Hugo Chavez akacheka nzvimbo yakafara pamusoro penyika dzepasirese, kupfuura yemumwe mutungamiriri chero upi zvake munhoroondo ichangoburwa yeLatin America, achiisa chiono chenyika yakavakirwa pahukama hwakaenzana pakati pemarudzi nevanhu. Kusimuka kwake pakuzivikanwa kwakatanga paMusangano wechitatu weAmericas muna Kubvumbi 2001 muQuebec, Canada apo George W. Bush akanga achangogadzwa akaedza kupinda nemunzvimbo yeFree Trade Area yeAmerica yaizobva kuArctic Circle kuenda kuTierra del. Fuego muSouth America.
Ikoko ndiko kwandakatanga kuona Chavez ane hushamwari uye hunhu hwake hune hushamwari hwakamira hwakasiyana nehunhu hwaBush hwekunyomba uye kuzvitutumadza. Pavatungamiri venyika makumi matatu nevana vaivapo, Chavez chete ndiye akaramba kubvumirana nechisungo chemusangano chekuti nzvimbo yekutengeserana pasina kusununguka panosvika 2005. Mamiriro aChavez anoenderana neanopfuura 50,000 XNUMX varatidziri muOttawa avo vaitsutsumwa nekuparadza kwakaitika. yezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwemahara uye mutemo wehupfumi wakavasunga pasi, neoliberalism.
Asingagutsikane nekungopikisa US free trade policy and neoliberalism, Chavez pamusangano wenyika dzeCaribbean gare gare mugore akadana "kubatanidzwa mune hupfumi, magariro, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika dzevanhu veLatin America neCaribbean." Zvino muna 2004 Venezuela neCuba dzakagadzira ALBA, Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our Americas kukurudzira 'kutengeserana kwakanaka' kwete kutengeserana kwemahara. Bolivia yakapinda muna 2006 uye gare gare Nicaragua, Ecuador uye nyika shanu dzeCaribbean. Chinangwa cheALBA chinopesana zvakanyanya nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwemahara, nechinangwa chekusimudzira kutengeserana pamusimboti wekubatana pachinzvimbo chemakwikwi- yakatarisana nenyika pachinzvimbo cheuneoliberal nzira yekubatanidzwa. Kutsinhana kwevashandi vekurapa vekuCuba neoiri yeVenezuela ingori muenzaniso wekutanga werudzi rwechibvumirano chakaitwa pasi peALBA. Cuba neVenezuela dzakabatirawo pasi peALBA kupa dzidziso yekuverenga nekunyora kuvanhu vedzimwe nyika dziri nhengo dzeALBA, dzakaita seBolivia. Pfungwa huru ndeyekutengesa uye kuchinjana zviwanikwa munzvimbo idzo nyika imwe neimwe ine masimba anoenderana uye kuita izvi pahwaro hwekururamisira, kwete mitengo inotarwa nemusika.
Nhasi ALBA mutambi akakosha wehupfumi munharaunda yeCaribbean. Kuburikidza neALBA, nyika dzenhengo dzakagadzira zvinodaidzwa empresas grannacionales ('supranational enterprises') yekugadzira mishonga nechikafu. Mukupesana nemapurojekiti emakambani epasi rese aya mabhizinesi akavakirwa pakushandira zvinodiwa munharaunda, pane kungoita purofiti. Iyo Continental TV chiteshi Telesur uye yedunhu kambani yemafuta Petrocaribe mienzaniso yemapurojekiti epamusoro. ALBA inewo bhanga - rine mari yekutanga ye1 muzana yenyika dzenhengo dzemari yakachengetedzwa - inopa zvikwereti zvakaderera zvekurima nemaindasitiri munyika dziri nhengo.
ALBA yanga iriwo simba rakakosha mune zvematongerwo enyika hemispheric. Apo vatungamiri vehemispheric vakasangana zvakare muna 2005 pamusangano wechina weAmericas kuMar del Plata, Argentina naGeorge W. Bush zvakare varipo, nyika dzeALBA dzakasangana neVatungamiri Nestor Kirchner weArgentina naLuiz Inacio. Lula da Silva wekuBrazil, akarova dambudziko rerufu kuUS inotarisira kumisa Nzvimbo Yemahara Yekutengeserana yeAmerica.
Mhedziso yezviroto zvaChavez zvekondinendi isina kudzidziswa kweUS yakauya muna Zvita, 2011 pamusangano wenhoroondo muCaracas, Venezuela, Ikoko nyika dzese dzehemispheric, kusasanganisa United States neCanada, dzakabvumirana kumisa CELAC, Nharaunda ye Latin America neCaribbean States, dambudziko rakananga kuUS-inosimudzirwa Sangano reAmerican States, iyo yaive yakatonga nyaya dzehemispheric kwemakumi emakore. CELAC inoona mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi wedunhu, uye yakagamuchira Hurongwa hwekuita hwakakura uye hwakadzama hunoisa zvibodzwa zvekumisikidza mitero yekutengeserana, kushandirapamwe musimba uye mapurojekiti ezvakatipoteredza, uye kupedza kusagona kuverenga munyika dzese mumakore matatu.
Zvichida nhaka huru yepasirese yaChavez kumutsiridzwa kwesocialism. Iye kupfuura mumwe munhu upi noupi anofananidzwa nepfungwa ye'makumi maviri nerimwe yezana remakore rokutanga.' Musi waNdira 30, 2005, akataura kugungano regore rechishanu reWorld Social Forum muPorto Alegre. Ndakanga ndiri pakati peboka ravane 15,000 XNUMX munhandare yeGigantinho, sezvo Chavez akazivisa, kuti: โHakubviri mukati megadziriro yegadziriro ye<em>capitalist kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakakomba zvourombo hworuzhinji rwechiverengero chavagari vapasi. Tinofanira kudarika capitalism. Asi isu hatigone kutendeukira kuhurumende capitalism, ingave kutsveyamisa kwakafanana neSoviet Union. Tinofanira kudzorerazve socialism sedzidziso, chirongwa, uye nzira โฆ rudzi rutsva rwesocialism, yehumanism, inoisa vanhu kwete michina kana nyika pamberi pezvese.'
Kudaidzira kwaChรกvez kuvaka hutsva hwesocialism yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe kwakaratidza shanduko munhoroondo inofambira mberi. Nguva iyoyo isati yasvika, kunyange zvikamu zvekuruboshwe zvakatenda kuti kuparara kweSoviet Union kwakazivisa kufa kwesocialism. Asi apa paive nemutungamiri wenyika aida kudzoreredza izwi rekuti 'socialism,' achiridzosera pahurongwa hweveruzhinji. Uyezve, aya akanga asiri mashoko neshuviro zvomunhu mumwe chete; Chavez akabata kukura kweanopokana-capitalist kuziva kwesangano rakakurumbira redemokrasi raipokana neoliberalism uye US hegemony mudunhu. Socialism inogona kuwanikwa ne'democracy,' akasimbirira Chรกvez, 'asi kwete rudzi rwedemocracy iri kuiswa kubva kuWashington.'
Mumakore masere apfuura, Chavez nenyika yeVenezuela vakaenda kure kuti vaise socialism munyika yavo. Mukupera kwa2005 Chรกvez akatanga kudana vagari kuti vaumbe makanzuru. Mutemo weCommunity Councils wakatsanangura makanzura aya se 'zviitiko zvekutora chikamu, kutaura, uye kubatanidzwa pakati pemasangano akasiyana-siyana emunharaunda, mapoka evanhu uye vagari vemo, izvo zvinobvumira vanhu vakarongeka kushandisa zvakananga kutonga kwemitemo yehurumende nemapurojekiti.' Kusvika pari zvino makanzuru anodarika zviuru makumi mana akaumbwa. Cooperatives zvakare inzira huru yekuvaka socialism kubva pasi. Mafekitari mazhinji ave kutungamirwa nemakanzuru evashandi, zvikuru mumaindasitiri esimbi, aluminium uye bauxite. Nzvimbo dzekugovera chikafu dzinodzorwawo nevashandi. Nzira yesocialism, zvisinei, izere nematambudziko, sezvo kushomeka uye inflation zvakabata hupfumi. Kunyangwe Chavez akabvuma mumazuva ake ekupedzisira kuti Venezuela yakanga isati yawana utopia yesocialist.
Pasinei nematambudziko aya, uye zvinopesana nemafungiro evatsoropodzi vanoshora 'hutongi hwake hwehutongi', Hugo Chavez akasiya chivako chezvematongerwo enyika, chemagariro evanhu uye chehupfumi chinokwanisa kutakura chimurenga mberi. Mutevedzeri wake, Nicolas Maduro, mutungamiri anokwanisa wesangano revashandi akashanda segurukota rezvekunze kusvika azova mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika. Achashamisa vanhu, sezvakaita Chavez, nekugona kwake kutungamira Venezuela uye kuenderera mberi nehondo yegutsaruzhinji uye nyika iri nani.
Roger Burbach ndiye munyori pamwe chete naMichael Fox naFederico Fuentes veLatin America's Turbulent Transitions: The Ramangwana reMakumi maviri Nekutanga-Century Socialism, ichangobva kuburitswa neZed Books. Chitsauko chechina ndicho 'Venezuela's Twenty-First-Century Socialism'. Kuhodha bhuku, ona webhusaiti: www.futuresocialism.org
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