Toni Morrison, mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira munyika, akafa svondo rino aine makore makumi masere nemasere kubva kumatambudziko epneumonia. Muna 88, Morrison akava mukadzi wekutanga weAfrica-America kugamuchira Nobel Prize for Literature. Akahwina zvakare Mubairo wePulitzer muna 1993 webasa rake rekare "Mudiwa." Zvizhinji zvekunyora kwaMorrison kwakanangana nechiitiko chemunhukadzi weMutema muAmerica, uye manyorero ake aikudza rhythm dzeBlack oral tsika. Basa rake raive nehanya zvakanyanya nerudzi nenhoroondo, kunyanya chivi cheuranda hwemugungwa reatlantic uye simba rekudzoreredza munharaunda. Muna 1988, Mutungamiri Obama akapa Morrison Menduru yePresident yerusununguko. Isu tinotaura nevanyori vatatu vane mukurumbira uye shamwari dzepedyo dzaToni Morrison: Angela Davis, munyori uye muratidziri; Nikki Giovanni, mudetembi, mumiririri uye mudzidzisi; uye Sonia Sanchez, mudetembi akahwina mubairo.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Toni Morrison, mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira munyika, akafa aine makore makumi masere nemasere. Akafa neMuvhuro muBronx kubva kumatambudziko emabayo. Muna 88, Toni Morrison akava mukadzi wekutanga weAfrica-America kugamuchira Nobel Prize for Literature. Akahwinawo Mubairo wePulitzer muna 1993 webasa rake rekare Beloved.
Toni Morrison akaberekerwa muLorain, Ohio, muna 1931. Haana kutsikisa bhuku rake rekutanga, Ziso reblue, kusvikira ava nemakore 39. Akazvinyora achichengeta vanakomana vake vadiki vaviri saamai vasina murume uye achitamba basa rezuva semupepeti webhuku paRandom House.
Semupepeti, anotendwa zvakanyanya nekubatsira kuwedzera nhanho yekunyora kune veAfrica America nevechikadzi. Zvizhinji zvekunyora kwaMorrison kwakanangana nechiitiko chevakadzi vatema muAmerica. Manyorero ake aikudza rhythm dzechivanhu chitema chemuromo. Basa rake raive nehanya zvakanyanya nerudzi nenhoroondo, kunyanya chivi cheuranda hwemugungwa reatlantic uye simba rekudzoreredza munharaunda.
Muna 2012, Mutungamiri Obama akapa Toni Morrison Menduru yePresident yerusununguko. NeChipiri, Mutungamiri Obama vakati, "Toni Morrison yaive pfuma yenyika. Kunyora kwake kwanga kusiri kwakanaka chete asi kunoreva - dambudziko kuhana yedu uye kudanwa kwekunzwira tsitsi kukuru. "
Shamwari yake Oprah Winfrey akadaro Chipiri, achitaura, "Aive hana yedu. Muoni wedu. Mutauri wedu wechokwadi. Yaiva n'anga ine mutauro, yainzwisisa Simba remashoko. Aidzishandisa kutizunungusa, kutimutsa, kutidzidzisa uye kutibatsira kubata nemaronda edu akadzama uye kuedza kunzwisisa.”
Nechinguvana, tichabatanidzwa nevanyori vatatu vanoshamisa vaiziva Toni Morrison zvakanaka: Angela Davis, Sonia Sanchez naNikki Giovanni. Asi chekutanga isu titendeukire kune turera kune iyo nyowani documentary Toni Morrison: Zvidimbu Zvandiri.
TONY MORRISON: Sekuru vangu vaizvikudza nguva yose kuti vakanga vaverenga Bhaibheri. Uye zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo muupenyu hwake kuverenga. Pakupedzisira, ndakaziva kuti mashoko ane simba.
OPRAH WINFREY: Ndaida kuti vanhu vazhinji vaigona kunzwa izwi rangu vanzwisise kukosha kwebasa rake, kuita kuti vanhu vavimbe, voenda, "Ah, ichi chinhu chakachengeteka," uyezve, bam, ndokurova 'em naToni Morrison!
Fara tsanangudzo yezita rekutanga GRIFFIN: Imwe yeongororo yekutanga inoti, "Ane tarenda rakakura. Rimwe zuva haangogumiri pakunyora nezvevatema chete. Kufanana, chaizvoizvo? Zviri kumugumira pakunyora nezvevanhu vatema?
Sonia SANCHEZ: Vanhu vakatanga kutenga Toni Morrison, uye takabva tatanga kumudzidzisa. Uye somugumisiro, vaifanira kuteerera.
VHARA CAVETT: Ndinoziva kuti unorwara zvekuda kunzi munyori wechitema.
TONY MORRISON: Ndinozvida.
VHARA CAVETT: Haiwa, ndafunga kuti pamwe waneta nazvo.
TONY MORRISON: Ini ndaneta nevanhu vanondibvunza mubvunzo.
VHARA CAVETT: Oh. Oo, hongu, hongu.
KUSAZIVA: Handizivi kuti simba remukadzi uyu rakabvepi rekurera vana vaviri, rekuunza vamwe vanhu vemavara kumabiko nekunyorawo mabhuku aya.
KUSAZIVA: Toni aive mupepeti paRandom House.
TONY MORRISON: Kufamba munyika yevarume vachena kwakanga kusiri kutyisidzira. Zvaisatombonakidza. Ndakavafarira kupfuura zvavaiita. Uye handina kutya kuzviratidza.
RUSSELL MABHangi: Kamwe kamwe, kanoni yakanga isiri pfuma yakavanzika yevanyori vechirume vechichena.
Sonia SANCHEZ: Ndakakanda bhuku iri mumba ndokubva ndadzika nhanho ndichiseka. Kufanana, unoverenga Toni, uye unochema, asi unofanira kuseka.
TONY MORRISON: Texas Bureau of Corrections yakarambidzwa Paradise nokuti zvingangomutsa bope. Uye ndakafunga, "Izvo zvine simba rakadii?"
ANGELA DAVISI: Pakaburitswa Toni Morrison Beloved, kwaiva kuchinja kunoshamisa. Hatingambofungi nezveuranda nenzira imwe cheteyo.
TONY MORRISON: Shamwari yangu yakandifonera mangwanani-ngwanani ndokuti, “Toni, wahwina Mubayiro weNobel.” Uye ndinoyeuka ndakabata foni, ndichifunga kuti, “Anofanira kunge akadhakwa.”
OPRAH WINFREY: Basa raToni Morrison rinotiratidza, kuburikidza nekurwadziwa, nzira dzese dzatinogona kusvika pakuda. Ndizvo zvaanoita, nemamwe mazwi ari papeji.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Turera ye Toni Morrison: Zvidimbu Zvandiri. Kana tadzoka, tichataura naAngela Davis, ane nhoroondo yehupenyu hwake yakapepetwa naToni Morrison. Tichataurawo nevanyori vane mukurumbira Sonia Sanchez naNikki Giovanni, shamwari dzese dzinodiwa dzaToni Morrison. Tichanzwawo zvimwe nezvaToni Morrison mumashoko ake. Garai nesu.
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AMY MURUME AKANAKA: "Tinogona Kubhururuka" naRhiannon Giddens. Ichi chi Dememocracy Zvino!, democracynow.org, Nhoroondo Yehondo uye Rugare. Ini ndiri Amy Goodman. Sezvatinoramba tichitarisa hupenyu hunoshamisa hwaToni Morrison, tinobatanidzwa nevaenzi vatatu, shamwari dzake dzinodiwa uye vaanoshanda navo.
Angela Davis, muratidziri ane mukurumbira uye munyori, akakurumbira purofesa emerita paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Santa Cruz, shamwari yepedyo yaToni Morrison kwemakore anopfuura makumi mana. Toni Morrison akagadzirisa bhuku rake ra40, Angela Davis: An Autobiography. Ari kubatana nesu parunhare kubva kuCalifornia.
MuPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, takabatanidzwa naSonia Sanchez, nyanduri akahwina mubairo, mumwe wevatungamiriri vepamberi veBlack Studies neBlack Arts movement, munyori wemabhuku makumi maviri, kusanganisira. Morning Haiku uye Kuzunungusa Ganda Rangu. Aivewo shamwari inodiwa yaToni Morrison.
Uye isu takabatanidzwa naNikki Giovanni, mudetembi, muratidziri, mudzidzisi, parizvino purofesa akasarudzika kuVirginia Tech. Muzvinafundo Giovanni ndiye munyori wemabhuku anopfuura gumi nemaviri. Yake yazvino, Kuchema Kwakanaka: Zvatinodzidza kubva mumisodzi nekuseka.
Tiri kuenda kutanga kuna Angela Davis. Unogona here kutaura nezve nhaka yaToni Morrison uyezve kuti wakatanga sei kumuziva, Muzvinafundo Davis?
ANGELA DAVISI: Zvakanaka, mangwanani, Amy. Ndichiri, chokwadi, kupora kubva kunhau yekuti Toni haasisina nesu. Asi ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti isu tizive kuti mazwi ake akachinja sei hupenyu hwatinorarama. Akabatsira kushandura manzwiro edu pamwe chete nekuziva kwedu nzvimbo yehunyanzvi nemabhuku munyika.
Munoziva, dzimwe nguva ndinombofunga kumashure nenzira yandaifungidzira huranda ndisati ndaverenga Beloved, uye ndinoona kuti fungidziro iyoyo yakanga isinganzwisisiki. Akatidzidzisa, ndinofunga pamwe kekutanga, kufungidzira vakadzi nevarume vakaiswa muuranda vane hupenyu hwakazara, vane hunhu hwakaoma, nemukati. Uye ini ndinofunga kuti basa rake rakanyatso shandura nzira iyo vanhu pasi rese vanofunga, kwete chete nezve vanhu vatema muUS, asi mafungire avanofungidzira hupenyu hwavo nezvakaitika kare uye neramangwana ravo.
Ndakasangana naToni Morrison kekutanga pasina nguva refu mushure mekupera kwekutongwa kwangu. Aive mupepeti kukambani yeRandom House inotsikisa, uye akauya kwandiri aine zano rekunyora kwangu nhoroondo yehupenyu. Uye, hongu, panguva iyoyo chaiyo, ndakanga ndisingafarire kunyora nhoroondo yehupenyu. Kunze kwaizvozvo, ndaiva nemakore makumi maviri nemasere, uye ndakafunga kuti, “Ndiani anonyora nhoroondo yeupenyu hwake mumakore makumi maviri? Unoziva, ichi chirongwa chinofanira kumirira makumi emakore akati wandei. " Uye ini zvakare ndakafungidzira rudzi rwehupenyu hwehupenyu sechimwe chinhu chakagadzirwa nevanhu vaive vakamira munyika, vainzwa kuti vakararama hupenyu hwavo nenzira yaizopa mienzaniso kune vanhu vari munyika. Uye ndakamuudza izvi.
Asi akanga achisimbirira. Uye pandakatsanangura rudzi rwebasa randaigona kugadzira, iro ringave risingakodzeri mumhando yezvandaifunga kuti yaizova nhoroondo yemunhu oga, akandinyengetedza kuti ndaigona kunyora nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika. Uye Toni, hongu, aive nenzira yekugadzira nharo iyo inogona kukunyengetedza kuita chero chinhu, saka pakupedzisira ndakabvuma. Uye ndiko kwaiva kutanga kweushamwari hweupenyu hwose. Ndiri kufara kuti ndakanyora nhoroondo yehupenyu, kana nekuda kwechikonzero chekuti yakandisuma kuna Toni Morrison.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Ndinoda kuenda, Angela, kuklip kubva kuhurukuro ya2010 pakati paToni Morrison newe, Angela Davis, kuNew York Public Library. Akaita zvekumhanya akakwira padariro achibva atoseka kuti ainge achangobva kuchinjwa hudyu, muviri wake wose waitofanira kubata hudyu yake yemashiripiti. Asi mese maitaura pachiitiko chinonzi "Frederick Douglass: Kuverenga, Maraibhurari uye Rusununguko." Pano, Toni Morrison anotaura nezve kusikwa kwepamutemo kwekuchena.
TONY MORRISON: Chinofadza ndechekuti vakamisa mitemo iyi. Uye mitemo yacho yainakidza zvikuru. Vakataura zvinhu zvakaita sechero - hapana vatema vanotenderwa kutakura chombo, zvachose, chero mamiriro ezvinhu. OK. Chechipiri, chero muchena anogona kuremadza kana kuuraya chero mutema chero chikonzero, pasina mhosva.
Zvino, munoona zvakaitwa kuvaranda vaive vachena: Iye zvino vava nani, vasununguka, vane simba. Vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Vachiri muuranda. Asi havasi - asi vanogona kutakura zvombo, uye vanogona kurova varanda vatema pasina kurangwa. Saka vane iyi muganho mudiki wechimiro, hapana chimwe. Hapana chimwe kunze kweiyo muganho mudiki.
Uye iyo muganho mudiki yakashanda nzira yayo kuburikidza nenyika ino kubva ipapo. Makanga muri muzana ramakore rechi 17. Uye iwe unoziva nzira yekuMaodzanyemba. Iwe unoziva zvinhu zvese izvi zvaunoratidzira dzinza uye rusarura sechikonzero kana kunyange chinangwa. Uye rusaruraganda hachisi chinangwa. Inzira. Ingori nzira yekusimba nemari. Ndizvo zvazviri. Ndozvazvinoitirwa, ingave nehondo kana kupatsanurana kana chii chaunacho. Chinhu chacho pachacho chingori kunyengera uye chishandiso. Uye chinangwa chayo ndicho chandachangobva kutsanangura chakaenderera mberi mushure meBacon Rebellion.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Ini ndaida kutendeukira kuna Nikki Giovanni izvozvi, mudetembi, muratidziri, purofesa, parizvino purofesa akasarudzika kuVirginia Tech. Muzvinafundo Giovanni ndiye munyori wemabhuku anopfuura gumi nemaviri. Zvake zvazvino, Kuchema Kwakanaka: Zvatinodzidza kubva mumisodzi nekuseka.
Muzvinafundo Giovanni, ndakaenda kuzokuonai kuVirginia Tech makore apfuura. Yakanga iri mushure mekuurayiwa kweVirginia Tech. Takagara muhofisi yako, uye iwe wakaramba uchivhiringwa nenhare, nekuti wanga uchifara zvakanyanya nekugadzirira chiitiko ichi kuVirginia Tech uko iwe naMaya Angelou munenge muchipemberera hupenyu hwaToni Morrison. Akanga achiuya. Paiva mushure mekufa kwemwanakomana wake. Uye iwe waingoda kumufadza uye kugovera hukuru hwake nenyika. Unogona here kutaura nezvekusangana kwawakaita naToni Morrison uye zvaanoreva kwauri?
Nikki GIOVANNI: Zvakanaka, ndakatanga kusangana naToni nokuti ndakamunyangira. Ndakaverenga Ziso reblue, uye ndaigara muNew York uye ndaingofamba-ndaigara pa92nd uye Central Park West, uye ndakafamba ndichienda kuRandom House, nokuti handina kumbonzwisisa kuti ndingatora sei subway. Zvino ndakafamba ndikaenda kuRandom House ndokuti, munoziva, “Ndinoda kuona Toni Morrison.” Uye murindi akati, munoziva, "Arikutarisira here?" Ini ndikati, “Zvakanaka, kwete.” Uye akati, “Zvakanaka, ndiwe ani?” Uye ndakanyora zita rangu ndokuritumira. Uye akatumira meseji kumashure: "Mubvunze kuti amirire." Uye akadzoka pasi mushure mevashoma - ndinofungidzira akachenesa dhesiki rake kana chero. Uye takayambuka mugwagwa ndokunwa kapu yekofi. Uye zvaingove - iwe unoziva, kana uchitaura kune chero shasha, unonyara. Handizive kana ndinonyara, asi chokwadi ndichiedza kutsvaga mazwi akakodzera. Asi takava nekapu yekofi, uye ukama hwakakura kubva ipapo.
Maya - pakafa Slade, ndakaenda kunoona Maya. Uye ini ndinoti "pasi" nekuti Maya aive kuWake Forest. Uye ndakati, munoziva, “Tinofanira kuita sei?” Uye zvakanga zvisiri kumufadza, nokuti warasikirwa nemwana, haugoni kufara. Asi kwaiva kunyaradza. Uye hanzvadzi yaifanira kuuya—uye mangwanani, Angela, uye mangwanani, Sonia, nokuti vose vari vaviri—takafonera Angela pakarepo, nokuti ndaiziva kuti vakanga vari pedyo. Uye, chokwadi, Sonia akauya. Takaita rombo rakanaka, nekuti Toni aive ati irombo rakanaka kupotsa munhu asati aenda.
Uye ndinoda kutaura, munoziva, tiri kutaura nezvazvo nhasi, kuti takarasikirwa naToni, asi Toni Morrison ndiShakespeare. Toni Morrison mutauri wenyaya saJesu. Hatife takarasikirwa naToni Morrison. Achagara ari pano. Uye achange ari muno mupfungwa dzemumwe munhu, uye achaita sechimwe chinhu. Iwe unoziva, isu tichaita sekunge tiri kurwisana nezvekuti Shakespeare anotarisa sei kana chimwe chinhu, asi Toni Morrison acharamba ainesu, nokuti akasika boka rebasa reunyanzvi, uye richagara riripo. Makore mazana maviri kubva ikozvino, tinenge tichiverenga Toni.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Muzvinafundo Giovanni, wataura Ziso reblue. Ndinoda kuenda kune imwe clip yehurukuro iya ya2010 pakati paToni naAngela Davis paNew York Public Library.
TONY MORRISON: Pandakanyora bhuku rekutanga randakanyora, Ziso reblue, ndaida chaizvo kuziva kuti sei musikana iyeye ainzwa zvakashata kudaro, uyo — musikana chaiye aiti anoda maziso eblue. Taitaura kuti Mwari ariko here. Ini, chokwadi, ndakanyengetedzwa kuti akadaro, uye akagutsikana kuti haana. Uye humbowo hwake hwaive hwekuti akange anamatira maziso eblue kwemakore maviri — makore maviri — uye haana kuawana. Saka, zviri pachena, akanga asiri kumusoro uko.
Asi pandakamutarisa ndikafunga nezvekuipa kwaaizoita kana akazviwana, ndikafunga - chechipiri ndechekuti aive akanaka sei panguva iyoyo. Munoziva, akanga akarurama—asi ndakanga ndisingatombozivi kuti akanga akanaka here kana kuti kwete, kusvikira ndafunga kuti angafungei. Zvino chinhu chechitatu, hongu, ndechekuti: Nei achida izvozvo? Munoziva, chii chinoita kuti afunge kuti ibudiriro? Uye rudzi irworwo rwekuzvisema, rwuri rwechokwadi, munoziva, kana usina chero rutsigiro, rwakandiita kuti ndifunge nezvazvo sechidzidzo chaicho chebhuku, kwete zvimwe, o, nyajambwa, asi chaizvo kuti zvinoshanda sei.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Nikki Giovanni, saToni Morrison achitaura nezvekunyora Ziso reblue, nezvemusikana wechidiki mutema wekumaruwa eOhio kuma1940, akabatwa chibharo nababa vake, achipengeswa, kana uchigona kutaura nezve kukosha kwebhuku iri uye nei wakafamba uchisangana naye? Yaive sarudzo ye2000 yeOprah Winfrey's Book Club. Uye vanhu vanogona kuti, "O, sei urikusimudza izvozvi?" Zvakanaka, chaizvo Oprah Winfrey akati angadai asina kana kugadzira kirabhu yebhuku dai asiri Toni Morrison. Nikki Giovanni?
Nikki GIOVANNI: Uye ndinofunga kuti ari pachokwadi. Munoziva, Pecola aisazvida. Uye ndinofunga kuti ndizvo zvaive zvichiitwa naToni, iye Pecola - Ziso reblue raingova dimikira. Pecola aida kuva chimwe chinhu, kuti mumwe munhu aonekwe, kuti azvitarise.
Uye ini ndichakuudza, mwana wandinoda zvakanyanya izvozvi ndiRenée Watson, mukadzi mukuru. Uye akatanga kunyora pamusoro pekuti chii kuva mukadzi mukuru, kuti anogona kuzvitarisa, nokuti unozvitarisa, uye iwe unoti, "O, ndanyanya kufuta." Ndiri munhu anogara achida kuwedzera uremu, nekuti ndakambosangana nekenza. handisi kurwisa kenza; Ndiri kuedza kurarama nazvo. Asi ndinofanira kuwedzera uremu. Ndinofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti uremu hwangu hahuite - handidi kuderedza uremu. Uye isu tinorarama munyika yandinobatidza terevhizheni yangu, uye zvakaita sekuti, “Wow! Unogona kuderedza uremu." Handidi kuonda. Ndinoda kuwedzera uremu. Asi kune vanhu vakamirira - vakakura, uye hapana ari kunyora nezvavo, kunze kwaRenée ari kunyora nezvavo. Uye ndinofunga mudzimai wechidiki akangwara. Ini ndinofunga anotevera Nobeless anofanira kunge ari Edwidge Danticat, anongove anoshamisa zvinoshamisa, munyori anoshamisa.
