Abaaro 11:130 habeenimo, afar Lockheed MC-199 Combat Talons, turboprop Special Operations dayuuradaha, ayaa hawada Pakistan ka duulayay dayax aan dayax lahayn, kuna sii jeeday hawada Afgaanistaan. Waxaa saarnaa XNUMX Ciidan Rangers ah oo la amray lix iyo toban garoon diyaaradeed. Boqol mayl dhinaca waqooyi-bari, Chinook iyo Black Hawk helikobtero ayaa gudcurka dhex mushaaxaya dhanka Kandahar, iyaga oo wata hawl-wadeennada Ciidanka Delta Force iyo weli Rangers kale, oo ku sii jeeda goob labaad. Waxay ahayd Oktoobar 19, 2001. Dagaalkii Afgaanistaan ayaa hadda billowday, ciidamada Howlgallada Gaarka ah ee Mareykanka (SOF) waxay ahaayeen caarada waranka Mareykanka.
Rangers-kaas ayaa baarashuut ku galay ka dibna ku qulqulay garoonka diyaaradaha, iyaga oo la shaqaynaya cadowga - hal dagaalyahan oo hubaysan, sida uu noqday - oo dilay. Goobtaas labaad, guriga hoggaamiyaha Taliban Mullah Mohammed Omar, sida muuqata hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah la kulmay haba yaraatee ma jirto wax iska caabin ah, inkastoo dhowr qof oo Maraykan ah ay ku dhaawacmeen dab saaxiibtinimo iyo shil helikobter ah dartood.
Sannadkii 2001dii, hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah ee Maraykanku waxay beegsadeen laba ciidan oo cadaw ah: al-Qaacida iyo Taliban. Sannadkii 2010-kii, sannadkiisii ugu horreeyay ee buuxa ee xafiiska, Madaxweyne Barack Obama la wargeliyay Congress-ka in ciidamada Maraykanku ay wali "si firfircoon u baacsanayeen oo ay ku hawlan yihiin haraadiga al-Qaacida iyo dagaalyahanada Taliban ee Afgaanistaan." Sida laga soo xigtay Warbixin dhawaan Pentagon-ka u soo saartay Congress-ka, ciidamada Mareykanka ayaa la dagaallamaya in ka badan 10 jeer tirada kooxaha xagjirka ah, oo ay ku jiraan Taliban aan weli laga adkaan, Shabakadda Haqqani, xiriir la leh Dawladda Islaamka ee loo yaqaan ISIS-Khorasan, iyo "shabakado kale oo fallaago ah."
Ka dib in ka badan 16 sano oo dagaal ah, ciidamada hawlgallada gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa weli ah cidhifka waranka ee Afgaanistaan, halkaas oo ay ka wadaan hawlgallada ka hortagga argagixisada. Runtii, laga bilaabo Juun 1st ilaa Noofambar 24 ee sannadkii hore. sida laga soo xigtay Warbixinta Pentagon-ka, xubnaha Hawl-galka Gaarka ah ee Hawl-galka Wadajirka ah ee Afqaanistaan waxay fuliyeen 2,175 hawlgallo dhulka ah "kaas oo ay awood u siiyeen ama kula taliyeen" kumaandooska Afgaanistaan.
"Intii lagu jiray maamulkii Obama isticmaalka ciidamada howlgallada gaarka ah ayaa si aad ah u kordhay, sida haddii isticmaalkoodu uu ahaa nooc ka mid ah sixir, xal ujeedo kasta leh oo lagula dagaalamayo argagixisada," William Hartung, oo ah agaasimaha Mashruuca Hubka iyo Amniga ee Xarunta Siyaasadda Caalamiga ah , ayaa tilmaamay. "Sannadihii xigay waxay caddeeyeen mala-awaalkan inuu been yahay. Waxaa jira shaqaale badan oo cajiib ah, oo xirfad sare leh oo ku lug leh hawlgallada gaarka ah iyagoo ka wakiil ah Mareykanka, laakiin dhibaatooyinka la weydiisto inay xalliyaan inta badan ma helaan xal militari. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, maamulka Trump ayaa sii laba jibaaraya habkan Afgaanistaan, inkastoo aysan istaraatijiyadu ka hortagin faafitaanka ururada argagixisada, lagana yaabo inay xaqiiqadu noqoto mid aan faa'iido lahayn."
Kumaandooska caalamiga ah
Tan iyo markii kumaandooska Mareykanka ay galeen dagaalka 2001-dii, cabbirka Taliska Howlgallada Gaarka ah ayaa labanlaabmay qiyaastii 33,000 Shaqaale gaaraya 70,000 maanta. Markay tiradoodu u korodhay, sidoo kale waxa gaadhay heerkooda caalamiga ah. Sida TomDispatch ayaa shaaca ka qaaday Bishii la soo dhaafay, waxaa la geeyay 149 quruumo 2017, oo u dhiganta 75% ee wadamada meeraha, waana sanad rikoor ah. Waxay kaalinta 2016-kii ugu sarreysay 138 waddan ee hoos yimaada maamulka Obama waxayna hoos u dhigtay tirooyinka sannadihii ugu dambeeyay ee maamulka Bush. Markii baaxadda hawlgelinta la balaariyay, hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah ayaa sidoo kale u yimid inay si siman ugu faafaan meeraha oo dhan.
Oktoobar 2001, Afgaanistaan waxay ahayd meesha keliya ee ay diiradda saareen hawlgallada dagaalka ee kamaandooska. Bishii Maarso 19, 2003, hawl-wadeenno gaar ah rideen Rasaastii ugu horeysay ee duulaanka Ciraaq iyadoo kooxahooda helicopter-ka ay weerareen xudduudaha Ciraaq ee u dhow Jordan iyo Sacuudi Carabiya. Sannadkii 2006dii, dagaalkii Afgaanistaan uu socday iyo iskahorimaadkii Ciraaq Waxay sii wadeen inay isu beddelaan jabhado kacsanaan ah, 85% ka mid ah ciidamada kumaandooska Mareykanka ayaa ahaa la geeyey ilaa Bariga Dhexe ee Weyn.
Markay tobankan sano soo shaacbaxday 2010, tiradu si fiican isumay beddelin: 81% dhammaan hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah ee dibadda ayaa weli ku sugnaa gobolkaas.
Siddeed sano ka dib, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladdu aad ayay uga duwan tahay, marka loo eego tirooyinka la bixiyay TomDispatch by Taliska Hawlgalka Gaarka ah ee Maraykanka. Inkastoo sheegashooyinka in Dawladda Islaamka ay ahayd laga adkaaday, Maraykanku wuxuu weli ku sii jiraa dagaallo Ciraaq iyo Suuriya, iyo sidoo kale Afgaanistaan iyo Yemen, haddana kaliya 54% hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah ee loo diray dibadda ayaa loo diray Bariga Dhexe ee Weyn 2017. Dhab ahaantii, tan iyo 2006, hawlgalinta ayaa ku soo badanaysay adduunka intiisa kale. Latin America, tiradaasi waxay ka soo kacday 3% ilaa 4.39%. Gobolka Baasifiga, laga bilaabo 7% ilaa 7.99%. Laakiin kororka la taaban karo ayaa ka dhacay Yurub iyo Afrika.
Sannadkii 2006, kaliya 3% dhammaan kumaandooska la geeyay dibadda waxay ka shaqaynayeen Yurub. Sannadkii hore, tiradaasi waxay ahayd waqooyiga 16%. "Ka baxsan Ruushka iyo Belarus waxaan la tababarnaa ku dhawaad waddan kasta oo Yurub ah si laba geesood ah ama munaasabado caalami ah oo kala duwan," Major Michael Weisman, oo ah afhayeenka Taliska Hawlgallada Gaarka ah ee Mareykanka ee Yurub, ayaa u sheegay. TomDispatch. " Joogitaanka joogtada ah ee US SOF oo ay weheliyaan xulafadayada waxay diraysaa fariin cad oo ah sida ay uga go'an tahay Maraykanka xulafadayada iyo difaaca isbahaysiga NATO." Labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, dhab ahaantii, Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday hawlgallo gaar ah ku dhawaad ummad kasta xuduudka galbeed ee Ruushka. Sida Taliyaha Hawlgallada Gaarka ah General Raymond Thomas uu dhigay sannadkii hore, "[W] waxaan ku lahaa joogitaan joogto ah waddan kasta - waddan kasta oo NATO ah iyo kuwa kale ee ku sugan xudduudda Ruushka waxay la sameynayaan waxyaabo cajiib ah xulafadayada, iyaga oo ka caawinaya inay u diyaargaroobaan khatartooda. ”
Afrika, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay aragtay kororka ugu weyn ee hawlgalinta ops-ka gaarka ah. Sannadkii 2006, tirada qaaraddaas waxay ahayd 1% oo keliya; ee 2017 ayaa isbeddelay ilaa +16.61%. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, ciidamo kumaandoos ah ayaa ka hawlgala halkaas, marka loo eego gobol kasta marka laga reebo Bariga Dhexe. Sida aan dhawaanahan sidaana at Wararka ku-xigeenka, Ciidamada hawlgallada gaarka ah waxay ka hawlgalayeen ugu yaraan 33 waddan oo ku yaalla qaaraddaas sannadkii hore.
Xaaladda mid ka mid ah dalalkaas, Soomaaliya, ayaa siyaabo badan u milicsanaysa 16-kii sano ee lagu daray howlgallada Mareykanka ee Afgaanistaan. Wax yar kadib weeraradii 9/11, sarkaal sare oo ka tirsan Pentagon-ka soo jeediyay in duulaanka Afgaanistaan laga yaabo in uu xagjiriinta ka saaro dalkaas iyo wadamada Afrikaanka ah. "Argagixisada xiriirka la leh al-Qaacida iyo kooxaha argagixisada asaliga ah ayaa weli ku sugan gobolkan," ayuu yidhi. "Argagixisadani, dabcan, waxay u hanjabayaan shaqaalaha iyo xarumaha Maraykanka."
Goorma cadaadiyey Khatarta dhabta ah ee ka dhalan karta, sarkaalkaasi waxa uu farta ku fiiqay mintidiinta Soomaaliya, kaliya waxa uu ugu dambayntii qirtay in xitaa Islaamiyiinta ugu xagjirka ah ee halkaas ku sugan "aanay ku lug yeelan falal argagixisanimo meel ka baxsan Soomaaliya." Sidoo kale, mar wax laga weydiiyay xiriirka ka dhexeeya Usama Bin Laden ee ugu muhiimsan kooxda Al-Qaacida iyo xagjiriinta Afrikaanka ah, wuxuu u soo jeediyay kaliya xiriirrada ugu daran, sida "Salaan" Bin Ladin uu u jeediyay dagaalyahannada Soomaalida ee dilay ciidamadii Mareykanka intii lagu jiray sumcadda xun 1993-kii. Black Hawk Down dhacdo.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciidamada kumaandooska Mareykanka ayaa la sheegay inay bilaabeen hawlgalka Soomaaliya 2001-dii, weerarada cirka AC-130 ayaa daba socday 2007-dii, 2011-kiina waxaa billowday duqeymo ay fuliyeen diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee Mareykanka oo lagu bartilmaameedsanayay dagaalyahannada Al-Shabaab, oo ah koox argagaxiso ah oo aan xitaa jirin illaa iyo hadda. 2006. Sida laga soo xigtay Tirokoob ay soo diyaarisay Xafiiska Saxafiyiinta Baadhista, Maraykanku waxa uu Somaliya ka fuliyay intii u dhaxaysay 32 ilaa 36 weerar oo diyaaradeed iyo ugu yaraan 9 ilaa 13 weerar oo dhulka ah intii u dhaxaysay 2001 iyo 2016.
Gugii hore, Madaxweyne Donald Trump dabacsan Xayiraadihii xilligii Obama ee howlgallada weerarka ah ee dalkaas. Isagoo u oggolaanaya ciidamada Mareykanka inay si taxaddar leh u fuliyaan howlgallada halkaas, wuxuu furay suurtagalnimada duqeymo badan oo xagga cirka ah iyo weerarrada Kumaandooska. Tirooyinka 2017 ayaa taas ka tarjumaysa. Maraykanku wuu fuliyay 34 weerarada drones, ugu yaraan la simo haddaanay ka badnayn tirada wadarta ah weerarrada 15kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. (Oo waxay ku qaadatay Mareykanka hal maalin oo keliya resume shaqo joojintan oo kale sanadkan.)
"Go'aanka madaxweyne Trump ee ah in qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta Soomaaliya uu ka dhigo 'aag colaadeed oo firfircoon' ayaa siisay [Taliska Maraykanka ee Afrika ama AFRICOM] in ay sii kordhiso weerarada duqeymaha sababtoo ah mar dambe ma ahayn inay hawlgalladooda soo jeediyaan iyada oo loo marayo Aqalka Cad ee qaranka. habka xafiisyada amniga,” ayuu yiri Jack Serle, oo ah khabiir ku takhasusay howlgallada ka dhanka ah Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya. Waxa uu si deg deg ah u tilmaamay in AFRICOM ay ku andacooneyso kororka howlgallada ay sabab u tahay bartilmaameedyo badan oo isasoo bandhigay, balse wuxuu tuhunsan yahay in AFRICOM ay isku dayeyso inay curyaamiso Al-Shabaab ka hor inta aan la saarin ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo kuwa Soomaaliya oo aan la tijaabin karin inay dagaalamaan. Maleeshiyada oo aysan haysan kumannaan ciidamo Afrikaan ah oo dheeraad ah.
Marka laga soo tago 30-ka weerar ee cirka ah ee 2017, waxaa jiray ugu yaraan saddex weerar oo dhulka ah oo Mareykanka ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa dambe, sharaxay AFRICOM oo ah “howlgal la-talin iyo gacan-siin ah oo ay weheliyaan xubno ka tirsan Ciidanka Xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed,” Navy SEAL Kyle Milliken ayaa la dilay, laba askari oo Maraykan ahna waa lagu dhaawacay intii uu socday dagaal ay la galeen maleeshiyada al-Shabaab. Hawlgal kale oo dhulka ah bishii Ogosto, sida laga soo xigtay a baaritaan by ay Daily bahalka, Special Operations forces took part in a massacre of 10 Somali civilians. (The U.S. military is now investigating.)
Si la mid ah Afgaanistaan, Maraykanku waxa uu Soomaaliya ciidan ahaan ugu hawlanaa tan iyo 2001-dii, si la mid ah Afgaanistaan, inkasta oo hawlgallo socday in ka badan toban sano iyo badh, tirada kooxaha xagjirka ah ee la beegsanayo ayaa kordhay. Kumaandooska Mareykanka ayaa hadda la dagaallamaya ugu yaraan laba kooxood oo argagixsada — al-Shabaab iyo mid maxalli ah Kooxda la baxday Dawladda Islaamka - sida ay diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ruxay Sannadkii ugu dambeeyay Soomaaliya waxay noqotay goob dagaal oo aad u kulul. Maanta, sida laga soo xigtay AFRICOM, mintidiinta Hawlgeli "goobaha tababarka" iyo haysta "Goobaha nabdoon ee Soomaaliya oo dhan [iyo] gobolka."
"Faragelintii Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya ee 16-kii sano ee aan la soo warin, waxay raacday qaab la mid ah dagaalkii weynaa ee Mareykanka ee Afgaanistaan: qul-qulka ciidamo gaar ah iyo kororka duqeymaha cirka ah kaliya kuma guuleysan inay joojiyaan argagixisada, laakiin labadaba al- Al-Shabaab iyo xubin maxalli ah oo ISIS ah ayaa koray muddadan,” ayuu yiri William Hartung oo ka tirsan Xarunta Siyaasadda Caalamiga ah. "Waa kiis kale oo ku guul daraystay in la barto casharrada siyaasadda Maraykanka ee dagaalka aan dhammaadka lahayn: in tallaabada millatari ay u badan tahay ama ay u badan tahay inay kiciso tallaabo argaggixiso si loo yareeyo ama looga hortago."
Soomaaliya ma aha wax aan caadi ahayn. Guud ahaan qaaradda, in kasta oo ay sii kordhayaan howlgallada ay fulinayaan ciidamada kumaandooska iyo sidoo kale ciidamada Mareykanka ee caadiga ah iyo xulafadooda maxalliga ah iyo kuwa taabacsan, cadawga Washington ayaa sii kordhaya. Sida Wararka ku-xigeenka la sheegay, dukumeenti qorshaynta istiraatijiyadeed ee Taliska Hawlgallada Gaarka ah ee 2012 liistada shan kooxood oo argagixisada ugu weyn qaaradda. Oktoobar Cusbooneysiinta 2016 waxaa lagu tiriyaa todobo magac oo kala ah - Dawladda Islaamiga ah, Ansar al-Shareeca, al-Qaacidada Dhulka Maghrib Islam, al-Murabitun, Boko Haram, Lord's Resistance Army, iyo al-Shabaab - marka lagu daro "ururada kale ee xagjirka ah ee rabshadaha wata. ” Xarunta Pentagon ee Afrika ee daraasaadka istiraatijiyadeed hadda waxay bixisaa a ra'yiga ee 21 "kooxaha Islaamiyiinta xagjirka ah ee firfircoon" ee qaaradda. Dhab ahaantii, sida sidaana at Intercept, Tirada buuxda ee ururada argagixisada iyo "kooxaha kale ee sharci darrada ah" ayaa laga yaabaa inay horeba ugu dhawaadeen 50 marka la gaaro 2015.
Ku-badbaadinta SOF iyada oo loo marayo Dagaalka Wakiil?
Markii dagaalada iyo faragelinta ay bateen, markii ciidamada kumaandooska Mareykanka ay ku faafeen caalamka oo dhan, iyo markii kooxaha argagaxisada ay bateen, waqtiga howlgalladu aad buu u booday. Tani, markeeda, ayaa kor u qaaday cabsida ka mid ah khubarada fikirka-tank, taageerayaasha ops gaarka ah, iyo xubnaha Congress ka ee ku saabsan saamaynta kuwa akhyaarta ah ciidamada ee sida joogtada ah loo diro iyo cadaadis sii kordhaya oo iyaga ka mid ah. "Cutubyada SOF intooda badan waxaa lagu shaqaaleysiiyaa ilaa xad waara," General Thomas ayaa u sheegay xubnaha Congress-ka gu'gii hore. "In kasta oo baahida SOF ay sii kordheyso, waa inaan mudnaanta siinaa ka helidda dalabaadkan maadaama aan wajahayno jawi ammaan oo degdeg ah oo isbeddelaya." Haddana tirada dalalka leh hawl-wadeennada gaarka ah ee la dirayo waxay gaadheen rikoodh cusub sannadkii hore.
Shirkii Noofambar 2017 ee hawlgallada gaarka ah ee lagu qabtay Washington, xubnaha saamaynta leh ee Golaha Guurtida iyo Guddiyada Adeegyada Qalabka Sida waxay qireen culaysyada sii kordhaya ee ciidanka. Jack Reed, oo ah Dimuqraadiga darajada ugu sarreeya ee Guddiga Adeegyada Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Senate-ka, xalku waa, isaga oo kale dhig, "si loo kordhiyo tirada iyo agabka."
Halka Senatarka Jamhuuriga Joni Ernst uusan yeelin la wareegid Suurtagalnimada in lagu daro heerarka hore u bararay ee kamaandooska, waxay aad u door bidaysaa in ay wax ka qabato hawlgallada qaar ka mid ah ciidamada kale: "Hawlgalyo badan oo aan aragno, gaar ahaan haddii aad ... fiiri Afgaanistaan, halkaas oo aan tareen ku hayno, la tali, iyo inaan caawino howlgallada, haddii aan u wareejin karno qaar ka mid ah kuwa ciidamada caadiga ah oo aan ka fogeyno SOF, waxaan qabaa inay taasi tahay waxa aan u baahanahay inaan sameyno." Xoghayaha Difaaca James Mattis ayaa horey u lahaa tilmaamey in dhaqdhaqaaqyadan oo kale la qorsheeyay. Leigh Claffey, xoghayaha warfaafinta ee Ernst, ayaa u sheegay TomDispatch in senator-ku uu sidoo kale door bidayo "in howlgallada lagu wareejiyo ciidamo wadani ah oo karti leh."
Habka Ernst's proxies ayaa, dhab ahaantii, horeyba looga dabaqay meeraha oo dhan, laga yaabee inaysan meelna si cad uga muuqan Suuriya 2017. Halkaas, SOCOM's Thomas xusay, Wakiilo Maraykan ah, oo ay ku jiraan Carabta Suuriya iyo Kurdiyiinta labadaba, "xoog ku meel gaadh ah oo ka kooban 50,000 oo qof… ayaa anaga noo shaqaynaya oo fulinaya dalabkayaga." Runtii waxay ahaayeen kuwii fuliyay dagaalkii ugu badnaa iyo kuwii ku dhintay intii lagu jiray ololihii ka dhanka ahaa dowladda Islaamiga iyo qabsashada caasimadda Raqqa.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ololahaas, kaas oo dib u qaaday ku dhawaad dhammaan dhulka ISIS ee lagu haysto Suuriya, ayaa ahaa mid aan caadi ahayn. Wakiilada Maraykanka meelo kale ayaa aad uga xumaaday sanadihii la soo dhaafay. In 50,000-Askari oo Suuriyaan ah ay ahayd in la kiciyo, dhab ahaantii, ka dib markii uu Maraykanku tababaray ciidamada Ciraaq, oo la dhisay intii lagu jiray 2003-2011 qabsashadii Maraykanka ee dalkaas. burburay Iyadoo ay wajahayaan tiro yar oo ka mid ah mintidiinta dowladda Islaamiga ah 2014. Mali, Burkina Faso, Masar, Honduras, iyo meelo kale, saraakiil uu Maraykanku tababaray ayaa fuliyay. kufsi, oo ay afgembiyaan dawladahooda. Dhanka kale, Afgaanistaan, oo ay ciidamada gaarka ah ee ops-ka la shaqeynayaan xulafada maxalliga ah in ka badan 15 sano, xitaa ciidamada amniga ee caanka ah weli ma awoodaan inay iskood u shaqeeyaan. Marka loo eego warbixintii sanadlaha ah ee Pentagon-ka ee 2017 ee Congress-ka, kumaandooska Afgaanistaan waxay u baahdeen taageerada Mareykanka tiro aad u badan oo howlgalladooda ah, iyagoo si madax-bannaan u fuliyay kaliya 17% howlgalladooda 2,628 intii u dhaxeysay Juun 1, 2017 iyo Noofambar 24, 2017.
Runtii, iyada oo ciidamada hawlgallada gaarka ah ay ku dhaqmayaan, ereyada SOCOM's Thomas, sida "dadaalka ugu weyn, ama dadaalka taageerada weyn ee Maraykanka [ururka xagjirka ah] ee diiradda saaraya hawlgallada Afgaanistaan, Suuriya, Ciraaq, Yemen, Soomaaliya, Liibiya, oo dhan Sahel ee Afrika, Filibiin, iyo Bartamaha/Koonfurta Ameerika,” uma badna in wakiillada ajnabiga ah ama ciidamada Mareykanka ee caadiga ah ay culeyska ku filan ka qaadi doonaan si ay uga yareeyaan culeyska saaran kumaandooska.
Kordhinta Taliska Hawlgallada Gaarka ah maaha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xal, sida ay qabto Xarunta Siyaasadda Caalamiga ah ee Hartung. "Ma jirto sabab lagu qanci karo oo lagu qanci karo oo ku saabsan in ciidamada Mareykanka ee howlgallada gaarka ah ay ku lug yeeshaan 149 dal oo la yaab leh, marka loo eego natiijooyinka howlgalladan ay u badan tahay inay kiciyaan isku dhac weyn sida ay tahay in la yareeyo, qayb weyn sababtoo ah joogitaanka ciidamada Mareykanka waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sidii qalab lagu shaqaaleysiiyo ururada argagixisada maxaliga ah," ayuu u sheegay TomDispatch. "Xalka dhibaatada wakhtiga sare ee hawlgallada ciidamada Maraykanka maaha in la qoro oo la tababaro ciidamo dheeraad ah oo hawlgal gaar ah. Waa in dib looga fakiro sababta marka hore si xooggan loogu isticmaalo."
Nick Turse waa tifaftiraha maamulka TomDispatch, saaxiib ka ah Machadka Qaranka, iyo qoraa wax ku biirinaya Intercept. Websaydhkiisu waa NickTurse.com.
Maqaalkani waxa uu markii ugu horeysay ka soo muuqday TomDispatch.com, oo ah weblog ka tirsan Machadka Qaranka, kaas oo bixiya qulqulka joogtada ah ee ilo kale, warar, iyo ra'yi Tom Engelhardt, tafatiraha wakhtiga dheer ee daabacaadda, aasaasaha Mashruuca Boqortooyada Mareykanka, qoraaga Dhamaadka Dhaqanka Guusha, sida sheeko cusub, Maalmihii Dambe ee Daabacaadda. Buuggiisii ugu dambeeyay waa Shadow Government: Ilaalinta, Warsame, iyo Ammaanka Caalamiga ah ee Caalamiga ah ee hal adduun weynaha ah (Buugagta Haymarket).
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
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