Mwedzi mishoma yadarika yaona zviitiko zvakakosha muhukama pakati peUS neIndia. Zvizhinji zvetsanangudzo yakanangana nehuchenjeri uye nemhedzisiro yezvibvumirano zvitsva pamusoro pemauto nenyukireya mutemo nezvirongwa. Asi izvi zvibvumirano zvichangoburwa zvinodawo kuwonekwa muchiedza chemakore anopfuura makumi mashanu ekuedza kweUS kuita kuti India ive chikamu cheAmerican zvematongerwo enyika, hurongwa uye hupfumi zvirongwa zveAsia. Chinozojeka ndechokuti zvakanga zvakaoma sei mumakore ose aya. Zvinobvunza mubvunzo kuti sei vatungamiriri veIndia vakapedzisira vatanga kudonha munhanho zviri nyore mumakore mashoma apfuura.
Cold War Era
Kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitwa neUS kubatanidza India muzvishuvo zvayo zvakauya mushure mekusununguka. Chinangwa cheUS chaive chekuti India ibatane nedivi reUS muhondo inotonhora yekurwisa Soviet Union uye, nekufamba kwenguva China. Maitiro akaiswa panguva yekushanya kwaJawaharlal Nehru kuUS muna 1949, izvo zvakatevera mushure mekuyedza nyukireya yekutanga neSoviet Union uye kubudirira kwemakomunisti ekuChina mukutora masimba. Robert J McMahon, munyori wenhoroondo wedhipatimendi reUS akananga kumaodzanyemba kweAsia anonyora mubhuku rake The Cold War on the Periphery: United States, India, nePakistan, kuti Nehru asati ashanya, CIA nedhipatimendi rehurumende vakapokana kuti India ndiyo chete inogona. simba redunhu iro rinogona "kukwikwidza neCommunist China yekuzvisimbisa sesimba guru kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweAsia".
Nehru akagamuchirwa parwendo rwake. Asi pfungwa yekuti India inogona kushanda sechitsigiro chemutemo weUS kuChina, uye zvakanyanya muAsia, haina kushanda. Achitaura neUS, Nehru aive akajeka - India yaida rubatsiro, asi kwete nemubhadharo, akati: "Tichaโฆ Tinotenda kuti izvi zvinogona kubatsira mukugadzirisa matambudziko makuru akatarisana nenyika. Asi hatitsvaki betsero ipi neipi yokunyama mukutsinhana norutivi rwupi norwupi rworusununguko rwedu rwakawanwa zvakaomarara.โ Akatsanangura kuramba kwake kushandira pamwe pakudzoka kwake kumba, achiti "vaitarisira chimwe chinhu chinopfuura kutenda nekunaka uye kuti zvimwe handina kukwanisa kuvapa".
Nekudivi rayo, mushure mekunge Nehru aenda, US National Security Council yakacherekedza "kusada kwazvino kwenzvimbo iyi kuzvibatanidza zvakanyanya nechero mubatanidzwa wemasimba" uye yakasarudza kuti "zvingave zvisina kuchenjera kwatiri kutarisa maodzanyemba kweAsia, kunyanya India, iyo yega inodzivirira kurwisa kuwedzera kwekutonga kwemakomunisti muAsia โ.
Pakistan, kune rumwe rutivi, yakafara kugamuchira basa muzvirongwa zveUS zvekumaodzanyemba kweAsia. Yakavaka hukama hunogara neUS, kutanga muna 1954. US yakapa rubatsiro rwehupfumi nemauto, uye Pakistan yakapa zvigaro zvemauto, zvakagadzirirwa kuve pamberi muhondo inogona kuitika neSoviet Union, uye yakatsigira US muforamu dzepasi rose.
IUS yakaedza zvakare, mukati mekutanga kwema1960, pasi peMutungamiri Kennedy. Kunyangwe asati ave mutungamiri wenyika, akapokana kuti US nevabatsiri vayo vekumadokero vakaisa pamwe pasuru yerubatsiro nerutsigiro "yakagadzirirwa kuti India ikwanise kukunda dambudziko reCommunist China". Semutungamiri wenyika, akatsvaga kubatanidza pasuru yakadai. Asi kuedza kweUS kunyoresa India kutsigira marongero eUS uye kunyanya, kuedza kurwisa China kwakagumbuka. Kennedy naNehru pavakasangana muna 1961, sezviri pachena vakanetsana pamusoro peVietnam uye zvombo zvenyukireya pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, uye zvinonzi "chakanyanya kuodza mwoyo kuvakuru veUS kwaive kuramba kwaNehru kugamuchira chigaro chehutungamiriri kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweAsia".
Mishumo ichangoburwa kubva muna Chivabvu 1963 inoratidza kuti Mutungamiri Kennedy nevabatsiri vake vakafunga kuti uye sei US ingatsigira India kana pakaita imwe hondo yeChina-India. Munyori wezvekudzivirirwa, Robert McNamara, akapokana kuti "Kusati kwapihwa kuzvipira kwakakura kudzivirira India kubva kuChina, tinofanira kuziva kuti kuitira kuti tiite kuzvipira uku tichipokana nekurwiswa kwakakura kweChinese, tinofanira kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya". Sachigaro wevakuru vevashandi pamwe chete, General Maxwell Taylor ainetsekana nezvenguva refu uye "dambudziko rakazara rekuita neRed China mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvechiuto mumakore gumi anotevera". Kennedy akatora chinzvimbo chekuti "Tinofanira kudzivirira India, uye saka tichadzivirira India".
Nuclear Policy
Zvombo zvenyukireya zvakakura mune dzimwe nzira. Muna 1964, pakati pekunetsekana kweAmerica nezve kuyedza zvombo zvenyukireya kuChina, George Perkovich akanyora kuti vakuru vakuru mubazi rehurumende nePentagon vakasvika sei pakufunga kupa "mikana yekupa zvombo zvenyukireya pasi pehusungwa neUS" kuIndia. Perkovich anoratidza kuti chirongwa chakatarisirwa kubatsira India kushandura ndege kudonhedza zvombo zvenyukireya, kudzidzisa vashandi, kupa dummy zvombo zvekudzidzira kumhanya uye ruzivo nezve mhedzisiro yezvombo zvenyukireya zvekushandisa pakusarudza zvinangwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, komisheni yesimba reatomu yeUS yanga ichifunga kubatsira India ne "nerunyararo kuputika kwenyukireya", izvo zvaizosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zveUS pasi pesimba reUS zviri kuputika muIndia.
Vakanga vasiri veAmerica chete vaifunga nenzira iyi. Homi Bhabha, muvambi uye mukuru wedhipatimendi reAtomic Energy, muna 1965 akakurudzira US kuti ipe India mudziyo wenyukireya kana kuti mapurani ekuti ibatsire kuti iwane budiriro yenyukireya yeChina. Asi zvirongwa zvake zvakashaya basa.
Yakawedzera kunyungudika muVietnam uye ichinetsekana kuti hondo dzayo dzenguva yemberi munyika yechitatu dzinganyanya kuoma kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvikaramba zvichipararira, US yakafunga kuti yakasarudza kumisa kupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Yakabatana neSoviet Union, iyo yakanga ine kushushikana kwakafanana, mukugadzira chibvumirano chenyukireya chisina kupararira. Chibvumirano ichi chakataurirana muna 1968 uye chakatanga kushanda muna 1970. Panguva imwecheteyo, US yakatanga kuvandudza hukama hwayo neChina. Kuedza kwenyukireya kweIndia muna 1974 kwakawedzera kukanganisa tariro yehukama hwenyukireya hweUS-India sezvo hutongi hutsva hwezvirambidzo zvekusapararira hwakatanga.
Post-Cold War Era
Sezvo hondo yechando yakapera, US yakafunga kuti hapana rimwe simba raizobvumirwa kubuda semukwikwidzi angangove. Iyo zvino yakashata 1992 dhizaini Yekudzivirira Kuronga Gwaro rakagadzirwa naPaul Wolfowitz, ari pasi pemunyori wezvekudzivirirwa kwegwaro, remunyori wezvekudzivirirwa Dick Cheney iro rakaburitswa kumapepanhau rakaziviswa "Chinangwa chedu chekutanga kudzivirira kubudazve kwemukwikwidzi mutsva. Uku kufunga kwakanyanya kuri pasi pehurongwa hutsva hwekudzivirira dunhu uye zvinoda kuti tiedze kudzivirira chero simba rine hutsinye kubva pakutonga dunhu rine zviwanikwa, pasi pehutongi hwakabatanidzwa, zvinokwana kuunza simba repasi rose. Kunyanya, yakataura kuti "tinofanirwa kuchengetedza nzira dzekudzivisa vangangokwikwidza kubva pakushuvira kuita basa rakakura redunhu kana repasi rose". Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo geopolitical order inofanirwa kudzikamiswa uye US inochengetedza hukuru hwayo kwete pasi rose, asi kunyangwe munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.
China zvakare yakava iyo yekutarisisa sezvo yakawedzera kuve simba guru rehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika mune zvepasi rose. Iyi nguva nyaya yaifanira kusiyana. India yaive nevatungamiriri vatsva. Vajpayee neBJP vagara vachitenda kuti Nehru akakanganisa kutevedzera kusapindirana muhondo inotonhora uye vakapokana kuti India yaifanira kunge yakaita chikonzero chakafanana neUS kurwisa communism uye neChina. Izvi zvakanyanya kujeka mutsamba yaMay 1998 Vajpayee yakanyorera Mutungamiri Clinton achipembedza kuyedza kwenyukireya kweIndia, pfungwa yekutanga iri China - "nyika yezvombo zvenyukireya iri pamiganhu yedu, nyika yakaita hutsinye hwekurwisa India" uye ichiti " mamiriro ekusavimbana anoenderera mberiโ. Izvi zvakaitika kunyangwe zvakakosha sekushanya kwemutungamiri weChina, Jiang Zemin kuIndia muna 1996 uye kusaina chibvumirano pamatanho ekuvaka chivimbo pamwe neinodaidzwa kuti 'mutsara wekutonga' munzvimbo dzemuganho. Izvi zvakavakira pachibvumirano chekare cha1993 che'Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility' munzvimbo dzine gakava dzemuganhu.
Nzira itsva muhukama hweUS-India hwakajeka muna Kurume 2000, apo Mutungamiri Clinton akashanyira India. Chirevo chaakapa pamwe neMutungamiriri Vajpayee chakataura kuti "Pave nenguva dzakapfuura apo hukama hwedu hwakadonha pasina kugadzikana. Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, tine chokwadi chokuti inguva yokuronga gwara idzva rine chinangwa muukama hwedu.โ
Iri gwara idzva rehukama hweUS-India rakatsanangurwa serimwe umo: "Muzana ramakore idzva, India neUnited States vachabatana murunyararo, vaine kufarira kwakafanana uye basa rinowedzera rekuona kuchengetedzwa kwedunhu nepasirese. Tichaita misangano yenguva dzose pamusoro, uye kushanda pamwechete kuitira kugadzikana kweAsia nekumwe. " Chinangwa chakagovaniswa che "kugadzikana kwakarongeka muAsia" chinogona kuverengwa sezvo India pakupedzisira ichigamuchira pfungwa dzeUS pamusoro peinofanirwa kunge iri chiyero chesimba muAsia, uye kunyanya, kunetsekana kweUS kuti China iri kusimukira inogona kumanikidza kushandiswa kwesimba reUS munguva. .
New Direction
'Nzira itsva' yakaratidzwa mukushanya kwaClinton munaKurume 2000 yakatorwa zvakasimba muchibvumirano che'Next Steps in Strategic Partnership' chaNdira 2004. Izvi zvakazivisa kuti US neIndia 'dzaizowedzera kushanda pamwe' mumabasa enyukireya, zvirongwa zvemuchadenga zvavagari vemo, uye kutengeserana kwepamusoro-soro, pamwe chete nekudzivirira missile. Zvakakodzera kunongedzera zviri pachena, zvinoti, kuti kubatana mune ino mamiriro ndeye euphemism yeUS inopa India kuwana rubatsiro, ruzivo uye tekinoroji munzvimbo idzi.
Vakuru veUS vakajekesa chinangwa chechibvumirano ichi. Mumwe mukuru mukuru akazivisa kuti "Chinangwa chayo ndechekubatsira India kuti ive simba guru renyika muzana remakore rechi21รขโฌยฆ.Tinonzwisisa zvizere zvinorehwa, kusanganisira zvechiuto, zvechirevo ichocho". Mutevedzeri wemutauriri wedhipatimendi rehurumende akatsanangura zvakare kuti US yakagadzirira 'kubatsira India' nekuraira nekudzora, yambiro nekukurumidza uye kudzivirira makombora, uye akataura kuti "Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinogona kunge zvisina kunaka senge ndege dzehondo, asi ndinofunga kune avo. pamuri munoteedza nyaya dzekuzvidzivirira muchatenda kukosha kwayoโ.
Vaimbove vakuru vakuru veUS uye vasingaverengeki vatauri vezano vakaratidza fungidziro ichatorwa kubva mukuedza kutsva kweUS 'kubatsira India'. Robert Blackwill, akashanda muBush manejimendi semumiriri weUS kuIndia uyezve semutevedzeri wechipangamazano wezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika pakuronga zvine hungwaru, akashamisika, semuenzaniso, "Nei US ichida kutarisa kugona kweIndia nzira dzinogona kutungamira kuChina. hutongi hwenyukireya hwechigarire pamusoro peIndia yedemokrasi?"
Izvo zvinopesana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya kuti munhu anofanira kuverenga chirevo chakabatanidzwa cheMutungamiri Bush uye Prime Minister Manmohan Singh weJuly 18, 2005. Chirevo chacho chine vatungamiri vaviri "vanozivisa kutsunga kwavo kushandura hukama pakati penyika dzavo uye kusimbisa hukama hwepasi rose" uye inotsanangura kuti kubatana uku "kuchasimudzira kugadzikana, democracy, kubudirira uye rugare pasi rose". Chibvumirano ichi chine chinangwa, inodaro, "kusimudzira kugona kwedu kushanda pamwechete kupa hutungamiriri hwepasirese". Zviri pachena kuti ndiani achatungamirira uye ndiani achatevera.
Rakadhindwa muEconomic and Political Weekly, Sep. 10, 2005
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