Magna, Utah - The Salt Lake Tribune iri kutaura kuti Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. yakavanza, kubvira 1988, mukana wekudengenyeka kwepasi kwakakonzera njodzi huru yekumisa muMagna, Utah. Iyo tailings impoundment iri kuchamhembe kweMagna uye inochengeta inofungidzirwa bhiriyoni imwe matani emarara emigodhi. Muna 1993, kambani yakaita "kuongororwa kwengozi" kuti ione kana kuderedzwa kwakakwana kwekuvharirwa kwaizodhura kudarika mari yepamutemo inobatanidza nekuparara kwepfuma uye kufa kwevagari.
The Tribune yakaburitsa a 1997 memo yakavanzika, yakanyorwa naRay D. Gardner, aimbove Chief Legal Officer weKennecott, izvo zvinoshoropodza kubata kwekambani njodzi inogona kuitika.: "Sarudzo dzevatungamiriri vekare dzekuzvidza uye kuvanza zano repamutemo, kufanozivisa ruzhinji, kuedza kumisa nzvimbo yekugara nechisimba, kudyidzana neState Engineer kumisa zvidzidzo zveKL kubva kuruzhinji, uye kurambidza kugoverwa kweChidzidzo Chekudzikisa, pamwe chete uye mumwe nemumwe, zvinopa chitarisiko chokurangana kuvanza ngozi huru kuchengeteko yevoruzhinji.โ
G. Frank Joklik aive mutungamiri weKennecott uye CEO kubva 1980 kusvika 1993. Joklik, iye zvino ari chipangamazano wezvemigodhi, parizvino ari mubhodhi revatungamiriri vePrime Meridian Resources (PMR), femu yemigodhi iri kuda kugadzira madhipoziti akati wandei esimbi muUpper Peninsula. Mitambo yeOlympic ya2002 isati yatanga, nyaya yechiokomuhomwe yakamanikidza Joklik kusiya chigaro muSalt Lake Organising Committee, iyo yaive nebasa rekuyedza kuchengetedza mitambo yeguta reSalt Lake. PMR ine imwe Kennecott yekubatanidza - tiye mutungamiri wekambani Michael Senn, aive Kennecott geologist kubva 1980 kusvika 1996 uye aive Regional Manager / Chief Geologist apo Kennecott akawana dhipoziti yeEagle, mu1995.
Dziva rematailings, iro rakavhurwa muna 1908, rakambotadza kaviri (1941 na1964) izvo zvinonzi hazvina kukonzera kurasikirwa nehupenyu kana kukuvara kukuru kwepfuma uye hazvina kukonzerwa nekuita kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Iyo 1997 memo inocherekedza kuti mishumo yesainzi yakatumirwa pakusungwa kwemisara muna 1957, 1966, 1974 uye 1983. Mishumo yakacherekedza kugona kweiyo tailings kuvharirwa kukundikana nekuda kwekuita seismic. Nzvimbo iyi iri mukati meIntermountain Seismic Belt uye kudengenyeka kwenyika munzvimbo iyi, muna 1962, kwakayera 5.2 paRichter Scale.
Sekureva kweUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), muna 2006, Kennecott's Utah Copper Mine uye Power Plant yaive nzvimbo yechipiri yepamusoro-soro yekusvibisa munyika ine 102.5 miriyoni mapaundi ezvinosvibisa. Iyo kambani Green's Creek Mine, muAlaska (ichangobva kutengeswa kuHecla Mining Corp.), iri pachinzvimbo chechinomwe, iine 7 miriyoni mapaundi ezvinosvibisa.
Muna 1988, Joklik akapa basa rekuwedzera kuongororwa kwedhamu remachira kubva kuCanada engineering femu, Klohn-Leonoff Consultants Ltd. (KL), kubva kuBritish Columbia, Canada. Chirevo cheKL chakaratidza kuti kudengenyeka kwenyika kunogona kukonzera kuputika kwedhamu, kufashamira chikamu cheguta reMagna, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwehupenyu uye kukuvara kwepfuma. Maererano nebhuku raGardner ra1997, mushumo wacho wakataura nezvengozi inogona kuitika kuโnzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu, nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, njanji huru, uye migwagwa mikuru yevanhu vose.โ Imwe nyanzvi yeindasitiri, H. Bolton Seed, yakaongorora ndokusimbisa zvakawanwa, ichitaura kuti โngozi yegore negore yokukundikana kwenzvimbo yakachengeterwa machira [yakakura zvakapetwa ka100] kupfuura yemadhamu enguva dzose.โ
Joklik akapindura mushumo nekusabudirira kuyedza kuvanza mhedzisiro vachishandisa chengetedzo yegweta basa rechigadzirwa rombo uye vakagadzira boka rekutarisa nzira dzekudzikamisa iyo Magma Corner uye zvimwe zvikamu zvekuvharirwa kwemiswe. A "Chidzidzo Chekudzikisa," chakapihwa kubva kuKL, muna 1989, yakakurudzira mhinduro chete yaive yekugadzira berm rekunze rakatenderedza miswe yese yekuvharirwa. Mukupindura, Kennecott akatanga kudzikisa mvura yeMagma Corner asi akasiya "zvinhu zvakakosha zvechirongwa chekusimudzira seismic" muna 1993 nekuda kwemitengo yehupfumi ine chekuita nekutamisa mamaira mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe neshanu eState Route 2.75, Magna Copper Gorofu Course, uye zvese Kennecott uye zvechitatu bato zvinoshandiswa mu. iyo nzvimbo, uye kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa iyo kambani nzira yemvura zvivakwa.
Gardner's 1997 memo inoratidza kuti "sarudzo yekusiya berm, buffer uye dike zvikamu zvekusimudzira seismic haina kunyorwa zvakanaka uye inoita kunge yakakurudzirwa nehupfumi, pasina hanya yechokwadi nezvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu."
Joklik naPhilip J. Bernhisel (Mutevedzeri Mukuru waKennecott weMari neMutemo) vakakumbirawo kuongororwa kwepamutemo kubva kune aimbova General Counsel, Earl Tingey, uyo akarayira kuferefetwa kubva kuna Bob Connery, weHolland uye Hart LLP, Denver. Nekudaro, maererano neiyo Gardner memo, Joklik akadzora ongororo yaConnery uye akaganhura basa raTingey kune rimwe rekungoendesa ruzivo kubva kuConnery kuenda kuJoklik. Connery akakurudzira kuti Kennecott azivise kutyisidzira kune vagari. Connery akadzingwa uye akaudzwa kuti Joklik haana "kuda" zano rake uye kutumira chero magwaro akakodzera kuKennecott uye kuparadza makopi ese. Connery haana kuteerera zano racho.
Joklik akawana chirevo chechipiri chepamutemo, kubva kuParsons, Behle naLatimer (PB&L), kubva kuSalt Lake City, iyo yakakurudzira kuti Kennecott azivise kutyisidzira kune veruzhinji uye kuti kuvharirwa kwemisara kuve kwakachengeteka nekutamisa State Route 201 uye kugadzira nzvimbo yakatenderedza. impoundment. Chipangamazano uyu akaudza Kennecott kuti kusungwa uku "kwaive nengozi zvisingaite" uye kuti kambani yakatarisana nemukana wekutongerwa mhosva uye mhosva kana kambani ikasayambira veruzhinji. Kennecott's General Counsel akaraira PB&L kuti Joklik "aizomisa kumiririra kwePB&L kana maonero avo akapihwa kwaari, uye akaraira PB&L kuparadza pfungwa."
Kutevera mabasa ayo ekubvisa mvura, Kennecott akapa imwe "seismic hazard evaluation" kubva kuWoodward naClyde, muna 1993, kuti vaongorore zvakare mukana wekutyorwa kwemachira muMagma Corner yekuvharirwa. Ongororo yaWoodward naClyde yakaratidza mukana wengozi yakanyanya kupfuura yekudzidza kweKL.
Gardner's 1997 memo inotaura kuti "Mukana wekudzikamisa Magna Corner chete kuburikidza nekuedza kwekubvisa mvura inoita seyeyedzero yepashure yekupa chikonzero chekutsigira, nekuona nzira inogoneka yekudzivirira kubva kune inogona kuparadza mhedzisiro yekutadza kwekudengenyeka. Nehurombo, sarudzo yekubvisa mvura inoramba isina kuratidzwa. "
Vakuru veKennecott vakasangana neUtah State Engineer kuti vakurukure nezvekutanga KL ongororo. Zvinoenderana nemaminitsi akagadzirirwa nekambani, Injiniya yeNyika yakabvumidza kukwidziridzwa kwaKennecott kuzere kwekudengenyeka uye kubvumirana nezvakawanikwa nemushumo. Nekudaro, sekureva kwaGardner's 1997 memo, "Maminitsi anoratidza zvakare kuti zvidzidzo zveKL zvakagovaniswa neState Engineer, asi hazvina kuchengetwa nemarekodhi esangano nekuda kwekunetsekana" kuti vaizowira munharaunda yeruzhinji. Injiniya yeNyika yakapa vimbiso isina kurongeka yekuti "asina chinangwa ... chekuenda pachena neruzivo." Maneja wepurojekiti anopa zano rekuti Injiniya yeNyika haina kuchengetedza makopi echero mishumo ye geotechnical yakaitirwa Kennecott.
Panzvimbo pekutsvaga kukwidziridzwa kwakazara kweiyo tailings impoundment, Joklik akapa mvumo Kennecott's Land department kuti vatenge pachivande dzimba mazana maviri muGreen Meadow Estates. Vakuru mubazi iri havana kuudzwa zvikonzero chaizvo zvekutenga kwacho. Kubva 1991 kusvika 1992, bazi rakatenga dzimba makumi matatu nepfumbamwe, kuburikidza nemumiriri asati azivikanwa, idzo dzakazorendwa. Iwo maroja matsva haana kumbobvira aziviswa nezve njodzi dzine chekuita nekuzorora mukusungwa kwematailings. Muna 1995, Kennecott akatanga kutsvaga sarudzo dzekutengesa zvivakwa pasina kupa pachena kune vatengi maererano nengozi yekumisa.
Zvinokatyamadza kuti muna 1992, kambani yevabereki vaKennecott, Rio Tinto, yakaita โongororo yenjodziโ kuti ione kuti kambani ingangove nemhosva yei pakaitika njodzi yekuputsika kwedhamu. Kambani iyi yakakumbira Dhipatimendi reLand kuti ritore โhuwandu hwevanhu vanobatanidzwaโฆkupararira kwezera revagari (vanhuwo zvavo, vadiki, vakuru) [sic]โฆnhamba inokwana yevana nevakuru varipo pachikoro chega chegaโฆ hupenyu nematare eUtah, nekusiyana nezera. "
Gardner's 1997 memo inopedzisa kuti "Kushaikwa kwechiziviso cheruzhinji kunonyanya kunetsa. Kusiyana nezano rakajeka remafemu maviri ezvemitemo anoremekedzwa zvikuru, manejimendi aKennecott haana kupa yambiro yaidiwa nekuti VaJoklik vaitenda kuti zvaizokonzera โkuvhunduka uye masutuโโฆKennecott ane basa remutemo neretsika rekuzivisa njodzi iyi uye kupa zano vanhu vangangobatwa nedambudziko iri. yekuedza kuderedza kwekambaniโฆ.Kambani yakafunga kuti hupenyu hwevanhu hwakanga husina kukodzera mutengo wekupedzisa kukwidziridzwa kwekudengenyeka kwenyika nenzira ingangopa mukana unogamuchirika wekuchengeteka."
Kunyangwe Kennecott's modification's, mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, iyo impoundment's Magna Corner ichiri kutadza kusangana neUtah yakaderera chengetedzo mwero wekudengenyeka kwepasi kwakaipisisa kwe20 paRichter Scale. Kennecott anoti kuvandudzwa kwekupedzisira kuchapera mumakore gumi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta