Ka lebaka la mololi oa NSA Edward Snowden, batho ba bangata ba US le lefats'e ka bophara ba ithuta ka bohloeki le bohloela ba mmuso oa US. Ho na le lipalo tse fumanehang phatlalatsa tse bontšang bonnete ba mathata ana a maholo ho feta kamoo batho ba bangata ba nahanang kateng 'me boholo ba lihloela tsena li etsahala ka tlhokomelo e fokolang kapa e se nang eona.
Makholo a Likete a Tlas'a Tlhokomelo ea 'Muso
Taba ea pele ke hore batho ba likete tse makholo ba US ba behiloe leihlo ke mmuso lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Tlhokomelo ea 'muso ea batho ba US e atile haholo ho feta kamoo ba boholong ba batlang ho lumela. Lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng feela likopo tse ka bang 5000 li amohetsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea elektronike e lumelletsoeng ke lekhotla la lekunutu la FISA. FBI e lumelletse ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea 50,000 ea ho beha leihlo ka Mangolo a Tšireletso ea Sechaba lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng. Mmuso oa lumela hore batho ba fetang 300,000 ba ile ba amohela mehala ea bona ke mehala ea mmuso le ea mmuso selemong se fetileng feela. Ho amoheloa likopo tsa mmuso tse fetang 50,000 tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea inthanete selemo se seng le se seng joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ke bafani ba marang-rang. Mme hopola, tsena ke linomoro tse tlalehiloeng phatlalatsa hore o tle o tsebe ho ba le ts'epo ea hore ho na le tse ling tse ngata tse ntseng li tsoela pele tse so kang li tlaleheloa phatlalatsa.
Ha ho mohla Makhotla a Hanang Likōpo tsa 'Muso tsa ho Bea leihlo
'Nete ea bobeli ke hore ha ho na tlhokomeliso e tebileng ea makhotla a leihlo lena. Basireletsi ba 'muso ba lihloela ba lula ba fana ka maikutlo a hore makhotla a shebane le sena sohle ka hloko le ka thata mme a tlohella palo e nyane ea batho ba babe haholo hore e hloloe. Ha se 'nete. Ho sa tsotellehe likōpo tse likete-kete tse entsoeng ke ’muso oa kopanelo hore li shebe ka botebo bophelo ba batho, lekhotla la sekhukhu la FISA le ile la hana ho hang lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng. Makhotla a naha le a mmuso a tlaleha ka litokomane tsa likopo tsa wiretap tse fetang 2000 selemo le selemo bakeng sa tlhahlobo e lumellang ho amoheloa ha mehala le li-imeile tse likete tse makholo. Makhotla a hanne 'muso ka makhetlo a mabeli tlalehong ea morao-rao. Mangolo a tšireletso ea naha a FBI ha a tlameha ho lumelloa ke lekhotla ho hang. Ho haella ha tlhokomelo ea Congression ho hlakile empa ho haella ha tlhahlobo ea boahloli ea tse ngata tsa liketso tsena tsa ho beha leihlo le bofokoli bo fokolang haholo moo makhotla a etsang tlhahlobo e lokela ho ama mang kapa mang ea tsotellang boikarabello ba mmuso.
Ha re qhekelle leihlo la bolaoli ba lihloela.
Lekhotleng la FISA 'Muso oa Hlōla Kamehla
'Muso oa Amerika o lekile ho re sechaba se se ke sa tšoenyeha ka hore' muso o nka limilione tse makholo tsa lithelefono le mesebetsi ea inthanete hobane ha ho na tlhahisoleseding ea sebele e hlahisoang ntle le haeba e lumelloa ke lekhotla la FISA. Ka hona, o ka re tšepa ka boitsebiso bona.
Ha e le hantle, lekhotla la FISA le bitsoang Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court le entsoe ka baahloli ba leshome ba mmuso ba etsang qeto ka sekhukhu hore na 'muso o ka bokella le ho hlahloba limilione tsa lirekoto tsa mohala le marang-rang. Lekhotla lena, le hoja ke tseba le ho hlompha litho tse 'maloa tsa lona, le ke ke la nkoa e le mosireletsi ea mabifi oa litokelo tsa molao oa motheo le tokoloho ea sechaba.
Babuelli ba 'muso ba ea ho baahloli bana ba FISA ka sekhukhu. Babuelli ba molao ba ’muso ba fana ka bopaki ba lekunutu litabeng tsa sekhukhu ho se ’muelli oa molao oa mosireletsi kapa sechaba kapa boralitaba ba lumelletsoeng ’me ba kōpa litaelo tsa lekunutu tse lumellang ’muso ho hloela batho ka sekhukhu. Maikutlo a eona ke lekunutu. Karolo feela eo sechaba se e tsebang ke temana e le 'ngoe ea tlaleho e etsoang selemo le selemo ea palo ea likopo le palo ea ho hanoloa ke lekhotla.
Ho hobe le ho feta ke hore baahloli ba sekhukhu ha ho mohla ba hanang babuelli ba molao ba 'muso oa sekhukhu.
Lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng, 'muso o entse likōpo tse 4,976 lekhotleng la sekhukhu la FISA bakeng sa tumello ea ho beha leihlo ka elektroniki bakeng sa merero ea bohlale ba linaha tse ling. Empa palo e kholo ea FISA ke zero. Ke kamoo 'muso o kopang ba bangata ho etsa leihlo la elektronike lekhotla la sephiri la FISA le hanne lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng.
Ka 2012, ’muso o ile oa kōpa tumello ho baahloli ba Lekhotla la Sekhukhu la Tsamaiso ea Bohlale ba Kantle ho Naha (FISA) ka makhetlo a 1,789 ho etsa tlhahlobo ea elektronike bakeng sa merero ea bohlale ba linaha tse ling. Ho bile le li-zero tse hanang. Ka lekhetlo le leng ’muso o ile oa hula kōpo ea oona. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la United States le eang ho Congress, April 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Ka 2011, mmuso o ile oa kopa baahloli ba FISA makhetlo a 1,676 ho beha leihlo la elektroniki bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa bohlale ba kantle ho naha. Ho bile le li-zero tse hanang. ’Muso o ile oa hula likōpo tse peli. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la US le eang ho Congress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ka 2010, mmuso o ile oa kopa baahloli ba FISA ka makhetlo a 1,511 ho beha leihlo ka elektroniki bakeng sa merero ea bohlale ba kantle ho naha. Ho bile le li-zero tse hanang. ’Muso o ile oa hula likōpo tse hlano. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la US le eang ho Congress April 29, 2011. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la US le eang ho Congress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ha se tlaleho e mpe, huh? Hoo e ka bang litlhōlo tse likete tse hlano bakeng sa ba batlang matla a ho lebela le ho se hlōloe ke tlaleho e lokelang ho ama bohle ba batlang ho sireletsa tokoloho ea sechaba.
Mangolo a Tšireletso ea Sechaba ea FBI a Fumana Boitsebiso Ha ho Tumello ea Lekhotla Leha e Hlokahala
Ka lengolo la NSL FBI e ka kopa lirekoto tsa lichelete ho tsoa ho setheo sefe kapa sefe ho tloha libankeng ho ea lik'hasinong, lirekoto tsohle tsa mohala, tlhaiso-leseling ea ba ngolisitseng, litlaleho tsa mekoloto, tlhaiso-leseling ea mosebetsi, le lirekoto tsohle tsa lengolo-tsoibila tsa sepheo hammoho le liaterese tsa lengolo-tsoibila le mabitso a skrineng bakeng sa mang kapa mang ea e ikopanye le ak'haonte eo. Lebaka le tlameha ho ba la mahlale a kantle ho naha. Ha ho na tlhoko ea tumello ea lekhotla ho hang. Kahoo ha ho likopo tse hanngoeng. Molao oa Patriot o nolofalitse sena haholo ho FBI. http://epic.org/privacy/nsl/#authority
Ho latela lirekoto tsa Congressional, ho bile le tse fetang 50,000 tsa likopo tsena tsa FBI NSL lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng. Sena ha se bale makhetlo a mangata moo FBI e susumetsang ho phatlalatsoa ha tlhahisoleseling ntle le ho fumana NSL. Hape ha e bale likopo tsa FBI tse entsoeng feela ho tseba hore na ak'haonte ea lengolo-tsoibila ke ea mang.
Linomoro tsena tse tlalehiloeng tsa NSL le tsona ha li kenyelletse lipalo tse phahameng haholo tsa li-subpoena tsa tsamaiso tse fanoeng ke FBI tse hlokang feela tumello ea setho sa ofisi ea 'muelli oa lehae oa US. 21 USC 876. Sheba 1 William & Mary Policy Review 51 (2010). David Kravets, "Ha re hloke lengolo la tumello e nkhang hamonate: ho phahama ho tšoenyang, ho sa thijoeng ha boipelaetso ba tsamaiso." LEKHOA, 8-28-12 http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/08/administrative-subpoenas/
Ka 2012, FBI e ile ea fana ka mangolo a 15,229 a likopo tsa ts'ireletso ea naha bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le baahi ba US. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la United States le eang ho Congress, April 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Ka 2011, FBI e ile ea etsa likopo tse 16,511 tsa tšireletso ea naha bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le batho ba US. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la US le eang ho Congress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ka 2010, FBI e ile ea etsa likopo tsa mangolo a tšireletso ea naha tse 24,287 bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le baahi ba US. Mohloli: Lengolo la Lefapha la Toka la US le eang ho Congress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Kaha ha ho na tumello ea lekhotla e hlokahalang, ha ho na ho hana. Rekoto ea NSL e betere ho feta rekoto ea FISA ho 56,027 e hlolang mme ha ho tahlehelo bakeng sa Tlhokomelo ea Sehlopha.
Liketekete tsa Wiretaps E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e Amang Batho ba Lekholo Ba Lumelelitse Ba Babeli Ba Hanoa
Ho ea ka tlaleho ea morao-rao ho Congress ka Makhotla a US, ho bile le likopo tse 2,732 bakeng sa li-wiretaps tse rometsoeng ho federal le halofo ea makhotla a naha ka 2011. Halofo ea linaha ha ea ka ea tlaleha ka lipalo tsa tsona kahoo lipalo tsena li hlile li tlaase haholo. . Poleloana ea wiretap e siiloe ke nako kaha ts'ebetso ena hajoale e akaretsa ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le mehala e tloaelehileng ea mehala, mehala ea cellular, li-microphone tsa lekunutu, litemana, fax, paging le phetisetso ea mangolo-tsoibila.
Ka selemo sa 2011, ho likopo tse 2,732 2700, ke tse peli feela tse ileng tsa hanoa. Litahlehelo tse peli ho liteko tse XNUMX ke rekoto e mpe ea tahlehelo bakeng sa batho ba behang leihlo.
Ka karolelano, mohala o mong le o mong o ne o thibela melaetsa ea batho ba 113, kahoo batho ba fetang likete tse makholo a mararo ba ile ba thijoa ke mehala ea bona.
Lebaka le neng le atile haholo le tlalehiloeng bakeng sa li-wiretaps e ne e le litlolo tsa molao tsa lithethefatsi. Kakaretso ea bolelele ba wiretap e ne e le matsatsi a 42. Teipi e le 'ngoe ea mohala e Michigan e ile ea fella ka ho amohela melaetsa ea cellular e fetang 71,000 e nkang matsatsi a 202. Mohala oa mohala oa setereke sa New York o hapile melaetsa e 274,210 matsatsing a 564. http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/Statistics/WiretapReports/2011/2011WireTap.pdf
Litlaleho tsa Khampani ka Bohloela Bontša Likopo Tse Mashome a Likete
Hoa tsebahala hore liakhaonto tsa basebelisi ho Google, Apple le tse ling li na le letlotlo la tlhahisoleseling mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling ea mantlha ea moreki ho kenyelletsa lipatlisiso, tseo a li ratang le tseo a sa li rateng, ho reka, metsoalle le tse ling tse joalo. Bafuputsi ba ’muso ba batla boitsebiso bona ka makhetlo a likete tse mashome selemo se seng le se seng joalokaha litlaleho tsa lik’hamphani li bontša.
Apple e tlaleha hore e amohetse likopo tsa mmuso tse 4,000 ho isa ho tse 5,000 bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling ho bareki likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng. Ho tloha ka la 1 Tšitoe 2012 ho isa la 31 Motšeanong, 2013 Apple e amohetse likopo tsa molao bakeng sa data ea bareki ho li-account kapa lisebelisoa tse 9-10,000. Nomoro ena ha e kenyeletse likopo tsa FISA. Bongata ba likopo tsena li tsoa ho mapolesa a bosholu, bana ba lahlehileng, joalo-joalo. https://www.apple.com/apples-commitment-to-customer-privacy/
Facebook e tlalehile hore nakong ea likhoeli tse tšeletseng e qetellang ka la 31 Tšitoe, 2012, e amohetse likopo tse pakeng tsa 9,000 le 10,000 ho tsoa ho mmuso oa US bakeng sa data ea basebelisi ho li-account tsa 18,000 ho isa ho 19,000. http://newsroom.fb.com/News/636/Facebook-Releases-Data-Including-All-National-Security-Requests
Google e tlalehile hore e amohetse likopo tse fetang 15,000 tsa data ke liofisiri tsa mmuso oa US ka 2012 bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling ka liakhaonto tse fetang 30,000. E hlahisitse lintlha tse ling tsa 88% ea nako. http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/userdatarequests/US/
Microsoft (ho kenyeletsoa Skype) e tlalehile likopo tse 75,378 tsa ts'ebetso ea molao bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling ka li-account tse 137,424 lefatšeng ka bophara bakeng sa selemo sa 2012. Maemong a fetang 11,000, ha ba ka ba fumana data ho araba likopo. Microsoft e senotse tlhahisoleseling e senang litaba linyeoeng tse 56,388, haholo US, UK, Turkey, Jeremane le Fora. http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2013/03/21/microsoft-releases-2012-law-enforcement-requests-report.aspx
Naheng ea Amerika, Microsoft e amohetse likopo tse 11,073 ho tsoa ho molao bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le liakhaonto tse 24,565. Microsoft e hanne likopo tse 759 kapa 6.9% ka mabaka a molao. Microsoft e fane ka litaba tsa basebelisi maemong a 1544 le data ea ba ngolisitseng / transaction maemong a 7,196. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/
Yahoo e boletse hore likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng tsa 2012 e amohetse likopo tse pakeng tsa 12,000 le 13,000 bakeng sa data ea basebelisi ho tsoa ho molao. http://yahoo.tumblr.com/ June 17 Marissa Mayer CEO le Ron Bell
fihlela qeto e
Pusong ea demokrasi, pepeneneng le ho nka karolo ha sechaba ho bohlokoa. Sena ha se feela ka "likhukhuni". Sena se mabapi le tokoloho ea sechaba le boikarabello ba mmuso. Batho ba makholo a likete ba ntse ba hloekisoa selemo le selemo ke ho amoheloa ke 'muso oa rona sechabeng. Ho na le tlhokomeliso e nyane ea baahloli ebile e nyane haholo ke Congress. Haeba mmuso o amohela sena, o ka nahana hore ho na le ho hongata ho tla tsoa. Ke nako ea ho tsoha. Likhoebo tsena tsa lekunutu le makhotla a lekunutu le lits'ebetso tsa lekunutu li lokela ho felisoa kapa ho fetoloe ka botlalo. Ho seng joalo, fetola lepetjo la dollar ho "In Secrecy We Trust".
Bill ke ramolao oa litokelo tsa botho le moprofesa oa molao Univesithing ea Loyola New Orleans College of Law. Bili e boetse e sebetsa le Setsi sa Ditokelo tsa Molaotheo. Phetolelo e telele ea sengoloa sena e nang le mehloli e teng. U ka fihla ho Bill ho [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
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