May Day. Izuva rekuzivisa kuuya kweChirimo nerwiyo nekutamba, zuva revana vane maruva mubvudzi ravo kuti vasvetuke vachitenderedza maberibboned maypoles, nguva yekushongedza May Day mambokadzi.
Asi izuvawo rekuratidzira kuri kushambadza zvikonzero zvevashandi pamwe nemasangano avo sezviri kuitwa nemusi weSvondo izvo zvakakoshera kuwana kodzero dzakakosha dzevashandi. Kuratidzira kwekutanga kwaMay Day, muna 1886, kwakahwina kodzero dzakanyanya kukosha dzakambowanwa nevanhu vanoshanda kodzero yaidiwa pamusoro pevamwe vese nevashandi vevashandi vezana ramakore rapfuura:
Maawa masere ebasa, maawa masere okuzorora, maawa masere pane zvatinoda!
Kukunda zuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere kwakatora makore ehondo yakaoma, kutanga pakati pema1800. Pakazosvika 1867, hurumende yemubatanidzwa, nyika nhanhatu nemaguta akati wandei akange apasisa mitemo inodzikamisa maawa evashandi vavo kusvika masere pazuva. Mitemo yacho haina kutevedzerwa zvinobudirira uye mune zvimwe zviitiko yakapidigurwa nematare, asi yakagadza muenzaniso unokosha uyo pakupedzisira wakatungamirira kusangano rine simba rakakurumbira.
Bato iri rakatangwa muna 1886 neFederation of Organised Trades and Labor Unions, rimwe remasangano makuru evashandi munyika. Sangano iri rakurudzira vashandi kuti vataurirane nevashandirwi vavo kwemaawa masere ekushanda uye kana zvaramba, voramwa mabasa musi wa 1 Chivabvu vachitsigira zviri kudiwa.
Vamwe vakataurirana, vamwe vakafora uye vakaratidzira neimwe nzira. Vanopfuura 300,000 XNUMX vakarova. Uye vose vakakunda kutsigirwa kwakasimba, mumaguta akawanda eChicago, New York, Baltimore, Boston, Milwaukee, St. Louis, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Denver, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Washington, Newark, Brooklyn, St. Paul nevamwe.
Vashandi vanodarika zviuru makumi matatu vakanga vakunda zuva remaawa masere kusvika muna Kubvumbi. PaMay Day, vamwe vashandi mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu,30,000 vakasiya mabasa munzvimbo dzinosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri, vanopfuura zviuru zana nemakumi masere neshanu vakapedzisira vakunda zvavanoda. Vazhinji vevamwe vakahwina zvishoma kudzikiswa kwemaawa ekushanda anga asvika ku350,000 pazuva.
Pamusoro pezvo, vashandirwi vazhinji vakacheka mashandiro eMugovera kusvika hafu yezuva, uye tsika yekushanda neSvondo, zvakare yakajairika, zvese zvakasiiwa nemaindasitiri makuru.
โKurumidzai Nokuda Kwenguva Pfupi,โ wakazivisa kudaro musoro mukuru muNew York Sun pamusoro penhau yairondedzera kufora kwemwenje yemwenje yavashandi 25,000 XNUMX iyo yakaratidzira mibato yamaawa masere muNew York. Guta racho rakanga risati ramboona kuratidzira kukuru kudaro.
Haasi mapepanhau ose aitsigira zvakadaro, zvisinei. Kuramwa mabasa uye kuratidzira, rimwe bepa rakanyunyuta, rakaita se "communism, kupenga uye kwakazara." Zuva ramaawa masere, mumwe akati, raizokurudzira โkuzvinyima zvokudya nokubhejera, bongozozo, utere, uye udhakwa.โ
Kupikisa kukuru kwakauya nekuda kwekuratidzira kwakatungamirwa nemapoka evanarchist uye socialist muChicago, moyo wekufamba kwemaawa masere. Varatidziri vana vakaurayiwa uye vanopfuura mazana maviri vakakuvadzwa nemapurisa akapinda munzvimbo dzavo, asi zvakabatwa nevaratidziri izvi zvakaitika mazuva maviri gare gare pakuratidzira muHaymarket Square. Bhomba rakakandwa mumapoka emapurisa akanga akakomba nzvimbo iyi, kuuraya vanomwe uye kukuvadza makumi mashanu nevapfumbamwe.
Akakanda bhomba haana kumbobvira awanikwa, asi vatungamiriri vasere vevashandi, vesocialist uye vanarchist vanonzi vane mhirizhonga, vane ngozi nevezvenhau nemapurisa zvakafanana vakasungwa vachipomerwa mhosva yekuti vakanga varangana kuuraya. Vana vavo vakaturikwa, mumwe akazviuraya ari mujeri, uye vatatu vakaregererwa makore matanhatu gare gare naGavhuna weIllinois John Peter Altgeld.
Vashandirwi vakapindura vanodaidzwa kuti Haymarket Riot nekuisa chigumbuso icho chakashatisa zvakakomba zvakawanikwa mukufamba kwemaawa masere. Asi sangano iri rakanga riri chishandiso chakanyatsoshanda chekuronga chemibatanidzwa yenyika, uye muna 1890 Mutungamiri Samuel Gompers weAmerican Federation of Labor akakwanisa kushevedzera kuti โZuva Revashandi Renyika Dzepasi Poseโ richifarira zuva remaawa masere. Zviziviso zvakafanana zvakaitwa nevatungamiriri vesocialist uye vemubatanidzwa mune dzimwe nyika uko, nanhasi, May Day inopembererwa seZuva reBasa.
Vashandi muUnited States nedzimwe nyika 13 vakaratidzira paMay Day 1890 kusanganisira 30,000 vavo muChicago. The New York World yakarirumbidza seโZuva Rokusunungurwa Kwevashandi.โ Zvanga zviri. Nokuti yakaratidza kutanga kwekutyaira kusingadzoreki kwakazosimbisa zuva remaawa masere sechiyero chemamiriyoni evanhu vanoshanda.
Copyright 2015 Dick Meister, aimbova mutori wenhau weSan Francisco Chronicle ([email inodzivirirwa]).
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