Vakatyamadzwa nezviitiko muTahrir Square, vezvenhau vakafuratira basa revashandi mushanduko yeEgypt, sangano ravo remusi wa6 Kubvumbi rakapihwa zita rekunetsana kwevashandi vepaMisr textile fekitori kuMahallah al-Kubra. Kuratidzira kwakadai kunoenderera mberi munyika yose
Youssef Chahine angadai asina kuziva chiteshi chepakati cheCairo, kumashure kweimwe yemafirimu ake akanakisa, akapfurwa muna 1958 (1), iyo inotaura nezverudo rwaKanawi, mutengesi wepepanhau akaremara, nokuda kweHanuma yakanaka. Chifananidzo chakakura cheRamses II icho chaimbomira kunze kwechiteshi chakatamiswa kuenda kunzvimbo yeGiza muna 2006, uye ichangobva kugadziridzwa façade inopenya muzuva. Asi mukati maiva nenyonganyonga: kuti vasvike pachikuva, vakwiri vaifanira kuyambuka nzvimbo yokuvaka, pakati pemasarasara, mirwi yemarara nemadhamu, pasina zviratidzo zvinovabatsira. Chitima cheMahallah al-Kubra chaifanira kusimuka na1:15. Vanhu vakamanikidzira kupinda mungoro dzine tsvina, mahwindo avo akanga akati nyangarara netsvina. Zviviri chete, kumashure, zvakapa zvigaro zvakachengetwa uye mhepo yekufefetera kunyangwe tembiricha yaive pedyo ne40°C.
Zvakatora anopfuura maawa maviri kusvika kuMahallah, 100km chete kuchamhembe kweCairo mhiri kwerwizi rweNire; hapana chaigona kutsanangura chikonzero nei chitima chaifanira kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kudaro sezvataiyambuka imwe yeminda yakaorera zvikurusa yenyika, tichiparadzwa nokukura kwemaguta. Nehafu yemirioni (mamiriyoni maviri tichiverenga dunhu rakapoteredzwa), Mahallah akafanana nemaguta epakati nepakati akatora huwandu hwehuwandu hweEgypt kubvira maguta eCairo neAlexandria asvika pakuzara. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 yakanga ine monopoly mune silika. Gare gare yakava imwe yenzvimbo dzeindasitiri yezvipfeko zveEgypt, iyo mukurumbira wayo wakavambwa padonje remhando yepamusoro, refu-refu, rakaunzwa nevaFrench muna 1817. Apo hondo yevagari veAmerica ye1861-65 yakagura zvinhu zveEurope zveAmerica, Egypt. yakava mutengesi mukuru wedonje kunze kwenyika.
Fekitori yeMisr yekuruka nekuruka ingori mazana mashoma emamita kubva pachiteshi, asi iwe unofanirwa kutsvaga nzira yako mumigwagwa isina tara, yakazara nemotokari, ngoro dzevatengesi uye vashandi vechidiki vechikadzi vefekitori vakapfeka misoro, vese vachiedza kubata bhazi, chitima. , tekisi yakagoverwa kana rickshaw ine mota. Fekitari inoshanda maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva, mumashifiti matatu, asi vakadzi vanoshanda shifiti yezuva chete inopera na24:4 masikati.
Chiratidzo chakaziviswa "Welcome to the capital of Egypt industry". Nhoroondo yaMisr inoratidza iyo yeEgypt, uye mutemo wayo wekusimudzira. Iyo kambani yakavambwa muna 1927 naTalaat Harb, muvambi webhangi rekutanga reEgypt, aive nechinangwa chekusimudzira indasitiri, uye akayangarara pamusika wemasheya. vatengesi vekuBritain vakatenga migove; kunyangwe yakazvimiririra zviri pamutemo kubvira 1922, Egypt yaive panguva iyoyo pasi peBritish. Misr akaiswa muEjipitori pakati pa1954 na1956, ndokuzoitwa nyika muna 1962 naGamal Abdel Nasser pasi pechirongwa chekuvandudzwa kwesocialist uye nekukurumidza maindasitiri achitsigirwa neSoviet Union izvo zvakakonzerawo kuvakwa kweHelwan iron nesimbi mabasa uye Aswan High Dam. Kutora kwaAnwar Sadat kumutungamiri wenyika muna 1970 kwakaunza infitah (kuvhurwa kwehupfumi), iyo yakakurudzira kuisirwa mari kwemakambani akazvimirira uye kushambadzira kwevashandi vehurumende. Gwaro iri rakakwidziridzwa mumakore ekuma1990 nema2000 pasi peHosni Mubarak.
Mabhizinesi mashoma ehurumende ndiye akamira, kunyanya fekitori yaMisr. Imba hombe, yakakomberedzwa nemafenzi, ine dzimbahwe raMisr, mahofisi nemashopu, dzimba dzevashandi nemamaneja uye nhandare yemitambo, chipatara, theatre uye dziva rekushambira, rakavhurirwa vese. Zvitoro zvekushandira pamwe zvinopa chikafu, fenicha nembatya nemitengo yakaderera. Asi zvimwe zvivakwa, kusanganisira canteen, zvakasiiwa - chiratidzo chekuti hurumende haichadayi.
Mumwe haana chokwadi kana Misr akafemerwa nevepaternalistic capitalism yakakweretwa kubva kuBritish kana socialism chaiyo, yakabva kuNasserism; zvirokwazvo inomutsa chishuvo muEgipita yose. Kunze kwekugadzwa kwemuhoro wakaderera we1,200 Egypt pound ($192) (2) kune kazhinji kacho kushevedzwa kwekuvandudzwa kwemafekitari akaiswa pasi pemamwe makore ekuma2000, kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu asina chokwadi. Zvikumbiro izvi zvakatounza maitiro kubva kuUS; muna Chivabvu mumiriri weUS ari kubuda, Margaret Scobey akati: "Kudzokera kune nyika kuchava kukanganisa kukuru mukudyara. … Nhoroondo inoratidza kuti kutengeserana kwave kune hutano, kubatsira uye kubudirira mukubatsira nyika zhinji kuti dzishandure kuita demokrasi” (3).
Scobey anoita seasina kuona uye haana chaakanzwa panguva yekutumira kwake kwemakore matatu: pepanhau rinoshuma zuva nezuva kuti vaIjipita vane kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvakanakira privatisation: matare achangobva kumisa privatization yeEgypt retail chain Omar Effendi; vabati vehove vanenge 30,000 420 paLake Bourlos, vakaparadzana neMediterranean nekamwe kanyika, vari kurwisa kupiwa zvisiri pamutemo kwenzvimbo dzakakura dzemvura dzavo kune zvinetso zveindasitiri; mirioni muchinda weSaudi Al-Walid Bin Talal, akatenga 1998 sq km yeminda yekurima padyo nemuganhu weSudan muna XNUMX, aifanira kubvuma “kupa” zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvacho kuvanhu veEgypt.
Mutungamiriri weEgypt, Issam Sharaf, akatsanangura chibvumirano ichi se "kurudziro kune maArab nekudyara kunze kwenyika kuburikidza nekutaurirana kwakanaka". Hurumende neSupreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) vachiri kutevedzera gwara rehupfumi rakasununguka. Vakasiya pfungwa yemutero wemari inofambira mberi (chiyero parizvino yunifomu 20%) uye mutero pamihoro yemakambani. Musi wa5 Chikumi vakawirirana neInternational Monetary Fund pachikwereti che$3bn, zvichienderana nemamiriro enguva dzose e“kugadzikana” kweupfumi hwenyika nezvemari. (Cherechedza kuti muna Kubvumbi 2010 IMF yakarumbidza "zviremera 'zvakanaka manejimendi ehupfumi uye shanduko dzakaitwa kubvira 2004".)
Kuitwa kwepasi pema2000s kwakaomerawo vashandi, kushaikwa mumakumi ezviuru kana kumanikidzwa kubvuma mamiriro ekushanda akaoma. Mudunhu reMahallah, vanhu zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi maviri neshanu vanoshanda muindasitiri yemachira, asi zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu zveizvi mubazi reveruzhinji. Vamwe zviuru makumi maviri nezvitatu vanoshandirwa naMisr, vamwe vese nemazana emakambani madiki, ayo makumi matatu nematanhatu chete ane vashandi vanopfuura chiuru. Muchikamu chehurumende zuva rekushanda maawa masere; mubazi rega rega iri maawa gumi nemaviri, pasina mazororo kana kugovana-purofiti, uye yakawanda yemubhadharo inosanganisira mabhonasi. Vana vari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu vanopihwa mari shoma.
'Maziso ese ari pana Mahallah'
Afak Ishtiraki (Socialist Horizons), sangano rine zvinongedzo kuEgyptian Communist Party, rine mahofisi munzvimbo yevashandi veMahallah. Idzi dzinoshanda senzvimbo yekuunganidzira vemasangano evashandi muguta, umo mune zvematongerwo enyika akasiya akasimba. Pazuva randakashanya, vashandi gumi nevaviri vairwa hondo, kusanganisira vakadzi vaviri, vaisangana. Imba yacho yakashongedzwa nemireza yePalestine uye mifananidzo yaNasser, Khaled Mohieddin (mumwe weNasser's Free Officers) naNabil al-Hilali, gweta rinorwira kodzero dzevashandi. Sirogani yaiva pamadziro yairatidza kunetseka pamusoro pokukwira kwemitengo: “Mitengo iri kutsva! Torai mubayiro wedu, mutipe zvokudya.
Vamwe vevarwi vakadzingwa basa mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekuramwa mabasa kana kuyedza kumisa mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira (iyo Egypt Trade Union Federation inodyidzana nehurumende). Widdad Dimirdash akashandira Misr kubvira 1984. Pasinei nekuvhiringidzwa nguva nenguva kubva kuvarume, akatsanangura matambudziko ake mukuyananisa zvido zvebasa, hupenyu hwemhuri uye mushandirapamwe wake wemubatanidzwa. Mushandirapamwe wake wekutanga waive muna 2006, wekunyengetedza vashandirwi vake kuti vabhadhare mabhonasi ekugovana purofiti. Varume vacho vaizengurira, akadaro, asi “isu [vakadzi] takaburuka muchivanze, tikavadenha, tichiti: ‘Varume varipiko? Vakadzi vari pano!’ Uye ivo vakatikumbanira. Kubva ipapo, maziso ese ari pana Mahallah. Wese munhu anotenda kuti ramangwana riri pamapfudzi edu. "
Mumakore mashanu apfuura, Misr - nhare yevashandi - vaiita sekunge vane tariro yeramangwana. Asi vezvenhau (vemunyika nepasirese), vakashamiswa nezviitiko zveTahrir Square, vakashaya maonero ekutanga kwechimurenga (4) "Vakatibira 6 Kubvumbi!" Akadaro Dimirdash. Musi wa 6 Kubvumbi 2008 vanhu veMahallah vakanga vaita mhirizhonga vachipikisa mutengo wekurarama (5) Bato rakadaidzira kuratidzira kwa25 Ndira 2011 rakatora zita rekuti “6 Kubvumbi”, asi rakakanganwa kwarakabva.
Mohammed Attar, makumi mana nemashanu, akange atora chikamu mumatambudziko evashandi uye akatambura nemhirizhonga nebazi rezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, iro rakakanganisa sarudzo dzemubatanidzwa uye hupenyu hwemazuva ese mufekitori - tsika yakawedzera kumakambani ese nehupenyu hwevose. vaEgipita. “Mazano ose okupikisa akakopa vanhu kune dzimwe nzvimbo akavakwa muno muMahallah: kutora nzvimbo iri pamberi pemagedhi efekitari uye kudzika matende ipapo; kudana munhu wose, kubatanidza vanhu vari munzvimbo dzakakwirira muCairo; kuumba mubatanidzwa wakafara nemauto ose anopikisa, kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kuMuslim Brotherhood.” Yakanga iri pano zvakare, muna Kubvumbi 45, iyo mifananidzo yeMubarak yakaderedzwa kekutanga. Kuti vaparadze kufamba, zviremera zvakadzima mukana weinternet mudunhu rese. Muna Gumiguru 2008 vakaita chiitwa chakateedzera kuvhara mambure muEgypt yese. Makambani ese ezvekufonera (kusanganisira Mobinil, kambani yeOrange) akatora chikamu (6).
MaEgipita matatu
Zvichida vashandi ndivo magamba chaiwo. MuCairo mahofisi emazuva ese Al-Tahrir, Mustafa Bassiouni, nyanzvi yemubatanidzwa nenhau dzevashandi, akabvunza, kuti: “Neiko kuri kuti kumukira muLibya, Yemen neBahrain kusati kwabudirira? MuTunisia, yaive General Union yeTunisian Workers (UGTT) kudana kwekuramwa mabasa kwakarova hurumende. MuEgipita, nyika yakanga yakamira; zvifambiso zvavose zvakanga zvisisafambi. Mumazuva mashoma apfuura kwakava nekushevedzera kwekuramwa mabasa kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye izvi zvakaunganidza vanhu. KuSuez, kuramwa mabasa pafekitari yefetereza uko vashandi vanga vatobuda muna Ndira 2009, kudzivirira kutumirwa kunze kwenyika kuIsrael panguva yeOperation Cast Lead, kwakakonzera kuramwa mabasa kwezvematongerwo enyika” (7).
Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kune maEgypt maviri: yepakati-kirasi Egypt yeTahrir Square, uye nedzimwe? "Kwete, vatatu," akadaro Alaa al-Din Arafat (8), muongorori wepanzvimbo yeFrance yezvidzidzo zvemutemo uye zvinyorwa (Cedej) anga achifamba nenyika kwemakore maviri. “Kutanga une Cairo, Alexandria uye maguta makuru, uko mazhinji masirogani aitaura nezvedemokrasi nerusununguko. Zvadaro une maguta epakati-kati uye kumaruwa, kunyanya Delta, uko kusimbiswa kwaiva pamusoro pekushaikwa kwemabasa, dzidzo nemitengo, uye uko kwaiva nekutsoropodza kweU.SA neIsrael. Uye pakupedzisira une matunhu e'peripheral' (Sinai, zvikamu zveUpper Egypt, Marsa Matrouh), uko mibvunzo yakanangana nemamiriro enzvimbo idzo, dzinoregeredzwa, uye nekuzivikanwa kwehuwandu hwavo, iyo inowanzo furatirwa nepakati. hurumende.” Pane zvanga zvachinja kubva pakaitika chimurenga here? "Kumukira uku kwakabvisa vezvematongerwo enyika," akadaro Arafat. "Asi nhanho yechipiri neyechitatu ichiripo, uye ichine tsika imwechete."
Magweta madiki makumi matatu aipikisa dare reCassation muCairo. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvavo zvaive "Takabvisa Gamal [mwanakomana waMubarak] asi kune chiuru cheGamals pakati pevatongi" - chirevo chekutsvaga pakati pevatongi. Hapana zuva rinopfuura pasina boka rinokurudzira kuti mukuru wekambani ane uori adzingwe basa kana kuti purezidhendi weyunivhesiti abviswe. Muna Chikumi, kekutanga munhoroondo ichangoburwa, Cairo University's arts faculty yakasarudza dhian mutsva pasina kukanganiswa kubva kubazi rezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Kana hutongi hweAl-Azhar kana Chechi yeCoptic, idzo dzakashanda pamwe nehutongi hwaMubarak, hadzina kupokana. KuNag Hammadi kuUpper Egypt, vashandi mufekitari yealuminium vakaronga kugara-mukati, vachida mabhonasi nemabasa evana vavo. Muna Chikumi, vashandi vemamwe matunhu eSuez Canal Authority vakarova, vachidana kuti zvibvumirano zvaivepo zvikudzwe uye mutungamiriri akagadzwa naMubarak abviswe. Kuratidzira kwakaitwa nemazana evanachiremba nguva pfupi yadarika kwadaidzira kuti mari yehutano ikwire kubva pa3.5% yebhajeti kusvika pa15%.
Kuratidzira kusingaverengeki uku kunoratidza kukura kwematambudziko eEgypt, sezvakaita nyaya dzinokurukurwa neSCAF, hurumende, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nenhepfenyuro. Rondedzero iyi inokwana kuita kuti chero munhu ane njere asada kutungamira nyika: kurongeka kwesarudzo; mutemo mutsva wenzvimbo dzekunamatira; remangwana renhau dzehurumende; kutongwa kwevakuru kubva kuhurumende yekare; kuvandudzwa kwehupfumi; kurongeka patsva kwemapurisa nebazi rezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika; kuparadzwa nekusarudzwa patsva kwemazana emakanzuru ekanzuru; basa remauto muEgypt ine democracy; chimiro chemayunivhesiti; kugadzwa kwemari shoma; kutsiviwa kwevakuru vakuru vose; mutemo wemasangano evashandi. Hukuru hweshanduko dzinodiwa hunoratidza kuti kutamburira kuchaenderera kwemakore.
Yakakamurwa kuruboshwe
Kuruboshwe kweEgypt, yapera simba nemakore ekudzvinyirirwa, haisati yazvironga pachayo. Iyo Egypt Federation of Independent Unions (FIU) inogara ine mwero mufurati paQasr al-Aini Street, inotungamira kuTahrir Square. Makamuri akanga akazadzwa navanhu vaitaura nomwoyo wose; nharembozha dzakarira. Madziro aive akashongedzwa nemaposta airatidza chibhakera chakabata chipanera. Galal Shukri akawana kona yemahara umo taigona kutaura: “Ndakatanga kusarudzwa semumiriri wesangano revashandi muna 1979, mukambani yeruzhinji yenharembozha. Muna 1987 ndakapinda mubhodhi. Takashandisa mitemo yevashandi vehurumende kuchengetedza kuvandudzwa, asi kambani yakabhadharwa muna 2006, gore randakaenda pamudyandigere. Vashandi vakanga vatoderedzwa kusvika pa700, zvichienzaniswa ne2,800 20 vataiva navo makore XNUMX akanga apfuura.”
Shukri akabatana nevepenjeni avo vanga vachiona mari yavo yepenjeni ichiderera kubva muna 2004 uye akange asina munhu aidzivirira kodzero dzavo. Muna 2008 akavamba sangano revashandi rakazvimirira, iro hurumende yakangoziva mushure memusi wa25 Ndira 2011 uye iro rava kuti rine nhengo mazana maviri. Ndiye muvambi weFIU, iyo inosanganisirawo mubatanidzwa wezvekufambiswa kwemashoko, mubatanidzwa wevashandi vemitero, uye mubatanidzwa wevadzidzisi. Denho yavo hurusa yave iri kuronga mamirioni anoshanda mubato rakazvimirira: “Tinoenda mumataundi matsva, munzvimbo dzakasununguka. Tinomisa masangano emunharaunda uye tinodzidzisa varwi vavo. Tinoda kuita kongiresi pakati pazvino naGumiguru. Tiri kuyedza kuti masangano akazvimirira aya acherechedzwe, asi tiri kushorwa nehurumende dzematunhu, kunyange hazvo bazi rezvevashandi rinotitsigira.”
Mazuva maviri akanga apfuura akanga apinda musangano nevemabhizimisi kuti vakurukure nezvekukwidzwa kwemari yavanotambira. Vanamuzvinabhizimisi vakanga varwisa Shukri, vachimupomera mhosva yekukanganisa Egypt kuSwitzerland uye kutyisidzira purofiti yavo panguva iyo, pakati pekusagadzikana kwese, "vatengesi vanoda 50% kudzoka pakudyara kwavo". Gurukota rezvevashandi nekupinda nekubuda kwevanhu muEgypt Ahmed Borai, mumwe wevashoma veEgypt pamitemo yemabasa - akamboshandira International Labor Organisation uye akadzidzisa paSorbonne muParis - akapindura: "Munoziva here zvichaitika kana tikatadza kutara mubayiro? Vanhu vachadzokera kuTahrir Square uye vachapisa zvese. "
Borai inoda kushandura chimiro chemubairo, umo yakagadziriswa kubhadhara maakaundi e20% chete uye mamwe mabhonasi. "Tinoda kushandura chikamu, kudzoreredza mari yekurovha, iyo yakamiswa muna 1991, uye kuderedza huwandu hwemihoro." Huwandu hweEGP 700 ($112) yaari kutaura semuhoro wepasi mubazi rehurumende - mihoro mubazi rakazvimirira inosarudzwa nekomisheni yevatatu - iri pasi peiyo EGP 1,200 yakabatana neinflation ($192) inodiwa ne masangano evashandi. “Mazana manomwe epondo ane mufungo. Isu tine zvimhingamipinyi zvehupfumi zvakare. "
Muna Chikumi SCAF yakazivisa kuti yaizoenderera mberi nedanho, rakatorwa mushure mekunge rabvuma kutonga, rekurambidza kuramwa mabasa, uye vakati wandei vakadzvinyirirwa. Zvakadaro mafambiro aya ndeemwero wakaderera uye haana kukonzeresa matambudziko ehupfumi eEgypt, ayo ari nekuda kwekuderera kwekushanya, kudzoka kwevashandi zviuru mazana mashanu vekune dzimwe nyika kubva kuLibya uye neoliberal marongero akatevedzwa muEgypt kwemakumi emakore. Zvinodiwa nemauto, mamwe maIslamist uye mauto e "neoliberal" kudzoka kune kurongeka.
Khaled Khamissi, munyori we tekisi (9), iyo inorondedzera kurukurirano dzokufungidzira muiyi nhandare yakakurumbira yokutsinhana kwemirangariro yenyika, yakati: “Tiri kuona rwisano yamauto maviri anorwisana: kune rumwe rutivi uto, iro ‘rinotaura muzita rechimurenga, zviri nani kuuraya. it off'; ukuwo, chimurenga.” Zvisinei nekusava netariro kwevadiki vashoma vakaodzwa mwoyo (10) nemhaka yokuti vaidavira kuti kumukira kwacho kwaizova “kwakatsetseka sezvinoita mugwagwa weNewski Prospect” (Lenin, achinokora mashoko Chernyshevski) uye vakanga vakanganwa kuti kumukira kunotora makore, tariro haina kufa muEgipita. Mumashoko echikwangwani muTahrir Square: "Kana tikarega kurota, zvichava nani kufa, kufa, kufa."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta