EFransi, ngowe-1792 yayingunyaka “wemvukelo yesibini.” Ngomhla we-10 ku-Agasti, uKumkani wabhukuqwa, wagqiba iminyaka emithathu "yobukhosi bomgaqo-siseko". Kangangeenyanga iNdibano yoWiso-mthetho yayivaleleke kungquzulwano noLouis XVI, ngoxa kwangaxeshanye isilwa imfazwe nxamnye nabemi baseAustria namaPrussia ababehlasela. Izihlwele zaseParis zazisombulula loo mbambano ngezenzo ezithe ngqo, zahlasela ibhotwe laseTuileries kwaye zabamba uKumkani. Ukuphendula, iNdibano yabiza unyulo jikelele - unyulo lokuqala eYurobhu olwenziwa phantsi kwelungelo lehlabathi lamadoda akhulileyo. Kwakuza kudlula iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi uphindwe.
Ulonyulo, olwalubanjwe kwiiveki ezimbini zokuqala zikaSeptemba, lwaluyimibhiyozo, izihlandlo zokuzingca zedemokhrasi eziphawulwe ziingxoxo-mpikiswano ezibanzi, kwaye iziphumo zaba bubungqina obuvakalayo besenzo senkitha yaseParis. Amasekela angama-750 anyulelwe “kwiNgqungquthela” ayezibophelele kakhulu ekusekweni kweRiphabhliki entsha, nangona kungekudala babeza kuwa ngobundlongondlongo kulawulo lwayo.
Umhla we-10 ka-Agasti ungenise kungekuphela nje iRiphabhlikhi entsha kodwa amandla amatsha: abantu baseParis be-plebeian ababeza kwaziwa njenge. sans cullottes. Belungelelaniswe kumaCandelo (iikomiti zaselumelwaneni) nakwiCommune of Paris, kulo nyaka uzayo babeza kuhlanganisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze banyanzelise “inkqubo yabo ethandwayo” kwiNdibano edla ngokuba mathidala. Loo nkqubo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje imilinganiselo engqongqo ngokuchasene 'nabachasene noguqulo-guquko' kodwa nolawulo lwamaxabiso kunye neentshukumo ezichasene nabahodi kunye nabaqikeleli. Ukuba le 'yayiyi-revolution yoohlohlesakhe', kukho umntu olibale ukubaxelela sans-cullottes.
Kunyaka wovukelo lwesibini, impembelelo yoguqulo yaphuphuma kwiindidi ezimiselweyo kwaye yadlula imiqobo yakudala.
Kwiziqithi zaseBritane, eyona nto yayithengiswa kakhulu yayiyiThomas Paine Amalungelo oMntu, ebulela isimbo sayo esicacileyo kodwa esidlamkileyo, ixabiso layo eliphantsi kunye nokukhanyela kukaPaine oko namhlanje kuya kubizwa ngokuba 'amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda', kwafikelela kumakhulu amawaka, kuquka amagcisa aseLondon, abasebenzi basemaphandleni kunye nabasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso emitsha. KwiCandelo I, elapapashwa ekuqaleni kowe-1791, uPaine wakhusela iNguqulelo yesiFrentshi waza wachaza oko kwadlulayo kumgaqo-siseko waseBritani. Wathi: “Inxalenye yenkululeko enanditshwa eNgilani yanele nje ukukhobokisa ilizwe ngendlela enemveliso ngakumbi kunokuba licinezele.”
KwiCandelo II, elapapashwa ngoFebruwari 1792, uPaine wazondisa iingxoxo zakhe zeriphabliki. Egxininisa ukuba “kukuphela kweengenelo ezinokuvela kuhlaziyo olungaphelelanga,” walumkisa ngelithi: “Ukutshintsha kwabaphathiswa lilize. Kuphuma omnye, kungene omnye; kusuke kusukelwe kwaloo milinganiso, nobutshinga, nokugqithisela. Ayithethi ukuba ngubani na ongumlungiseleli. Isiphene sikwinkqubo.”
Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwiSigaba sesi-II, uPaine watyhalela inguqu yedemokhrasi kummandla wezoqoqosho. Wachaza eyona nto iphambili ekuchaseni inkqubela yaseYurophu: “Inxalenye enkulu yoluntu, kumazwe achubekileyo, ikwimeko yobuhlwempu nobugxwayiba, engaphantsi lee kweyomIndiya [waseMerika].” Uqukumbele ngelithi, “xa kumazwe ekuthiwa achubekile, sibona iminyaka isiya kwindawo yokusebenzela yaye ulutsha lusiya eluxolweni, kumele ukuba kukho undonakele kurhulumente.” Yaye yahlabela mgama iphakamisa, ngokweenkcukacha ezithile, oko kwakuya kwaziwa kamva njengeLizwe Lentlalo-ntle: iintlawulo zabantu abadala, abaneziphene nabazali babantwana abancinane; imfundo esisiseko jikelele kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu ukunika ingqesho enenzuzo. Konke oku "Akungenxa yobabalo kunye nobabalo, kodwa ngokulungileyo". Kwaye konke kuya kuxhaswa ngemali yinkqubo entsha yerhafu eqhubekayo kunye nokuthotywa kwenkcitho yasemkhosini. Ukukhangela idemokhrasi kuye kwakhokelela uPaine kwidemokhrasi yoluntu.
Isibakala sokuba kwakukho abaphulaphuli abakulungeleyo ukuva iingcamango zikaPaine kwaboniswa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweLondon Corresponding Society, kunye namaqumrhu afanayo eSheffield, eManchester nakwezinye iindawo. Izinikele kuhlaziyo lwepalamente kunye nenkululeko yamadoda kwindalo iphela, iMibutho eManyanisiweyo yayiyimibutho yokuqala yezopolitiko yaseBritane, ihlawulisa imali yepeni kuphela ngeveki. Usosiba owaseka iLCS, umkhandi wezihlangu uThomas Hardy, wachaza ukuba amalungu ayo amele “udidi lwamadoda afanelwe yimpatho elunge ngakumbi kunokuba ngokuqhelekileyo adibana nawo avela kulawo awondliwayo, nanxityiswayo, natyetyiswe ngumsebenzi wawo, ishishini okanye ubuchule bawo.”
I-Paine kunye nemibutho ehambelanayo yenze i-pole entsha yedemokhrasi kwipolitiki yase-Bhritane, ichaswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye norhulumente we-Pitt's Tory. Ibanjwe phakathi kwezi zimbini, i-Whigs yenkululeko yashukuma. UFox kunye neqela elincinci bema ngokuchasene nohlaselo lwenkululeko yoluntu kunye nokubuyela emfazweni neFransi, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe babekwa bodwa. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka iinkokeli ze-Whig, ziqhutywa luloyiko lwazo lwe-revolution, zangena kwinkonzo ka-Pitt-ingelilo ixesha lokugqibela i-Liberals iphendula kwingxaki yesizwe ngokudibana ne-Tory reaction.
IParis yayiyeyona nto iphambili, kodwa iziphumo zazisenzeka ehlabathini lonke. Ukosuleleka kwenguquko kwanwenwela eIreland, apho iUnited Irishmen yayiyilwe kunyaka ongaphambili, naseSkotlani apho ngoDisemba 1792, i-Edinburgh Friends of the People yalungiselela “indibano jikelele” yohlaziyo lwepalamente, eyayizinyaswe ngabathunywa abalikhulu elinamashumi amathandathu abavela. ezingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu iidolophu needolophana zaseSkotlani.
KwiCarribbean, ikoloni yaseFransi enengeniso enkulu yaseSan Domingue yaxhuzulwa luvukelo lwamakhoboka olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili. NgoAgasti we-19, indoda eyayiza kuba yinjengele yayo ebalaseleyo yakhupha isibongozo: “Bazalwana nabahlobo, ndinguToussaint L’Ouverture, igama lam mhlawumbi laziwa kuni. ndiphindezele. Ndifuna inkululeko kunye nokulingana ukuze kulawuleke eSan Domingo. Ndisebenzela ukubenza babekho. Zihlanganiseni kuthi bazalwana, nilwe nathi…” Ngokokuqala ngqa, iimbono zeEuropean Enlightenment zajikwa ngokuchasene namandla aseYurophu.
Phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga zowe-1792, umbuzo “wamalungelo omntu” nawo, ngokufutshane, waba ngumbuzo “wamalungelo amabhinqa.” Ngomhla wesi-6 kuMatshi, uPauline Leon, oneminyaka engama-23 ubudala waseParisi-chocolate-menzi, wafunda isikhalazo kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho efuna ukusekwa komlindi wesizwe wabasetyhini. Uxwebhu lwezikhalazo lusayinwe ngabafazi baseParis abangama-319, kubandakanywa abapheki, abathungi, abathengisi beemarike, abafazi kunye neentombi zabathungi bezihlangu, amaxhwele, amagqwetha kunye noogqirha. Nge-26 kaMatshi, u-Theroigne de Merincourt oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, umntu owenziwe ngothando kwaye enziwe iidemon ngababhali-mbali kunye noonoveli, kwintetho kwelinye lamacandelo aseParis, wathatha umnxeba welungelo lomfazi lokuthwala izixhobo ukuya kumhlaba obanzi. “Thelekisa into esiyiyo nento esifanele sibe yiyo kwintlalontle… Yaphula imixokelelwane yethu. Lixesha lokugqibela lokuba abafazi baphume kubulize babo obulihlazo, apho ukungazi, ikratshi nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwamadoda kuye kwawagcina ekhotyokiswe ixesha elide kangaka.”
Ngaphesheya kwetshaneli, kwangaxeshanye, uMary Wollstonecraft wayemgqibezela Ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungelo abasetyhini, ukwandisa uhlalutyo lwentando yesininzi lukaPaine kubudlelwane besini. Ngononophelo njengoko i-Wollstonecraft yayiqhubela phambili, igxile kakhulu kumalungelo abasetyhini kwimfundo kwaye ingakhankanyi ngokulingana kwezopolitiko, umsebenzi wakhe wamkelwa ngoloyiko ziiklasi ezithobekileyo kwaye waphoswa kwelokulibala eyona nxalenye yenkulungwane.
Wabelana ngeso siphelo kunye nabaninzi beearhente zoguqulo zika-1792, eyayingunyaka wokusabela. Isibhengezo saseRoyal ngoMeyi, esijolise kwiPaine kunye nemibutho ehambelanayo, yaphawula ukuqala kweshumi leminyaka yocinezelo ("Ubugrogrisi bukaPitt" kwintsomi edumileyo) buqatha njengayo nantoni na kwimbali yaseBritane. Umphumo waba kukuthuliswa kwenkcaso emandla kunye nokutyunyuzwa kweminqweno ethandwayo, ngexesha apho ubuzwe baseBritane obuqhutywa yi-elite lwale mihla lwenziwa, uphuhliso oluneziphumo ziseninzi kuthi.
U-Paine ngokwakhe wasinda ngokulambisa ekubanjweni xa ngoSeptemba wawela umjelo ukuze ahlale esihlalweni sakhe njengesekela elinyuliweyo kwiNgqungquthela. Umguquli wokuqala wehlabathi wajongana nomngeni kwabanye abameli bakhe: “Ekuboneni uBukhosi bupheliswa neRiphablikhi imiselwe, yonke iFransi iye yavakala ngokuncoma ngamxhelo mnye. Ukanti abanye abaqhwaba izandla abayiqondi ngokwaneleyo imeko abayishiyayo okanye into abayicingelayo… kuncinane ukuwisa isithixo; sisiseko ekufuneka siphulwe phezu kwako konke.”
Kwisithuba esingaphantsi konyaka, uPaine wayeza kuvalelwa luhlaziyo awayelubhiyozela. Ekukhululweni kwakhe emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinanye, wabuyela kwiNdibano ukuze aphinde achaze ukuzibophelela kwakhe kolo vukelo-mbuso, nokulumkisa amasekela, ngokungaphumeleliyo, ngokuchasene nokunciphisa i-franchise ngesiqinisekiso sepropati.
Ngexesha elifutshane, iiradicals zedemokhrasi zika-1792 zoyiswa, ukubekwa yedwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukufa. Iiklabhu zezopolitiko zabasetyhini zavalwa ngoNovemba ka-1793 kwaye phantse bonke abafazi abalwayo baba ngamaxhoba okuhlanjululwa kunye ne-pendulum swings ye-1793-95. UToussaint wafela kwintolongo yaseFransi. Iinkokeli zeLCS kunye neNgqungquthela yase-Edinburgh zavalelwa zaza ezinye zasiwa eBotany Bay. Ngowe-1798, iUnited Irishmen yoyiswa ngamandla omkhosi waseBritani, nto leyo eyabulala abantu abangama-30,000 XNUMX baseIreland.
Kuya kuthatha enye iminyaka eyi-120 ukuba i-Ireland ifumane inkululeko (inxenye) kunye nokuba abafazi baphumelele ivoti. Umzabalazo wokulwa nobukoloniyali, umzabalazo welizwe elisezantsi, owasungulwa eHaiti, uhlala ungagqibekanga kumhla wethu. Idemokhrasi yentlalontle eyabonwa nguPaine yabakho emva ko-1945, kwaye izinto zayo ngoku ziyahluthwa.
Ke ngaba yonke le mizabalazo "iphambi kwexesha", igwetyelwe ukungaphumeleli, inkcitho yothando kunye nomzamo? Abafundi banokuzenzela ezabo iingqondo ngaloo nto.
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Nikela