Dare redzimhosva reInternational Court of Justice raona kuti zvakaitwa neIsrael muGaza zvinogona kuita kuuraya rudzi zvichityora mutemo wenyika. Dare reDunhu reUS rakatsigira kuwanikwa uye rakawedzera kuti, "Chisungo chemunhu wese kutarisana nekukombwa kwazvino muGaza." Chii chatingadzidze kubva munhoroondo nezvebasa revanhu kutarisana nemhosva dzehondo uye kuti zvingaite sei kuzviita.
Mumutongo wakapihwa Ndira 31, Dare reDunhu reUnited States kuNorthern District yeCalifornia rakaona kuti pane nyaya yakavimbika yekuti Israel iri kuita kuuraya rudzi muGaza uye kuti US iri kutsigira zviito zvayo.[1] Yakadaidza manejimendi eBiden kuti "vatarise mhedzisiro yerutsigiro rwavo rusingaverengeki rwekukomba kwemauto maPalestine muGaza." Kunyange ichiti haina mvumo yekurayira US kuti imire, yakadana vanhuwo zvavo "kutarisana nekukombwa kwazvino muGaza." Iyi Mhinduro inopiwa senzvimbo yekutanga yekufunga nezvezvinorehwa nesarudzo iyi kwatiri tese.[2]
Zvakawanikwa neDare: Zviri pachena kuti Genocide
Mutongo weDare wakatanga nekuburitsa mamiriro enyaya iyi:
Musi waGumiguru 7, 2023, Hamas yakarwisa Israel, ikauraya vanhu vangangosvika chiuru nemazana maviri nekutora vagari mazana maviri nemakumi mana. Kubva panguva iyoyo, Israel yakagadzira mauto ekurwisa Hamas muGaza Strip. Munguva iyi yehondo, kwave kune vangangoita 1,200 vanhu vakaurayiwa uye vanopfuura 240 vakakuvadzwa mukurwiswa kweIsrael.
Yakazopfupisa zvakawanikwa neInternational Court of Justice pamhosva dzekupondwa kwakaitwa Israel neSouth Africa. ICJ yakaona kuti "zviito nekusiirwa" zvakapomerwa neSouth Africa zvinoita sezvinokwanisa "kuwira mukati mezvisungo zveGenocide Convention."
Kuvhiya kwemauto kuri kuitwa neIsrael zvichitevera kurwiswa kwa7 Gumiguru 2023 kwakonzera kufa kwevanhu nekukuvara kwakakura, pamwe nekuparadzwa kukuru kwedzimba, kutamiswa kweruzhinji rwevanhu, uye kukuvadzwa kukuru kwezvivakwa zvevanhu. . Nepo manhamba ane chekuita neGaza Strip asingakwanisi kusimbiswa akazvimirira, ruzivo rwechangobva kuitika runoratidza kuti 25,700 Palestinians vakaurayiwa, pamusoro pekukuvara kwe63,000 kwakashumwa, pamusoro pe360,000 dzimba dzedzimba dzakaparadzwa kana kukuvadzwa zvishoma uye vangangoita 1.7 miriyoni vanhu vakadzingwa mukati.
ICJ yakawedzera kuti:
Israel inofanira, maererano nezvisungo zvayo pasi peGenocide Convention, maererano nePalestine muGaza, kutora matanho ese ari mukati mesimba rayo kudzivirira kutumwa kwezviito zvese mukati mechikamu chechikamu chechipiri cheChibvumirano ichi, kunyanya: (A) kuuraya nhengo dzeboka; (B) kukonzera kukuvadza kwakakomba mumuviri kana mupfungwa kune nhengo dzeboka; (C) kuisa nemaune kuboka mamiriro ehupenyu akaverengerwa kuunza kuparadzwa kwayo kwemuviri zvachose kana chikamu; uye (D) kumisa matanho ane chinangwa chekudzivirira kuzvara.
Sarudzo yeDare reDunhu reUS yakatsigira zvakawanikwa neICJ:
Humbowo husina kupokana huri pamberi peDare rino hunoenderana nezvakawanikwa neICJ uye hunoratidza kuti mabatirwo anoitwa maPalestine muGaza Strip nemauto eIsrael anogona kunge ari kuuraya rudzi mukutyora mutemo wenyika. Zvose huchapupu husina kupokana hweVamhan'ari uye maonero enyanzvi akataurwa pakunzwa pamusoro pezvikumbiro izvi pamwe nemashoko akataurwa nevakuru vakasiyana-siyana vehurumende yeIsrael anoratidza kuti kukomba kwemauto kuri kuitika muGaza kunoitirwa kutsakatisa vanhu vese uye nekudaro zvinowira mukati. kurambidzwa kwepasi rose kupondwa kwemarudzi.
Nekuremekedza dzidziso yepamutemo yekuti matare haana simba pa "mibvunzo yezvematongerwo enyika" yakapihwa neBumbiro reMitemo kune mamwe mapazi ehurumende, Dare rakaramba kuraira hutongi hweBiden kuti vagadzirise kuwirirana kwavo. Asi rakapa chikumbiro: "Dare iri rinoteterera Vadziviriri kuti vaongorore mhedzisiro yerutsigiro rwavo rusingachinji rwekukomba kwemauto maPalestine muGaza."
Uye muchikumbiro chakajeka chokuti vanhu vaite zvaisazofungwa neDare, mutongo wacho waiti: โMusengwa womunhu wose kunangana nokukomba kwazvino uno muGaza.โ
โChisungo Chemunhu Pamwecheteโ Kumisa Mhosva dzeHondo
Kunyange zvazvo dare risina kutsanangura musengwa womunhu mumwe nomumwe, kune nhoroondo refu kumutoro wetsika nomutemo wavose, hurumende navanhu vamwe navamwe zvakafanana, kudzivisa mhosva dzehondo.
Sokutaura kwakaita Dare reNuremberg pashure peHondo Yenyika II, โKupindirana mukupara mhosva inorwisana norugare, mhosva yehondo, kana kuti yakanangana nevanhuโ โimhosva pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda.โ[3]
Munyaya yeZykon B, Dare reNuremberg rakaona kuti โzvisungo zvemitemo netsika dzehondo hazvina kutaurirwa kuvarwi chete uye kunhengo dzehurumende nezvimwe zviremera zvehurumende, asi kune chero munhu anogona kubatsira kutyora kwavo. โ Munyaya yeFlick Dare redzimhosva rakatonga kuti mutemo wenyika dzese "unosunga mugari wese sezvakangoitawo mutemo wemanisipala."[4]
Pane chikonzero ichi chiri madikanwa. Ndiani achasimbisa mutemo kana hurumende ikautyora pasina kurangwa? Mutongi Bernard Victor A. Roling weDare Remhosva Dzehondo reTokyo akapa mhinduro: Nyika โinofanira kutsamira pavanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vashore mirairo youtsotsi yehurumende.[5]
Nekuda kweBumbiro reMitemo reUS, mutemo wenyika dzese nezvibvumirano zvepasi rese chikamu chemutemo weUS. Mutongi wedare repamusoro reUS uye muchuchisi weNuremberg, Robert Jackson akati, "Chaizvoizvo cheNuremberg Charter ndechekuti vanhu vane mabasa epasi rese anodarika zvisungo zvekuteererwa nenyika."[6] Saka, zvisungo pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda zvakare zvisungo pasi pemutemo weUS.
Hondo Mhosva Kupokana kubva kuHondo yeMexico kuenda kuGaza
Kusateerera kwevanhu vasingateereri mukupikisa hondo kune tsika refu muUnited States, inodzokera shure kuna Henry David Thoreau kuenda kujeri kunopikisa hondo yeUnited States neMexico.[7] Sezvo kutyisa kwemhosva dzehondo dzeNazi kwakatungamira kuNuremberg Tribunal pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, vazhinji vanopikisa hondo vakaisa chiito chavo mumutemo wepasi rose unorambidza mhosva dzehondo.
Mhosva dzehondo dzeUS muVietnam dzaive kukurudzira kukuru kwekubuda kwe "The Resistance," boka rakasununguka revarume vechidiki vakadzosera makadhi avo ekunyoreswa kuhurumende nechisungo chekuramba kuiswa. Mukati megore zviuru zvakati zvakadzorera makadhi azvo okunyoreswa uye mazana akanga aramba kupinza basa.[8] Izvozvo zvakabva zvakurudzira Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority, inotungamirirwa nachiremba wevana ane mukurumbira Dr. Benjamin Spock nevamwe, avo vakazotongwa nehutungamiri hwaLyndon Johnson. Chiremba wemauto Howard Levi's kuramba muna 1967 kudzidzisa maGreen Berets eVietnam neVietnam Veterans Against the War's Chando Murwi Kuongorora Mhosva dzehondo muna 1971 dzakatambawo mabasa akakosha mukuratidzira mhosva dzehondo dzeUS muVietnam uye nekusimudzira kusimudzira kwesangano rekurwisa Hondo yeVietnam.[9]
Kupokana kwakavakirwa pamutemo wenyika dzakawanda kwakabuda zvakare muhondo yeIraq.[10] Somuenzaniso, paZuva reSt. Patrickโs 2003, nhengo ina dzenzanga yeCatholic Worker muIthaca, New York dzakapinda munzvimbo inonyorerwa varwi muLansing, New York ndokudurura ropa radzo pamadziro, mahwindo, mapepa, makadhibhokisi. mannequins evarwi, gonhi, uye mureza weAmerica. Vakasungwa ndokupomerwa mhosva yokuparadza zvinhu.
Sekureva kwaBill Quigley, gurukota rezano kune rakazozivikanwa se "St. Patrick's Four," zano ravo rekutongwa raive rekuisa mutemo wehondo muIraq mukutongwa. Vakaramba vachiti zviito zvavo zvaive pamutemo pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda nekuti vaiyedza kumisa hondo isiri pamutemo. Kupinda kweIraq kwaive nhevedzano yezviito zvakakomba zvisiri pamutemo zvaiita mhosva dzehondo. Pasi pemitemo yeNuremberg vaive nekodzero yekuyedza kumisa mhosva dzehondo. Kutyisa kwemuchuchisi uye kushamisika kwevepepanhau, jury yakavhara 9-3 ichitsigira kuti vaipomerwa varege mhosva.
Musi waChikumi 7, 2006, mukuru wemauto emuUS First Lieutenant. Ehren Watada akaita musangano nevatori venhau achizivisa kuti akaramba kuenda kuIraq nekuti hondo yaiveko yaive isiri pamutemo. Watada akapokana kuti kupinda nekupinda kweDhipatimendi muIraq "kwaive zvisiri pamutemo" nekuti "kutyora hurongwa hwedu hwedemocracy yekutarisa uye zviyero. Inotora zvibvumirano zvepasi rose uye zvibvumirano izvo kuburikidza neBumbiro reMitemo zvinova mutemo weAmerica. " Watada akati, "Sezvo murairo wekutora chikamu mukuita zvisiri pamutemo usiri pamutemo zvakare, ini semukuru wekuremekedza nekuvimbika ndirambe kurongeka uku."[11] Akawedzera kuti, ""kubatanidzwa kwaizondiita kuti ndiite chikamu kumhosva dzehondo." Mushure memakore matatu ekuedza kumutongesa nedare remauto, Mauto akazokanda mapfumo pasi ndokubvumira Lt. Watada kusiya basa. Pasinei nekuramba kwake kwakananga kwekuraira kwekuendesa, Watada haana kupedza zuva rimwe chete mutirongo.[12]
Kupokana nekubatana kweUS mumhosva dzehondo muGaza kwakakura nekukurumidza - zvakanyanya nekuti zviito zveIsrael muGaza zvave zvakanyanya kuoneka se-zvinoitika embodiments yekupondwa kwevanhu pasirese. Kubva pakutanga kuramba uku kwakanangana nekupondwa kwemarudzi uye dzimwe mhosva dziri pasi pemutemo wenyika. Nemutongo weInternational Court of Justice neNorthern California Federal District Court, nyaya yemhosva dzehondo - uye kunyanya kuuraya rudzi - yakakurumidza kuita pakati pekupokana ikoko.
Matare aya anogona kushaya simba kana chido chekuita zvaanenge awana. Asi, sezviri kujekeswa nedare reNuremberg Tribunal nemutemo weUS, ibasa revanhu kumisa mhosva idzo matare aratidza kuti hadzina simba kudzivirira. Isu tese tine basa rekudzivirira mhosva dzehondo uye kupindirana mazviri nehurumende yedu. Sokugumisa kwakaita dare reCalifornia, "Chisungo chemunhu wese kutarisana nekukombwa kwazvino muGaza."
[1] Defence for Children International-Palestine, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Joseph R. Biden, et al., Defendants. https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2024/01/91_1-31-24_Order-granting-MTD_w.pdf
[2] Kuti uwane nhoroondo yemutemo wemhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzehondo dzeUS muHondo yeIraq, ona Jeremy Brecher, Jill Cutler, naBrendan Smith, eds, Muzita reDemocracy: Mhosva dzeHondo dzeAmerica muIraq uye Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005. Available for free download at https://www.jeremybrecher.org/downloadable-books/inthenameofdemocracy.pdf
[3] Muzita reDemocracy p. 8. https://www.jeremybrecher.org/downloadable-books/inthenameofdemocracy.pdf
[4] Ibid, p. 245.
[5] Ibid, p. 285.
[7] Kupokana nemhosva dzehondo kunoenderana nemutemo wepasirese hausi weAmerican monopoly. Kupokana kwekupokana muuto reFrance, zvichibva pakuramba kutora chikamu mumhosva dzehondo muAlgeria, kwakakurudzira "Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the War in Algeria" (AKA "The Manifesto of the 121") yakabatsira kutanga sangano iro. mumakore mashoma akaunza hafu yemiriyoni varatidziri mumigwagwa yeParis muna 1962 uye vakabatsira kupedza Hondo yeAlgeria. Chirevo che "Manifesto ye121" yaive kurudziro yeUS 1967 "Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority."
[8] Kuti uwane zvimwe pamusoro pekupokana neHondo yeVietnam ona "Michael Ferber, "Kuramba Mhosva dzeHondo: Vietnam neIraq," mu. Muzita reDemocracy, mapeji 275-279. https://www.jeremybrecher.org/downloadable-books/inthenameofdemocracy.pdf
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation
[10] Kune kumwe kuramba kwehondo yeIraq uchishandisa mutemo wepasi rose, ona Muzita reDemocracy, Chikamu V: Vanoramba: โHana, Kwete Umbwendeโ, mapeji 209-244. https://www.jeremybrecher.org/downloadable-books/inthenameofdemocracy.pdf
[11] Brendan Smith naJeremy Brecher, "Watada, Mutemo, uye Hondo," Chikunguru 6, 2006. https://www.jeremybrecher.org/watada-the-war-and-the-law/
[12] Brendan Smith naJeremy Brecher, "Ehren Watada: Yemahara Pakupedzisira," Gumiguru 29, 2009. https://www.jeremybrecher.org/ehren-watada-free-at-last/
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