Hurukuro yakatangwa nemuratidziri, munyori uye mugadziri wemafirimu Naomi Klein yakamutsa mibvunzo yakakosha yekufamba kwezvakatipoteredza, kubva paunhu hwemapoka makuru kusvika kumano ekuruboshwe. Chris WilliamsMuvambi Ecology uye Socialism: Mhinduro kune Capitalist Ecological Crisis uye mutori wechikamu mumubatanidzwa we ecosocialist Kuchinja Kwehurongwa Kwete Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, inopindura gakava riri muchikamu chekutanga che chinyorwa chine zvikamu zvitatu.
Matekiniki: sainzi uye hunyanzvi hwekushandisa mauto ehondo kune yakanakisa mukana uchifunga nezve mamiriro ehondo.
nzira: sainzi uye hunyanzvi hwekuita danidziro yemauto mune yayo yakakura-yepamusoro uye yenguva refu maficha.
โ The New Websterโs Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language
NAOMI KLEIN, mubvunzurudzo ichangoburwa yeSalon.com yakanzi "Mapoka eGreen anogona kukuvadza kupfuura vanoramba shanduko yemamiriro ekunze," yakonzera gakava rinotyisa pakati pevaratidziri vari kurudyi nekuruboshwe kweNorth America yezvemamiriro ekunze.
Nekuda kwechinyorwa chaKlein, moto wegakava wakakuchidzirwa uye wakaunza manyepo akapisa gakava rakapfungaira kubva pakabuda imwe inopokana uye yakasarudzika yeruboshwe mukati mekufamba-ikozvino yakabatana nepfungwa yekururamisira kwemamiriro ekunze, uye. imwe yakawedzera kuwedzera kubva Occupy yakapinda munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika mukudonha kwa2011.
blogger ane mukurumbira wemamiriro ekunze Joseph Romm, muchidimbu chakashata, yakanyora maonero aKlein seโakazadzwa nemashoko anopikisa eโmedia baitโ asina chinhuโ uye akakurudzira kuti pasave nemunhu anoongorora kana kutenga bhuku rake riri kuuya uye firimu pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Klein akadaira kuti sezvo bhuku rake kana firimu rake risati raburitswa, kupa kushoropodza kwavo "kwaive kutsva pakuzvikudza kwechikoro chekare" - uye kuti kana paine aive nemhosva ye "kutora nyundo kune shamwari," Romm anofanira kuongorora. "chii chiri muruoko rwako (rune ropa)."
Iyo rhetoric zvisinei, kuvhurwa kwenzvimbo yekukurukurirana kwakadzama uye kwakadzama yezvematongerwo enyika kunofanirwa kugamuchirwa mubato rine, mukukuvadza kwaro, rinowanzo tarisa zvakanyanya kuhondo dzakati dzezvakatipoteredza uye kuratidzira kunodiwa kuti ukunde, pane kuongorora uye nhaurirano yezvematongerwo enyika ayo ari pasi peimwe nzira yechiito.
Tichifunga nezvedambudziko rezvakatipoteredza, kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwechiito uye kuchengetedza kwevazhinji vesangano, rinotongwa nehofori, kumusoro-pasi, maNGO ane mari yakawanda seEnvironmental Defense Fund (EDF), National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) uye vamwe, kwete chete mubvunzo wezano unowanzopiwa kupfupika, asi kunyange hurukuro yakazara yemaitiro akakodzera yakaregeredzwa.
Kupfuura varatidziri vega, gakava rakakura rinokwira kusvika kumubvunzo mumwechete uye wakakosha: Ndeipi nzvimbo inonyanya kushanda, uye nemusanganiswa upi wemauto nevanodyidzana, sangano rezvakatipoteredza rinofanira kusangana nemauto anopikisa kuti abude achikunda?
Mumwe anofungidzira kuti, nekuedza kwemamwe masangano ezvemamiriro ekunze ane chekuita nemusika kudzikamisa nharo dzaKlein, izvo zvavari kuramba zvakanyanya hazvisi izvo, kutaura kuti ivo vakaipa kupfuura vanoramba mamiriro ekunze. Asi, kwavari, chivi chikuru chaKlein chiri kune imwe nzvimbo, mukuburitsa pachena nhaurirano iyo maNGOs makuru egirini angada kuramba akavigwa.
Vanotya kupikisa kwavanopa mari uye kurasikirwa nemamiriyoni emadhora, kana vakabatanidzwa nepfungwa dzakadzama- idzo dzakanangana nekukurukura nezvemhando ye capitalism pachayo uye kubatana pakati pehurongwa hwedu hwehupfumi nemagariro uye dambudziko remamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze. Iyi tarisiro inotyisa inotyisidzira kwete chete maitiro chaiwo, asi raison d'รชtre yavo yese.
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KUKONZERA izwi kururamisira, sezvakaitwa nevaratidziri vemavara pavakaumba masangano mukupera kwema1970 uye kutanga kwema80 kuti vagadzirise rusaruraganda rwezvakatipoteredza, gakava iri rinodzokera kumashure, sekutaurwa kwazvakaitwa naNaomi Klein, kumakakatanwa akatanga kubuda nekusimuka kwemukurumbira. yemazuva ano US yekufamba kwezvakatipoteredza mukupera kwema1960s.
Mufambiro wacho wakanyatsopatsanurwa. Kune rimwe divi kwaiva nevachena, sangano revanhu vakawanda iro rairamba kana kurerutsa mibvunzo yerudzi, kirasi kana kuti murume kana mukadzi uye yainyanya kutarisisa nyaya dzemurenje, kuchengetedzwa nekuchengetedza. Kune rimwe divi rakanga riri renzvimbo, uye kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura kwete African American-inotungamirwa nesangano rekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza raitarisa nharaunda yevanhu yakakanganiswa nerusarura ganda, urombo uye kusaenzana mumaguta nemaruwa.
Panzvimbo pokukwanisa kushanda pamwe chete nechimiro chesimba, pfungwa yekururamisira inoreva simba Ukama uye mativi anopikisana ane zvido zvakasiyana.
Kutora mazwi Van Jones mune a Washington Post chinyorwa kutanga kwegore rino, "Chaizvoizvo tine bato rezvakatipoteredza rinopatsanura rusaruragandaโฆTine ruremekedzo kutaura izvozvo. Pane kudaro, tinoti tine bato rekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza uye sangano rinozivikanwa zvikuru."
Pasina kutaura kuti ndeapi mapoka aishoropodzwa, Chirevo cheNAACP pamusoro pekusaenzana kwemarudzi uye kirasi kukanganisa kwezvirimwa zvemarasha muUS zvakanyorwa:
Dambudziko iri [rekuparadzaniswa pakati pemasangano ehutongi hwezvemamiriro ekunze uye maGreen NGOs makuru] rinoratidza kushomeka kwevazhinji vamiriri vezvemamiriro ekunze: vachishora chokwadi chekuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichakanganisa zvisingaite varombo uye vanhu vane ruvara muGlobal South, vazhinji vamiriri vemamiriro ekunze. kazhinji vaitadza kuratidza kuenderera mberi, kusaenzana kwemaitiro emaindasitiri ane kabhoni kune varombo nevanhu vane ruvara muUnited States. Simba remushandirapamwe rinowanzo kuve rakanangana nezvirimwa zvemarasha izvo zviri pedyo nenzvimbo (kunyanya zvichena, zvepakati-kati) vanoratidzira mamiriro ekunze-sezvidyarwa zvemarasha pamakoreji emakoreji - pane kunanga izvo zvinobatisa marasha zvidyarwa zvinonyanya kukanganisa varombo nevanhu. yeruvara.
Jacqui Patterson, director wezvemamiriro ekunze kuNAACP, paakakumbirwa kuti ataure mukati kubvunzurudza kweYale's environment site e360 pamusoro pekushaikwa kwehutungamiri uye kumiririrwa kubva kuvanhu vane ruvara mumasangano makuru ezvakatipoteredza, akapindura kuti, "Pave nekukundikana kwenhoroondo kutsanangura zvinokonzerwa nenyaya idzi munharaunda dzemavara uye nharaunda dzine mari shoma muUnited States."
Nepo masangano ezvakatipoteredza akadai seSierra Club neGreenpeace vari kutsvaga kuchinja uye kuva nekuziva zvakanyanya kusaenzana kwemarudzi kukanganisa kwekusvibiswa muNorth, pamwe chete kuva anomiririra zvakanyanya, anosanganisirwa uye anobatanidzwa, chero bedzi paine kutarisisa zano rekambani rekutsvagira vanhu mari, kutsvaga mari uye kushambadza kwepamusoro-soro kusina chinhu chakasimba chekururamisira kwevanhu, demokrasi yenhengo kana kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda, shanduko ichawedzera uye inononoka zvinorwadza.
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KUSIMUDZA matambudziko aya uye maonero akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika mukati mesangano rezvakatipoteredza hakusi "kuparadzanisa" kana "kunetesa" sangano, sezvinowanzoitwa nevaya vanoedza kuvhara nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika. Asi, zvinokosha chaizvo kana tichizofambira mberi munguva dzino dzinonetsa.
Sezvo zvakadaro, kune chiyero chekukosha kune gakava rinofanira kukurudzira munhu wose ane hanya neramangwana renyika yedu kuti afunge, aongorore uye akurukure, nokuti inobata zvakananga kune ramangwana rekufamba. Uye sekuvaka rakabudirira, ruzhinji, rakazvimiririra kufamba uye demokrasi, sangano revarwi vezvemagariro uye ecological kururamisira ndicho chinhu chega chinodzivirira kutiza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kuparara kwevanhu vakawanda kunopokana nezveramangwana rebudiriro yevanhu, zvakakosha kuti vatsigiri vabatane nazvo. iyo inotumbuka, inodiwa zvakanyanya uye ine hutano gakava pane zano nemaitiro.
Gakava iri rakamuka mumabhurogu ezvemamiriro ekunze uye mawebhusaiti zvakare nekuti, sekungobuda kwakaita sangano rekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kune vanorwira uye nharaunda dzeruvara makore makumi matatu apfuura, bapiro rakanyanyisa rekufamba riri kukura, richiwedzera kusimbisa, kubvunza mibvunzo mitsva nekutsvaga. kukunda kusasimba kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakapfuura uye kusiiwa. Mibvunzo mitsva haingori pamusoro pekuti tingamisa sei mauto edu kuti tikunde hondo dzega, asi kuti tingabatanidza sei kukunda ikoko kuita mushandirapamwe une chinangwa chinozikanwa uye chiono chikuru.
Tichitaura zvine hungwaru, pamusoro pechikamu chikuru uye kwenguva refu, rudzii rwenzanga yatiri kurwira? Tiri kutsvaga kungobvisa zvimwe zvezvinoramba zvichikura, zvakaomarara zvecapitalism, tichichengeta hurongwa hurimo pamwe nenzvimbo diki shoma kubva pachinangwa chemhindu?
Kana kuti tiri kurwira rudzi rwakasiyana zvachose rwenyika? Imwe isina zvinhu, chikafu chinokurumidza, bhizinesi rekurima, misika yekabhoni, kurwa pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvakakosha, hurombo, rusaruraganda uye kusarurana kwepabonde - uye yesainzi ine chinangwa chechokwadi uye tekinoroji iyo isisiri yakamonyoroka uye kukanganiswa nezvakakosha mukuunganidza mari.
Isu tose tingarwira sei shanduko ine musoro izvozvi (maitiro) ayo panguva imwe chete anobatsira kuvaka kufamba uye anotiswededza pedyo nezvinangwa zvedu zvakakura, zvenguva refu (chirongwa)? Isu tinosiyanisa sei pakati pemaitiro anoshanda anowedzera hurongwa hwedu hwese, maringe neayo anotitungamira mumikoto mapofu?
Kuti munhu anopindura sei iyi mibvunzo yezvematongerwo enyika anosarudza kuti munhu anoronga sei uye naani. Muchokwadi, iyi igakava rekare uye rinoonekwa pese apo sangano revanhu rinosvika padanho. Mubvunzo wezano uye mazano unokura kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akatarisana nevatsigiri vatsva vanokweverwa mukurwisana.
Kazhinji, zvinoguma nekubuda kwemasangano matsva anoteerera zvakanyanya kukuwedzera kwezvido uye maonero epasirese evachangobva vatori vechikamu, sezvatiri kutanga kuona nekuumbwa kwemapoka emarudzi akadai. 350.org, Rising Tide, mubatanidzwa webapiro rekuruboshwe Kuchinja kwehurongwa kwete kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, sangano richangosimukira rechivanhu Kusina Zvakawanda.
Ndizvo zvanga zviri mubato rekodzero dzevanhu, sezvo vatsva, vechidiki vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, vaida kukurumidza uye nekukasika shanduko, vakaodzwa mwoyo negwara rinononoka uye remutemo raiteverwa nemasangano anoremekedzwa ekodzero dzevanhu akadai seNAACP (zvisinei nemidzi yawo yakakura) . Vakavhiringidza uye vakaumba masangano aive akazvimiririra uye akavhurika kune nzira itsva dzine zvinangwa zvakakura.
Panzvimbo yekusimbisa nyanzvi, kugombedzera, kunyengerera hunhu uye kumhan'ara mumatare, mazano akadzoserwa kuunganidza vanhu vatema sese-kuburikidza nehukuru, husina mhirizhonga, chiito chakananga, chakaiswa mukati mehurongwa hwekuwedzera kuratidzira uye kubatanidzwa kubva mukufara nekufara. zvikamu zvevanhu.
Musangano weSouthern Christian Leadership Conference wakaumbwa muna 1957 naMartin Luther King Jr. mushure mekubudirira kweMontgomery Bus Boycott. Makore matatu gare gare, sezvo sangano rekugara kwezvokudya zvemasikati rakanga richitanga, vadzidzi vakaumba Dare Revadzidzi Risingarwi Nechisimba. Sezvo akunda kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika muna 1964 na1965, sangano racho rakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye Mambo akashandura pfungwa dzake kune kodzero dzehupfumi. Kuchamhembe, rimwe sangano idzva rakaumbwa muna 1966: The Black Panther Party.
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MUCHINHU chemazuva ano chezvakatipoteredza, kune maNGO makuru, ane mari yakawanda anoona kudyidzana nemakambani uye zano rinobva mukukurudzira vezvematongerwo enyika uye kurwira matare senzira inoshanda kwazvo yekudzikamisa maitiro emakambani uye kuisa miganhu pakusvibisa kwavo nekupokana. mabasa ezvakatipoteredza.
Sekutaura kwakaita Klein, muzera reneoliberalism, hurongwa uhu hwakatoenda mberi, nemahombe, anonzi Green, maNGOs ezvakatipoteredza (ENGOs) anoshanda pasi peparadigm kwete ye "Sue the bastards," asi ye "kushanda kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwemakambani nemabastards. ."
Sezvineiwo, sehumbowo hwekuti maitiro avo anoshanda, masangano akadai seEDF anotaura mukuzvidzivirira kwavo mhosva dzakawanda dzavakahwinwa, kushanduka kwemaitiro emakambani uye kutorwa kwemakodhi ekuchengetedza makambani. Mukupindura Klein, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weEDF wezvekuronga nekufambiswa kwemashoko Eric Pooley akati "paakatarisana nesarudzo yekufambira mberi muhondo yedu yekurwisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kana kurwa hondo dzepfungwa, tichagara tichisarudza yekutanga" -sekunge zviri pachena. kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinodyidzana. Mukuridza nyanga yeindasitiri, Pooley akanyora kuti:
Muna 1991, takabatsira McDonald's kubvisa furo "clamshell" sandwich container. Muna 2004, EDF neFedEx dzakatangisa marori ekutanga "akagadzirira migwagwa" akambovakwa. Nhasi, mahybrids ari mumazana ezvikepe zvemakambani, kubva kuUPS kuenda kuCoca-Cola kuenda kuUS Postal Service. Uye kubvira 2008, chirongwa cheEDF's Climate Corps chakaisa mazana emaMBA kune mamwe makambani makuru pasi rose kuti awedzere kushanda nesimba nhasi uye kuvadzidzisa sevatungamiriri vebhizinesi mangwana. Parizvino, vamwe vedu veClimate Corps vaona madhora bhiriyoni 1.2 mune inogona kuchengetedza simba, nekuderedza gasi regreenhouse zvakaenzana nekutora mota mazana maviri kubva munzira.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kubvumirana uye kushanda nemasimba sezvaaripo ndiyo nzira yekuita kufambira mberi kunoyerwa kune zvinangwa izvo vese vezvezvakatipoteredza vanogona kubvumirana pazviri.
Kupokana neizvi, munhu anogona kutaura chokwadi kuti kuita kuti Coca Cola, McDonald's, FedEx neUPS zvinyatsoita mari pakuita mari, uchivapa patina yegirinhi yemumugwagwa yekodhi yemaitiro avo ebhizinesi akagadziridzwa, zvinopotsa pfungwa.
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MUNYANGA ine mufungo yaizvienzanisa nokukwanisa kwayo kuchengeta vagari vayo voseโizvo, nekuwedzera, zvaizobatanidza nyika inorarama neisina mhenyu payakavakirwaโhapana kana rimwe remasangano iwayo raizovapo pakutanga. Ivo vanogadzira zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi asiri echokwadi ekushandisa munharaunda uye, kana iri yeCoke neMcDonalds, iri kushingaira kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu nemhuka.
Asi EDF, pamwe neNRDC neNature Conservancy, ndemamwe emasangano anochengetedza zvakanyanya pamasangano ese ezvakatipoteredza. Kunyangwe vachishandisa simba guru kuburikidza nemamiriyoni emadhora avanogona kuendesa kune imwe mushandirapamwe, uye nhau dzakanaka dzavanowana kubva kune vezvenhau vemakambani, vazhinji vezvezvakatipoteredza vari pasi rose vanoziva kuti maonero avo ezvematongerwo enyika anosarudzika nehukama hwavo hwemari nezvematongerwo enyika. . Naizvozvo, vanoita chinangwa chiri nyore chekurasa kushanda kwemhinduro dzavanofungidzira.
Pamusoro pazvo, NRDC, Nature Conservancy neEDF havangotsigiri gasi rechisikigo se "mafuta ebhiriji," uye "anotarisisa" kuti awane-zvose chikamu che. USCAP, United States Climate Action Partnership. Iri iboka rinosanganisira varwi vezvakatipoteredza vakaita seShell, Rio Tinto, Dow, Exelon uye PepsiCo pakati pekuunganidza kwaro kwemasimba makuru, mishonga uye motokari dzemarudzi akawanda. Kana izvo zvisingakodzeri se"greenwashing," Handizivi zvinoita.
Uyezve, sezvakambotaurwa naKlein, mazhinji makuru makuru eGreen NGOs haana chete makumi emamiriyoni emadhora-uye mune dzimwe nguva, mazana emamiriyoni-akaisa mari mukambani yekasino inozivikanwawo semusika wemasheya, mazhinji haatombovheneka vagadziri vezvombo kana mafuta emafuta. , pakati pemushandirapamwe uri kuramba uchikura wokubvisa mari nevadzidzi.
Nepo iyo Sierra Club yakabva yaramba zvipo kubva kuClorox uye $26 miriyoni yemadhora yayakagamuchira kubva kuChesapeake Energy Corp.-iyo mafracks egasi chaiwo uye sezviri pachena yakapihwa netarisiro yekuona vakwikwidzi vayo muindasitiri yemarasha-vatungamiri veClub havana dambudziko nekuchinjanisa vanopa uye. kubvuma mari iyoyo yakapetwa kaviri kubva kune multibillionaire stop-and-frisk Advocate Michael Bloomberg, meya anodada nekushandura New York City kupinda mumutengo we-value-added uye "high end product."
Asi mumubairo wegreenwashing par kugona, pane nhangemutange yakasimba yenzvimbo yepamusoro pakati pePentagon, nekuda kweiyo pfungwa yekufungidzira yekufamba nechikepe. "Great Green Fleet"-kana Environmental Protection Agency, iyo akapa Mubairo weKutungamira Kwemamiriro ekunze gore rino kuna Raytheon, kambani inyanzvi pakuve "mugadziri mukuru wepasi rose, ichipa zvombo zvinodzivirira uye zvinogumbura zvemhepo, nyika, gungwa nenzvimbo."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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