Saka, patinotanga kutarisa kuti chii chakaita Pecola, dai Pecola akakwanisa kuverenga Renée, kana kuti akakwanisa kuverenga Edwidge, kana kuti akakwanisa, nokuda kwechinhu ichocho, kuverenga - uye ndinomuda zvikuru - Kwame Alexander. , dai akakwanisa kuwana mumwe munhu akati, “Asi ndiwe. Uri musikana akanaka. Zvakanaka” — wobva woti, “Zvakanaka, kubata chibharo chinhu chakaipa kwazvo.” Ndinofunga kuti kubatwa chibharo kwakaipa kwazvo. Handisati ndambobatwa chibharo, saka ndinofara nazvo. Asi ndinofunga kuti hachisi chinhu chakaitwa nemunhu akabatwa chibharo; chinhu chawakaitwa. Uye saka, zvinhu zvinoitwa kwauri, iwe unofanirwa kutsvaga nzira yekusundidzira iyo - iwe unofanirwa kutsvaga nzira yekusundidzira iyo kumashure. Haisi mhosva yako. Uye ndinofunga kuti Toni anga achitora matanho ekuti, "Haisi mhosva yako." Ndinoreva, Ohio - tarisa kuOhio izvozvi, uye ingave hurukuro yese yatisingazove nayo. Asi tarisa Dayton, uye tarisa zviri kuitika mukati - tarisa zviri kuitika muAmerica. Uye saka, tinofanira kuita zviri nani. Saka tinoda zvimwe zvishoma - tinoda mamwe Toni Morrisons.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Uye ini ndinoda kutaura nezvazvo newe kusati kwapera show, nekuti pano iwe uri kuVirginia Tech, vanhu makumi matatu nevaviri vakaurayiwa mukupondwa ikoko. Wakadzidzisa mupfuri chaiye. Uye ndiyo imwe nhaurirano, asi ndinoda kudzokera kwairi. Nekudaro, ini ndoda kuenda kuna Sonia Sanchez izvozvi, mudetembi akahwina mubairo, mumwe wevatungamiriri vepamberi veBlack Studies neBlack Arts movement, munyori wemabhuku makumi maviri, kusanganisira. Morning Haiku uye Kuzunungusa Ganda Rangu. Sonia, wati, “Zvakaitwa naToni nemabhuku ake ndezvekuti aita kuti titarise uye tizvione. Tsanangura pawakatanga kumuwana, kuti unomudzidzisa sei kuvadzidzi vako, zvaari kureva mukunyora kwako.
Sonia SANCHEZ: Mangwanani, Hanzvadzi Angela naHanzvadzi Nikki naHanzvadzi Amy. Zvakanaka kuva pachirongwa ichi. Ndichangobva kuvhiyiwa muromo nezuro, saka ndinovimba kuti munogona kunzwisisa zvandiri kutaura.
Asi, hanzvadzi yangu inodiwa, takanga tiri pakutanga kwesangano reBlack Studies muno muAmerica, uye ndakakomborerwa kudzidzisa—kutanga kosi yokutanga pamusoro pemukadzi mutema muAmerica. Uye ikoko kwakanga kuri kuYunivhesiti yePitt muna 1969. Uye, chokwadika, apo ndakadzokera kuMabvazuva ndokudzokera kumusha, ipapo ndaifanira kutanga kutsvaka mabhuku namamwe mabhuku andaifanira kuisa muhurukuro iyoyo yevatema. vakadzi. Uye ini, hongu, ndinoverenga Ziso reblue.
Rega ndikuudze, hanzvadzi yangu inodiwa, pandinoverenga Ziso reblue, ndakagara pasi. Munoziva, ndaiverenga munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, dzimwe nguva ndiri pamubhedha ndakarara, dzimwe nguva ndiri pasofa ndakagara zvakasimba, dzimwe nguva ndichifamba ndichienda mberi nekudzoka sezvandaiverenga. Handina kuriisa pasi bhuku iroro. Ndakaritanga chaizvoizvo kubvira pakutanga, uye gare gare pausiku ihwohwo, ndiri mufundo yangu, umo ndakanga ndaguma nekapu yetii inopisa, ndipo ndakavamba kupedza bhuku iroro.
Uye zvandaiziva, kuti mukadzi uyu, hanzvadzi iyi, Toni Morrison, akaita chimwe chinhu nomutauro, nemashoko, kuti iye, neimwe nzira, mubhuku iroro nemamwe mabhuku ose, akasunungura uyu mutauro wakanga watibata munzvimbo iyi inonzi. America, matangiro aakaita mazwi iwayo uye kuti akarega sei mazwi iwayo achibvisa ropa redu, munoziva. Saka akavhura chinhu ichi chinonzi huroyi, huroyi hwemutauro wedu. Uye akanga achipfira mazino pamashoko edu, asi akanga achitorazve mhiko dzedu dzinoyera zvikuru, idzo mhiko mumutauro wedu, munzvimbo inonzi America.
Uye, munoziva, ndakadzidzisa bhuku iroro. Iroro rakanga riri rimwe remabhuku andaigara ndichidzidzisa, randaigara ndichitaura kuna Hanzvadzi Toni - vanhu pavakatanga kutaura nezvebhuku ravo guru, munoziva, ndakati, “Zvakanaka, unoziva, ndinogara ndichidzokera kumashure Ziso reblue, nokuda kwezvarinotaura uye zvarinotiitira isu semadzimai echitema.”
Ini, pane imwe nguva, ndakatanga kutarisa uye kunzwisisa kuti, iwe unoziva, mutsika dzakawanda dzeAfrica, kana iwe uine mapatya, zvinonzi mapatya ekutanga anobuda kunze kunotsvaka uye kuona kuti zvakanaka kune wechipiri mapatya. Saka unobuda, wotarisa-tarisa. Ndinochengeta, pandinodzidzisa, izvozvo Ziso reblue ndiye here mupatya wekutanga, achibuda, achitarisa-tarisa, achitsvaga, achiti, “Kwakanaka here kutaura izvi? Kwakanaka here, zvandichataura? Pane ivhu rakaorera here? Kune maziso akaorera here? Pane chiyeuchidzo chakanaka chezvandichataura here? Uye ipapo vamwe vose - vamwe vana vose vakabuda, kubva Sula pasi ku Beloved. Asi iyo yekutanga, Ziso reblue,ndiye akabuda achiti, “Hey, kwakanaka here kuita izvi? Rega ndikuudze zviri kuitika kunze uko sezvauri kugadzirira kutiunzira mamwe mabhuku aya.”
Saka, chimwe chezvinhu, pese pandaimuverenga, ndaigaroisa pameso angu. Munoziva, ndaigara ndichimuudza izvi, nekuti ndaigara muziso rendangariro dzake, paigara chishamiso chainzi Sisi Toni Morrison.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Tichaputsa, uye tichadzoka zvakare kuhurukuro iyi. Tiri kutaura naSonia Sanchez, tiri kutaura naNikki Giovanni, uye tiri kutaura naAngela Davis, pamusoro pekupedzisira, mukuru Toni Morrison. Akafira kuMontefiore Hospital muBronx nematambudziko emabayo nemusi weMuvhuro manheru. Ichi chi Dememocracy Zvino! Kudzoka muminiti.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: “Musandirega Ndisinganzwisiswi” naNina Simone. Ichi chi Dememocracy Zvino!, democracynow.org, Nhoroondo Yehondo uye Rugare. Ndini Amy Goodman, isu tichiramba tichitarisa hupenyu nenhaka yaToni Morrison. Akanga ari mukadzi wekutanga weAfrica-America kuhwina Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku. Akahwinawo Mubairo wePulitzer. Ndinoda kutendeukira kubvunzurudzo iyo Toni Morrison akapa kumutori wenhau weAustralia Jana Wendt. Yakanga iri 1998, yepurogiramu Toni Morrison: Haana kuverengerwa.
jana WENDT: Iwe haufunge kuti uchazombochinja nekunyora mabhuku anosanganisira chena - hupenyu hwevachena mavari zvakanyanya?
TONY MORRISON: Ndaita.
jana WENDT: Munzira huru?
TONY MORRISON: Iwe haugone kunzwisisa kuti mubvunzo iwoyo une simba rakadii rerusarura, unogona here? Nekuti haugone kubvunza munyori wechichena, "Uchanyora riini nezvevanhu vatema?" Kana akazviita kana kuti kwete, kana akazviita kana kuti kwete. Kunyangwe kubvunza kunobva pachinzvimbo chekuve pakati.
jana WENDT: Uye kujaira kuva pakati.
TONY MORRISON: Uye kujaira kuve pakati, uye uchiti, iwe unoziva, "Zvinomboita here kuti iwe upinde muruzhinji?" Hameno kuti kwandinenge ndave ndiko kune mainstream.
jana WENDT: Aiwa, handizvo zvaireva mubvunzo wangu. Ndinofunga iwe uri zvakanyanya, zvakanyanya mune mainstream. Iwo mubvunzo wemusoro wenganonyorwa yako, ungave uchida kushandura maparameter ayo, ungave uchiona chero bhenefiti mukuita izvozvo, kana kuti uchaona zvakajeka kuipa pakuzviita, kubva pamaonero ako?
TONY MORRISON: Artistic zvakaipa. Iko hakuna pluses kwandiri. Kuve munyori weAfrica-America kwakafanana nekuve munyori weRussia, anonyora nezveRussia, muchiRussian, kune vekuRussia. Uye chokwadi chekuti rinoshandurwa nekuverengwa nevamwe vanhu inobatsira. Zvinowedzera. Asi haasungirwe kumbofunga kunyora nezve vanhu veFrance kana maAmerican kana chero ani zvake.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: NdiToni Morrison ari kubvunzurudzwa nemutori wenhau weAustralia anozivikanwa Jana Wendt kumashure muna 1998. Uye ndaida kudzokera kuna Angela Davis, murwi ane mukurumbira, munyori, purofesa, anoremekedzwa purofesa emerita paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Santa Cruz. Mifungo yako sezvaunoteerera kurukurirano iyoyo?
ANGELA DAVISI: Toni Morrison akachinja zvachose nzira dzedu dzekufunga nezvemujaho. Uye ini ndinofunga nezve vhoriyamu diki iro raakanyora nezvekushoropodza kwekunyora, Kutamba Murima, paakanyora nezvekuti mabhuku muUS aigara achitsamira pakusavapo kwevanhu vatema. Ndinofunga kuti kuomerera kwake pakunyora nezvechiitiko chevatema, hupenyu hwevatema muAmerica, asi kwete nenzira inodzikisira kana kusarura vanhu vatema - munoziva, chaishamisa pamusoro paToni ndechekuti akatidzidzisa kuti simba chairo rekunyora rinogona. shandura nzira dzedu dzekufunga, dzekunzwa. Uye kana isu taifungidzira varanda kare seabstract manhamba, akatidzidzisa kuti chii chaishamisa pamusoro pezvakaitika kuvanhu vatema munguva yeuranda kwakanga kusiri kutambura kwakanyanya. Uye, hongu, kana tikafunga nezveuranda, zvisingadzivisiki, fungidziro ndeyekuti zvese nezvemhirizhonga, zvese nezvekutambudzika. Asi chaakatidzidzisa chakanga chiri chokuti chinhu chinoshamisa zvikuru chechiitiko chevatema muNorth America yakanga iri nzira iyo vanhu vatema vanoshandura nayo nzira dzinotyisa zvikuru dzokutambura kuva runako, kuva mufaro. Uye ini ndinofunga hatife takakwanisa zvakare kuita fungidziro yekuti kunyora nezve vanhu vatema neimwe nzira kuchagara kusingaite, sekufunga kwemutori wenhau weAustralia.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Ndinoda kutendeukira kuna Toni Morrison zvakare. Izvi zviri paPortland State University muna 1975.
TONY MORRISON: Zvakakosha, naizvozvo, kuziva kuti muvengi chaiye ndiani uye kuziva basa, basa rakakomba zvikuru, rerusaruraganda, runova kukanganisa. Zvinokukonesa kuita basa rako. Zvinoita kuti urambe uchitsanangura, kakawanda, chikonzero chako chekuve. Mumwe munhu anoti iwe hauna mutauro, uye saka unopedza makore makumi maviri uchiratidza kuti unodaro. Mumwe munhu anoti musoro wako hauna kuumbwa zvakanaka, saka une masayendisiti ari kushanda kuti ndizvo. Mumwe munhu anoti iwe hauna hunyanzvi, saka unozvibvisa. Mumwe munhu anoti iwe hauna humambo, saka unozvibvisa.
Hapana chimwe chazvo chinodiwa. Pachagara paine chimwe chinhu zvakare. Kuvhiringidza hakuna kusiyana nekubhomba Cambodia kuchengetedza North Vietnamese kubva pakuita kusunda kwavo kukuru. Uye sezvo isiri nhoroondo, kwete anthropology, kwete masayendisiti ezvemagariro anoita seanokwanisa, nenzira yakasimba uye isingachinji, kubata nedambudziko irori, zvingangosiiwa kune maartist kuti azviite.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Toni Morrison, achitaura muna 1975. Kutenda kunokosha kuPortland State Library. Muzvinafundo Nikki Giovanni, ndinoda kuti upindure kune zvaataura pano uye nemhinduro yake kumutori wenhau weAustralia akabvunza kuti achaisa riini hupenyu hwevachena mumabhuku ake nenzira yakakura, Morrison achipindura, achiti, "Unogona" handinzwisise kuti mubvunzo uyu une rusarura rwakakura sei."
Nikki GIOVANNI: Ini handisi musikana wako wekutsoropodza kana kushoropodza. Pamwe izuva rakashata, asi handizvo zvandiri kuita. Uye handizvo zvandakaita naToni. Uye ndakava neshamwari dzakawanda dzine mukurumbira; Toni mumwe wavo. Uye chinhu chimwe chete chandinofunga kuti ndinopa seshamwari ndechekuti kuva neni kwaisafanira kutsanangura chimwe chazvo, kwaisafanira kutaura nezvazvo. Uye isu taimboseka, nekuti ini ndinofunga chinhu chete icho - kana iwe ukawana boka revakadzi vatema nevanyori vechikadzi vatema pamwechete, hatimbotauri nezvekuti ndiani munyori mukuru kana kuti ndiani munyori akanakisa. Isu tinogara tichitaura nezvekuti ndiani anonyatsobika. Uye ndinoziva kuti ndiri mumwe wevabiki vepamusoro. Uye ndaimborwa naMaya pamusoro pazvo.
Asi iwe wabvunza mubvunzo iwoyo mubvunzo wakaperera, asi hausi mubvunzo wekuti, pa - ndine makore makumi manomwe nematanhatu, uye handina kugadzirira kuugadzirisa, uye saka handikwanise. Ndanga ndichida - ndaida kuva pano nhasi nekuti wandikumbira kuti ndive pano kuna Toni. Uye ndaida kuva pano nhasi kuti ndingotaura kuti Toni achagara ainesu. Ndicho chokwadi. Toni achava nesu. Aive munyori wenyaya.
Basa rake, sekuona kwangu, kune chero kutsoropodza kwekunyora kwandinogona kupa, kunodzokera zvakananga kune zvemweya, izvo ndizvo zvaaitaura nezvazvo. Uye ndiri mutsigiri mukuru wezvemweya. Asi ndizvo zvega zvandinogona kupa.
Ndauya kuzongoti ndinoda Toni. Taiva shamwari. Takaseka tese. Takabika tese. Pandakanga ndiri kuNew York, takaenda - vane maresitorendi akati wandei atinoda tese. Takabuda panze. Pavakafirwa nomwanakomana wavo, ndaida kuvanyaradza. Ndiye apinda Beloved uyo akati hapana kana bhenji. Uye ndaida kuva bhenji, nokuti bhenji idimikira. Bhenji haisi chidimbu chefenicha; idimikira. Uye ndaida kuva bhenji raToni. Ndaida kuva bhenji. Uye ndizvo chete zvandiri pano nhasi: Ndinongova bhenji.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Akafirwa nemwanakomana wake Slade, waakanyora naye mabhuku evana. Akafa nekenza yepancreatic. Ndaida kutendeukira kuhurukuro yaToni Morrison yeNobel kubva muna Zvita 1993, paakave mukadzi wekutanga wemuAfrica-America kugamuchira Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku.
TONY MORRISON: Mutauro unodzvinyirira haungomiriri chisimba chete; imhirizhonga; haingomiriri miganhu yezivo; kunoganhurira zivo. Kungave kuri kuvharidzira mutauro wehurumende kana mutauro wemanyepo wenhau dzisina pfungwa; ingave iri mutauro unozvikudza asi wakaverengerwa weacademy kana mutauro wesainzi unotungamirwa nezvinhu; ingave mutauro wakashata wemutemo-usina-tsika, kana mutauro wakagadzirirwa kutsauranisa vashoma, kuvanza kupambwa kwayo kwerusarura mudama rayo rekunyora - inofanira kurambwa, kuchinjwa uye kubudiswa pachena. Ndiwo mutauro unonwa ropa, unokanganisa kusagadzikana, unoisa bhutsu dzayo dzefascist pasi pemacrinolines ekuremekedzwa uye kuda nyika sezvo inofamba isingaregi yakananga kuzasi uye pfungwa dzakadzika. Mutauro wezvepabonde, mutauro werusaruraganda, mutauro wechitendero - zvese zvinowanzoitika mumitauro yechipurisa yehunyanzvi, uye hazvigone, hazvibvumire ruzivo rutsva kana kukurudzira kupanana mazano.
AMY MURUME AKANAKA: NdiToni Morrison achimupa kero yeNobel, paakapihwa Mubairo weNobel weLiterature, akave mukadzi wekutanga wekuAfrica-America kuhwina mubairo iwoyo. Akahwina Pulitzer muna 1988 yebhuku rake Beloved. Ndaida kutendeukira kuna Sonia Sanchez, mudzidzisi wenguva refu, purofesa, mudetembi akahwina mubairo. Izvi zvairevei kumunyori wechikadzi wemuAfrica-America panguva iyoyo, zvakapihwa kangani maremekedzo aya ekunyora achidzorwa nevarume vachena kwenguva yakareba kudaro, Sonia?
Sonia SANCHEZ: Rudyi. Eya, wakanga uri mufaro wakadaro kuona Hanzvadzi yedu inodiwa Toni ichigamuchira Mubayiro wePulitzer pano, uye chaizvoizvo ichigamuchira Nobel. Ndakanga ndamuka ndichinyora humwe husiku. Ini ndaive kumashure semazuva ese. Uye ini ndanga ndichiona bhokisi rebenzi - ndine urombo, terevhizheni. Uye vakavhenekera kuti Toni Morrison akanga agamuchira Mubairo weNobel. Saka ndakafonera kumba kwake. Uye pakanga pasina mhinduro. Zvino ndakafonera kumba kwavo kwaaigara, kumusoro kuNew York, mwanakomana wake akapindura akati, munoziva, “Ari kumba.” Zvino ndakamufonera zvakare, ndikati, "Toni" - akabata foni. Ndakati, “Toni, Toni, wahwina Nobel!” Iye ndokuti, “Sonia, Sonia, Sonia, unoziva, uri kurevesa here? Wakadhakwa here? Uri chii?" Ndikati, “Kwete, handisi wezvinhu izvozvo! Uye isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezvazvo uye nekupemberera. " Uye mushure mekunge tataura nezvazvo, anoti, "Ngatisvikei kune bhizinesi chairo rezvatichapfeka ikoko."
Asi, hanzvadzi dzangu dzinodikanwa, munoziva, chimwe chezvandinoziva panguva ino ndechekuti akati, “Tinofa. Izvozvo zvingava zvinoreva upenyu. Asi isu tinoita mutauro. Ndiwo angava chiyero chehupenyu hwedu. " Uye mukadzi akangwara uyu, mukadzi uyu Toni Morrison, akatipa mutauro, akatipa mazwi. Mabhuku ake aitivimbisa tose kuti hupenyu hucharamba huchienderera mberi, hupenyu haupere kana tafa, nyaya inosara isina kupera vanhu vese varikutevera kumashure kwedu, vanyori vechidiki vachauya kumashure kwedu uye vachaenderera mberi netsika huru iyo sisi. Toni Morrison akatigadzirira isu tese.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta