza kwayo kude kube ngunyaka ophelileyo - okanye bekubonakala ngathi ekuqaleni.
NgoDisemba 2015, i Ijenali ye-American Statistical Association ishicilelwe uphononongo olwazisa uvuyo kushishino lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho oluqikelelwayo. Abaphandi bophononongo bagqibe kwelokuba i-algorithm yokuqikelela ubupolisa iphumelele ukodlula abahlalutyi bomntu ekuboniseni apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luya kwenzeka, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kolwaphulo-mthetho lokwenyani emva kokuba amagosa athunyelwe kwiindawo ezineflegi. Ingxaki enye kuphela: abahlanu kwaba babhali abasixhenxe babambe isitokhwe sePredPol, kwaye ababini babengabaseki benkampani. Kuyo website, I-PredPol ichonga uphando njenge "UCLA study," kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-PredPol i-co-founder uJeffery Brantingham nguprofesa we-anthropology apho.
Ubupolisa obuqikelelwayo yindawo entsha kraca apho amanqaku emibuzo akhona maninzi. Ukungafihli kufuneka kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvavanyeni le teknoloji, kodwa iinkampani ngokubanzi aziyi kuvumela uluntu ekujoliswe kulo ukuba luphonononge ikhowudi esemva kwayo. โBesifuna ingcaciso ethe kratya malunga nendlela esebenze ngayo yonke le nto, kwaye saxelelwa ukuba yonke le nto ibinini,โ uKim Harris, isithethi sikaBellingham, iWashington's Racial Justice Coalition, xelelwe le Iprojekthi yeMarshall emva kokuba isixeko sithenge isoftware enjalo ngoAgasti ophelileyo. โAsizange sithuthuzeleke yile nkqubo.โ
Isebe lamaPolisa eBellingham, eli kuthengwa isoftware yokuxela kwangaphambili eyenziwe yi-Bair Analytics kunye nesibonelelo seSebe lezoBulungisa seedola ezingama-21,200, akuzange kudingeke ukuba ihambe kwibhunga lesixeko ukuze ivunywe kwaye ayizange ibambe iintlanganiso zoluntu ukuxoxa ngophuhliso okanye ukuchaza indlela isoftware esebenza ngayo. Ngenxa yokuba ikhowudi yeyomnini, uluntu alukwazi ngokuzimeleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba alunangxaki enkulu.
Nokuba idatha esisiseko sesoftware yobupolisa eqikelelwayo ngokuchanekileyo ilindele ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka phi ngokwenene - kwaye loo nto inkulu ukuba - imibuzo yobulungisa obusisiseko isavela. Abantu abamsulwa abahlala okanye abadlula kwiindawo ezichongiweyo ezinolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kuya kufuneka bajongane nokwanda kobukho bamapolisa, okuthi, xa kunikwe imbali yamva nje, kuya kuthetha ukubuza ngakumbi okanye ukumisa kunye nokubetha - kunye nokubanjelwa izinto ezinje ngokuba nentsangu apho abemi abatyebileyo bakhona. Ngaphezu koko, ukungalingani okunokubakho kuko konke oku kunokuba mbi ngakumbi njengoko amasebe amapolisa esizisa kwi-intanethi obunye ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nokuqondwa kobuso.
Sikwicala "lokugcinwa kwedatha enkulu," cebisa unjingalwazi wezomthetho u-Andrew Ferguson, oya โkuguqula nawuphi na umrhanelwa ongaziwayo ukuba abe ngumrhanelwa owaziwayo,โ evumela igosa ukuba โlikhangele ulwazi olunokuthethelela ukurhanelwa okufanelekileyoโ kwaye ikhokelele kwiziganeko zokumisa kunye nokubuza imibuzo. Khawufane ucinge ukuba unengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho yamashumi eminyaka ubudala kwaye ujongene namapolisa axhobe ngobu buchwepheshe bunamandla, obuhlaselayo.
Oku kungakhokelela ekubeni โubuzwilakhe be-algorithmโ kunye nesivumelwano sikaFaustian apho uluntu luya luphulukana nenkululeko yalo kwiindawo ezithile ngenxa yokoyika ukhuseleko lwalo. "I-Soviet Union yayinolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinci ngokuphawulekayo ezitalatweni xa yayikweyona ndawo imbi kakhulu yolawulo lwayo," isazi ngezentlalo ye-MIT uGary Marx. ya phawula. โKodwa, thixo wam, ngeliphi ixabiso?โ
Ukurekhoda kunye nokuKhonzaโฆ Ezo ziBlue
Ngobusuku bukaJuni ngo-2013, uAugustin Reynoso wafumanisa ukuba ibhayisekile yakhe ibibiwe kwi-CVS kwihlomela-dolophu yaseLos Angeles eGardena. Unogada wevenkile wabiza amapolisa ngelixa umntakwabo Reynoso uRicardo Diaz Zeferino kunye nabahlobo ababini bezama ukufumana ibhayisekile elahlekileyo ebumelwaneni. Akufika amapolisa, akhawuleza ayalela abahlobo bakhe ababini ukuba baphakamise izandla zabo. UZeferino wabaleka, ekhalazela ukuba amapolisa anamadoda angalunganga. Ngelo xesha, bamxelela ukuba aphakamise izandla zakhe, naye. Uye wehlisa waphakamisa izandla njengoko amapolisa emkhwaza. Wathi akukhulula umnqwazi wakhe webaseball, wehlisa izandla zakhe, waza waqalisa ukuziphakamisa kwakhona, wadutyulwa wafa.
Amapolisa agxininisa kwelokuba izenzo zikaZeferino โyayisisongeloโ yaye ngoko ukudutyulwa kwabo kwakuthetheleleka. Babeneevidiyo ezimbini ezithathwe ziikhamera zemoto yamapolisa - kodwa bala ukuzikhulula.
Nangona amasebe amapolisa kwilizwe lonke ebesilwa nawo nawuphi na umoya wokuvuleleka okutsha, iikhamera zemoto kunye neekhamera zomzimba zinike isithembiso sokuzisa elubala izinto ezintsha ezenziwa ngamagosa ngesingqi. Yiyo loo nto i-ACLU kunye namaqela amaninzi amalungelo oluntu, kunye noMongameli u-Obama, bathethe ngokuthanda ubuchwephesha bokuphucula ubudlelwane bamapolisa noluntu - kodwa kuphela, ukuba amapolisa anyanzelekile ukuba akhulule iividiyo kwiimeko ezibandakanya izityholo. yokuxhatshazwa. Kwaye amasebe amaninzi alwa oko kabukhali.
EChicago, umzekelo, amapolisa ayechasa ngokugqithisileyo ukukhutshwa kwevidiyo yedashcam ekubulaweni kukaLaquan McDonald, ecaphula into ekucingelwa ukuba iyimfuneko "yophando oluqhubekayo." Emva kokuchasa ixesha elingaphezu konyaka, ekugqibeleni ijaji yayalela ukuba le vidiyo yenziwe esidlangalaleni. Kuphela emva koko ihlazo lokubona iGosa uJason Van Dyke ngokungeyomfuneko ukumpompa iimbumbulu ezili-16 kumzimba we-17 leminyaka ubudala kuqhume kwingqondo yesizwe.
Kwimeko kaZeferino, amapolisa alungisa isimangalo nentsapho yakhe ngezigidi ezisisi-4.7 zeerandi kodwa aqhubeka esala ukukhupha ezo vidiyo. Kwathatha iminyaka emibini phambi kwejaji ekugqibeleni wayalela ukukhululwa kwabo, ukuvumela uluntu ukuba ukubona ukudubula ngokwayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Ephreli 2015 iBhodi yabaKomishinala bamaPolisa eLos Angeles kuvunywe umgaqo-nkqubo wekhamera yomzimba osileleyo ekuqinisekiseni ukucaca kwixesha elizayo, ngelixa ukhusela kwaye ukhonza iimfuno zeSebe lamaPolisa aseLos Angeles (LAPD). Ngokwenza oko, iluhoye uhlobo lwezona ndlela zilungileyo zibhengezwa yi-White House, iqela likamongameli elijongene nomsebenzi wamapolisa, kunye neForam yoPhando lweSigqeba samaPolisa, enye yezona tanki zokucinga ezihlonitshwayo kulo msebenzi.
Kwithuba lokukhulula iividiyo ezityholwa ngokungaziphathi kakuhle kwamapolisa kunye nokuxhatshazwa, umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wahlala uthe cwaka, kodwa amagosa e-LAPD, kuquka neNtloko uCharlie Beck, akazange. Bakwenza kwacaca ukuba iividiyo ezinjalo ziya kukhululwa kumthetho weerekhodi zoluntu zaseCalifornia kwaye aziyi kukhululwa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yejaji. Enyanisweni, amapolisa ndigcine ilungelo ukukhupha ividiyo xa kwaye babone kufanelekile. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wokuzibhokoxa uphuma kwelona sebe lamapolisa likhulu kweli lizwe, namagosa alo wadubula wabulala abantu abangama-21 kunyaka ophelile.
Amanye amasebe kwilizwe liphela enze intshukumo efanayo ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lweevidiyo zekhamera yomzimba. I-Texas kunye noMzantsi Carolina, phakathi kwamanye amazwe, bade batshintsha imithetho yabo yeerekhodi ezivulekileyo ukunika amapolisa amandla xa kufuneka (okanye kungafuneki) ukhululwe. Ngamanye amazwi, xa ipolisa eligorha lisindisa umntwana orhaxwayo, uya kuyibona ividiyo; xa loo polisa efanayo imipu phantsi umrhanelwa ebalekayo, musa ukubala kuyo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngenxa yezikhundla ezichaziweyo zikamongameli kunye neqela lakhe lomsebenzi, urhulumente wobumbano ubonakala engenangxaki isisiseko kuloo nto. NgoMeyi 2015, umzekelo, iSebe lezoBulungisa umemezele iigranti ezikhuphisanayo zokuthengwa kweekhamera zebhodi yamapolisa, ukubophelela imali ngokusemthethweni kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwekhamera ye-body-cam. I-LAPD yenza isicelo. Nangona iileta ezivela kumaqela njenge-ACLU isalatha indlela embi ngayo inguqulelo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-body-cam, iSebe lezoBulungisa liye layinikezela $ 1 yezigidi ukuthenga malunga neekhamera ezingama-700 - ukuphendula kunye nokwenza izinto elubala makugwetywe.
Ukufumana imali kawonke-wonke ngesixhobo esenzelwe ukwenziwa elubala kunye nokuphendula kwaye siyijike ibe yenye yemfihlo kunye nokungohlwaywa, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwe-feds kunye nenkxaso yemali, ithumela umyalezo ocacileyo malunga nendlela iteknoloji entsha enokuthi ichaphazele ngayo izenzo zamapolisa kwixesha elizayo laseMelika. Yicinge njengocango oluvuleka ngokuthe chu kwi-dystopia yobupolisa enokubakho.
Molo ubumnyama, uMhlobo waMandla omdala
Gcina ukhumbula ukuba eli nqaku alikhange likrwempane xa lisiza kumanani akhulayo eendlela amapolisa asebenzisa ngayo itekhnoloji kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
Kwimimandla kunye nezixeko kulo lonke elaseMelika, ezinye iibhasi zikawonkewonke kunye neenkqubo zikaloliwe baye iqalile ukongeza kucupho lwevidiyo, ukurekhodwa okufihlakeleyo kweencoko zabakhweli, ukuvuthela komzimba okunokwenzeka kwingqikelelo yencoko yabucala kwindawo yoluntu. Kwaye nokuba iinguqulelo zokuqala zamapolisa axela kwangaphambili ziyasebenza ngokwenene, uluntu lonyanzeliso lomthetho sele lufudukela kwitekhnoloji eya kuzama ukuqikelela ukuba ngubani oza kuxela kwangaphambili. ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwilixa elizayo. EChicago, amapolisa asebenzisa uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi yoluntu kunye netekhnoloji yokuxela kwangaphambili ukwenza "uluhlu lobushushuโ kwabo basenokuthi ngenye imini baqhubele phambili ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo baze babatyelele ngoku. Awuyi kukhwankqiswa kukwazi ukuba leliphi icala lengoma abahluli bexesha elizayo bahlala kulo. Ingqiqo emva kwayo yonke le nto, njengesiqhelo, "lukhuseleko loluntu."
Kwaye akukho namnye umntu onokuqalisa ukuqikelela ukuba umthetho uya kuzifumana njani na kwitekhnoloji efana nenzululwazi yentsomi kwishumi leminyaka elizayo, ngaphantsi kwamashumi eminyaka ukusuka ngoku, nangona amapolisa ajikelezayo enokuthi kungekudala azi okuninzi ngawe nangexesha lakho elidlulileyo. Baya kuba nakho ukukhupha ulwazi olunjalo kubuninzi bogcino-lwazi ezandleni zabo, ngelixa uya kukwazi okuncinci okanye akukho nto malunga nabo - ukungalingani kwamandla okumangalisayo kwimeko apho umntu omnye anokuthi ahluthe omnye inkululeko okanye ubomi ngokwabo.
Ngengxoxo encinci kawonke-wonke, ehlala iyimfihlo phantse yonke, ukwanda kwamanani amasebe asebupoliseni asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze azixhobise kunoluntu alukhuselayo kwaye alusebenze. Ngexesha apho ukuthembela kwabomthetho kuphantsi ngendlela enobungozi, amasebe amapolisa kufuneka amkele amandla edemokhrasi etekhnoloji kunokuba abanike amandla angaphaya kwawomntu ngokuchitha intembeko yoluntu.
Ngelishwa, amandla athanda ubumnyama.
U-Matthew Harwood ngumbhali/umhleli ophezulu kunye neManyano ye-American Civil Liberties Union. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonakale Al Jazeera eMelika, i I-American Conservative, i Guardian, Guernica, show, Imfazwe iyadika, kwaye i Washington ngenyanga. Nguye TomDispatch njalo.
U-Jay Stanley ngumhlalutyi ophezulu womgaqo-nkqubo kunye neProjekthi ye-American Civil Liberty Union's Speech, Privacy, kunye neProjekthi. Ungumhleli we Ibhlog ye-ACLU โyekamva lasimahlaโ kwaye uye wabhalisa kwaye wabhalisa iindidi zeengxelo ze-ACLU malunga nobumfihlo kunye nezihloko zobuchwepheshe.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Urhulumente we-Shadow: Uqwalaselo, iMikhosi eyimfihlo, kunye ne-State Security State kwilizwe eliMandla oLodwa (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela