Kuva neIraq kwezvombo zvekuparadza vanhu vakawanda ndiyo hutongi hweBush hunogara huchidomwa zvikonzero zvekuenda kuhondo naSaddam Hussein, hondo ine chinangwa chayo zvakare inokwenenzverwa mumatunhu nepasi rose. Achitaura nezvePresident's State of the Union address, aimbove mukuru weCIA Kenneth M. Pollack akaona kuti "zvakakosha kuti mutungamiri wenyika akapokana kuti kutsvaga kwaSaddam zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru kunotyisidzira dunhu rose uye kuri dambudziko rekodzero dzevanhu.รขโฌ 1
Vashoma vangapokana kuti zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru zvinokonzeresa, kuti kushandisa kwavo kune njodzi, kana kuti mutungamiri weIraq akatsvaga kuzvitora. Asi vangani vanorangarira kuti Vatungamiri Reagan naBush vakaita mabasa akakosha mukupa Saddam Hussein nzira dzekugadzira zvombo zvakadaro? Uye vangani vanorangarira kuti mitemo yakadai yaive chikamu chakakosha chehukama hweUS-Iraqi muma1980, apo makambani makuru eUS- anerubatsiro rwezvematongerwo enyika ane mukurumbira- vaive vatsigiri vasingashore vekubatana kweUS-Iraqi? Humbowo huripo mumapepanhau, munhaurirano dzepaterevhizheni, mukunzwa kwakaitwa muSeneti yeUS neImba mukutanga kwema1990, mukubvunzana kwakafanana maererano nemitemo yeUK kuIraq uye mune kumwe kuferefeta kuri kuitwa hukama hweUS-Iraq.
Kune chikamu chikuru, zvisinei, humbowo huripo-kusanganisira iyo yakabuda munhau dzemazuva ese-yakaita kushoma veruzhinji. Kune vamwe, nhau hadzisisiri itsva. Ndeyenguva yakapfuura yakasiyana, imwe inoonekwa seisina kubatana kubva kune yazvino ine dambudziko. Kune vamwe, mitemo yakapfuura yakadai haidi kukumbira ruregerero, zvichipiwa vatambi vanobatanidzwa.
Mupfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika yaitonga mutemo wekunze weUS kuMiddle East muma1980s- uye kare- kuregererwa kwemauto yaive sarudzo yechigarire. Zvinyorwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zvakasiya pasina mubvunzo kuti kuwana zviwanikwa zveoiri munzvimbo iyi kwaionekwa sechinangwa chikuru chemutemo weUS. Kuitwa kwayo kwaifungidzira kuvepo kwetiweki yakavimbika yemubatanidzwa wedunhu akagadzirira kuita marongero eUS. Kudonha kwa1979 kweShah yeIran kwakakanganisa imwe yembiru dzeiyo network. Gwaro reUS mumashure mayo rakanangana nekuripa kurasikirwa uku. Saddam Hussein aifanira kunge ari mumwe wezvitsigiso zviviri zvinotsiva Iran, imwe yacho iri Saudi Arabia, kwenguva yakareba "yakavimbika" mubatsiri wenzvimbo yeUS Israel mukuverenga kweUS haina kuregeredzwa. Tel Aviv yakatarisa Tehran pasi peAyatollah zvakanyanya sezvakaitwa neWashington, izvo zvisina kutadzisa Israel kana US kubata neIran, sekuburitswa kwezvakazarurwa zveIran/Contra.
Kupinda kweIsrael muRebhanoni muna 1982 uye mamiriro akazoita kuti US Marines abviswe kubva kuRebhanoni, akaonekwa muWashington sechibereko chekukunda kusingagamuchirwi kweSyria nemubatanidzwa weIran kumaodzanyemba kweLebanon. Donald Rumsfeld aivepo. Kushanya kwake kwakazotevera kuBaghdad, semumiriri weUS akakosha, akabuda muchiitiko ichi. Zvakatevera Pres. Sarudzo yaReagan yekubvisa Iraq kubva parunyorwa rwenyika dzinotsigira "hugandanga hwepasi rose," izvo zvakazovhura musuwo wekubatana kwemauto nehungwaru. Chakakosha kuReagan kutendeukira kuIraq kwaive kuda kwevamiriri veUS mudunhu kuita senzira dzechitatu dzekuendesa data remauto nerenjere kuBaghdad. Mushure mehondo yeIran-Iraq, kubatana kwemauto eUS-Iraqi kwakaenderera mberi. Zvematongerwo enyika zvemuIraq, hudzvanyiriri hwehutongi hwayo, humbowo hwehutsinye hwekodzero dzevanhu, hazvina kumbotadzisa hukama hweWashington nehurumende. Uye hazvina kutadzisa nhumwa dzemaSeneta eUS kushanyira mutungamiri weIraq muna 1990 nemvumo yaPresident Bush.
Paive nedzimwe nzira dzerubatsiro rweUS kuBaghdad dzakabatsira mukusimudzira mauto eIraq panguva iyi. Pakati pa1985 na1990, sekureva kwaCongressman Henry Gonzalez wekuTexas, รขโฌลReagan neBush Administrations vakabvumidza marezinesi mazana manomwe nenomwe ekunze eIraq-771 kubva kuBush Administration. Zvizhinji zvemidziyo yakatumirwa kuIraq pasi pemarezinesi aya zvakaguma zvawedzera kugona kwemauto eIraqโฆรขโฌ [239] Imwe fungidziro yakagadzirwa neCIA inoratidza kuti $2 bhiriyoni yakawedzerwa muzvikwereti zvechikwereti neCCC (Commodity Credit Corporation) pakati pe4.7. uye 1983 ($1990 bhiriyoni yakatenderwa mumwedzi makumi matatu yekutanga yehutongi hwaBush) yakanga yashandura Iraq kuita musika mukuru wekuMiddle East wezvigadzirwa zvekurima zveUS (iyo yaimiririra chikamu chikuru chemakumi masere neshanu muzana chezvose zvinotengeswa muUS kuIraq), zvichiita kuti Iraq ikwanise kuwana. kutsausa mari inodiwa mukufambisa kwemaindasitiri kwemauto.รขโฌ [2.6] Kuita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera kwechikwereti kuIraq iAtlanta, Georgia bazi reItaly BNL (Banca Nazionale del Lavoro), iro rakapa imwe mari yakawedzerwa Baghdad, uye pakupedzisira yaive nyaya yekuferefetwa kukuru kweUS.
Pasina kuongorora nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeIraq, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti munguva ya1971-75, Iraq yaivimba zvakanyanya nerutsigiro rwemauto kubva kune yaimbove USSR, mushure mezvo mabviro ayo akasiyana uye akasvika pakusanganisira France, Italy, Switzerland neBelgium, West Germany neChile, UK neUS pamwe nevamwe vari kuita semikoto yekutamisa zvinhu zvakakodzera. Basa remakambani eGermany mukupa Iraq nzira dzinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwezvombo zvemakemikari kusanganisira gasi rine chepfu, pamwe chete nedzimwe mhando dzehunyanzvi hwemauto, rave richinyorwa kare.[4] Pakati pa1987 na1990, UK, yakatumira Iraq โzvese zvekushandisa zvechiuto uye zvechiuto,โ [5] yaive nyaya yeScott Inquiry, iyo yakangoburitsa pachena kubatana kweUS. Zvakawanikwa zvemubvunzo uyu zvakaburitswa muna 1996.
Munguva iyi, muna 1990,1992 uye mushure, US Congressional kunzwa uye mishumo, zvimwe zvaisanganisira kuenderera mberi nekuferefetwa kwemitemo yeUS-Iraqi uye hutano hwavo kuUS Gulf Veterans nemhuri dzavo, zvakaratidza chimiro uye kukura kwerutsigiro rweUS kuIraq. , pamwe nekuedza kwehutungamiri hwekare kuvharidzira kubvunza kwakadaro.
Musi wa2 Oct.2002, 6, American Gulf War Veterans' Association (AGWVA) yakabudisa chirevo ichikurudzira kusiya basa kweMunyori weDziviriro weUnited States. Chikonzero chechiitiko ichi kwaive kuramba kwake ruzivo maererano nekutumirwa kweUS kwezvombo zvoutachiona kuIraq. รขโฌลKana Munyori wedu weDziviriro asingazivi nezvekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu kunyika yatichaenda nayo kuhondo, kana kuti ari kuramba nyaya yekuti kutengeswa uku kwakaitika, AGWVA inotenda kuti inomiririra zvakajeka. uye nengozi kuhupenyu hwemauto edu, nyika yedu, uye vanhu veAmerica, uye inofanira kutorwa senjodzi huru kune kuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Nechikonzero ichi AGWVA inodaidzira kusiya basa nekubviswa pachigaro.รขโฌ [XNUMX]
Mwedzi miviri gare gare, hurumende yeIraqi yakapa mushumo wayo wakasimba wezvombo kuUN Security Council. Vakuru veUN vakaita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti havaizoburitsa mazita emakambani ekunze akapa Iraq zvombo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuedza kweUS kuchenesa gwaro, rakakodzera nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, kwakatadza kuchengetedza data rine chekuita nemakambani ekunze aibata naSaddam Hussein paruzhinji. Ruzivo urwu rwakaburitswa kune bepa reGerman iro rakaratidza makambani zana nemakumi mashanu eUS, Britain, Germany neFrance akange aita bhizinesi mune zvakajairika uye zvisina kujairika zvombo neIraq. Mashoko aya, ari kubuda muDie Tageszeitung muBerlin, akakurumidza kutaurwa muThe Independent, (รขโฌลLeaked Report Says German and US Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam,รขโฌ Dec.150, 18, London), iyo yakaburitsa kuti "makumi masere eGerman Mafemu nemakambani makumi maviri nemana ekuUnited States anonzi akapa Iraq michina uye ruzivo rwezvirongwa zvayo zvezvombo kubva muna 2002 zvichienda mberi uye mune dzimwe nguva kutsigira chirongwa cheBaghdad kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kusvika gore rapfuura. kugadzirwa kwemakemikari, zvipenyu uye zvombo zvenyukireya, pamwe chete nemaroketi uye zvombo zvinokandwa, zvakadai se: Honeywell, Spektra Physics, Semetex, TI Coating, UNISYS, Sperry Corp., Tektronix, Rockwell, Leybold Vacuum Systems, Finnifan-MAT-US, Hewlett Packard, Dupont, Eastman Kodak, Bechtel, International Computer Systems, American Type Culture Collection, Consarc, nevamwe. Die Tageszeitung rakaburitsa pachena kuti "makambani aya anoratidza kuti akapa zvivakwa zvese, zvinhu zvekuvaka, zvekutanga uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi hwechirongwa chaSaddam Hussein chekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari uye zvipenyu zvekuparadza kukuru," uye neizvi, รขโฌหmaroketi nemasisitimu ezvombo zvakajairika.รขโฌโขรขโฌ
Panguva imwe chete iyo chirevo cheIraqi chakaburitswa, mishumo yenhau dzeUS yakaburitsa zvinhu zvemitemo yakapfuura yeUS yakanangana neIraq. Mukupera kwaZvita 2002, The Washington Post yakaburitsa wongororo yakasiyana-siyana yegwaro reUS richitsigira Saddam Hussein pasi pehutongi hweReagan neBush, ichidudza humbowo hwekupindirana kweUS mukugadzirisa zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga chirongwa cheIraq. Nhau dzakadzokorora chinzvimbo ichi, chakasimbiswa nevaimbove vakuru vemauto ehungwaru uye National Security Council, kuti ruzivo rweIraq kushandisa zvombo zvemakemikari hakuna kutadzisa vatongi veReagan kana Bush kutsvaga hukama nehurumende yeIraq. Kune avo vairuramisa zviito zvakadaro, kukumbira ruregerero kwakanga kusingadiwi. Mutemo weUS waifanira kunzwisiswa semhinduro yakarurama kune dambudziko rakaunzwa neIran's 1979 revolution. MaAyatollah, muchidimbu, akaita kuti tizviite, mhinduro yakagamuchirwa nevamiriri veUS mudunhu vane kutya kwekuwedzera simba reIran kwakaendeswa kuWashington.
Mukupera kwaNyamavhuvhu, The New York Times yakaburitsa chinyorwa pamusoro perutsigiro rweUS kuIraq pamberi pekushandiswa kwekupedzisira kwe "masitadhi gasi, sarin, VX uye mamwe ane chepfu." [7] Seimwe yePentagon. zvinyorwa zvakambotaurwa, iyi yaive "imwe nzira yekuuraya vanhu- ingave nebara kana phosgene, hazvina mutsauko."
Mhosva dzeAmerican Gulf Veterans dzakapokana neUS Sec yeDziviriro, dzadudzwa pamusoro, dzaive paumbowo hwanga huchiwedzera kubva kutanga-1990s. Humbowo uhu hwakabuda muna 1992 uye kutongwa kwakazoitwa mudare reSeneti pasi pehusachigaro hwaDonald Riegle vachiongorora รขโฌลU.S. Makemikari neBiological Exports kuIraq neKukonzeresa Kwazvo Pahutano HwePersian Gulf War.รขโฌ Vachifungidzirwa pamwe chete nekunzwa kwakaitwa pasi peSachigaro weMumiriri Henry Gonzalez muHouse Banking Committee, vakabatanidza hutungamiriri hweReagan naBush. Iraq's kuunganidza zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru.
James J. Tuite, 11, Principle Investigator weRiegle Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, akafumura mu Staff Report No. โฌ ลndakanga ndaendesa kunze midziyo yemakemikari, yebiological, yenyukireya, uye missile-system kuIraq iyo yakashandurwa kuita kushandiswa kwemauto muchirongwa cheIraq chemakemikari, zvipenyu, uye zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvizhinji zvezvombo izvi- zvombo zvakapihwa neUS nedzimwe nyika zvinhu zvakakosha- zvakashandiswa patiri munguva yehondo.รขโฌ [3]
Musi waKukadzi 9, 1994, Sachigaro weKomiti yeSeneti, VaDonald W. Riegle, Jr. vakashuma kuSeneti, maererano neongororo yeKomiti yavo, kuti โhurumende yeUS yakapa rezinesi rekutengesa kunze kwenyika utachiona hunouraya. kuIraq. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti ma microorganisms aya aitengeswa kunze kwenyika neUnited States akafanana neaya akaonekwa nevaongorori veUnited Nations uye akatorwa kubva kuIraqi biological warfare program.รขโฌ [9] Mukutaura kwake pamberi peSeneti, Riegle akawedzera kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvakatumirwa. kuIraq aive "zvirwere zvakazara zvinokwanisa kuburitswa neIraq kana vasvika ikoko. Pakati pemakore a1985 na1989, Hurumende yeUnited States yakabvumira kutengeswa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinokwanisa kuuraya zvipenyu zvinogona kunge zvakagadzirwa uye zvakakura zvakanyanya muchirongwa cheIraq biological warfare.รขโฌ [10] Rondedzero yezvinyorwa zvakatumirwa. yakabatanidzwa mukutaura kweSeneti. Sekutaurwa kwaRiegle pachiitiko chimwe chete ichi, akashushikana nekuziva kuti zvinhu zviri kutaurwa izvi zvakakumbirwa uye รขโฌลkutumirwa kumasangano eHurumende yeIraqi, kusanganisira Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, Bazi reDzidzo yepamusoro yeIraqi, Kambani yeHurumende. Drug Industries, uye Ministry of Trade.รข Izvi nezvimwe zvine chekuita neruzivo zvakaunzwa mutsamba dzakanyorerwa kuVanyori veDhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs, Defence and Health and Human Services. Mushumo uzere kuSeneti wakaunzwa muna Chivabvu 25, 1994.
Panyaya yezvombo zvenyukireya, Seneti Banking Committee yakanzwawo humbowo hune chekuita nezvezvombo zvenyukireya. Saka, muna Gumiguru 27, 1992, Komiti yeRiegle yakanzwa uchapupu hwaTed Jacobs, uyo akanga ari gweta guru reSubcommittee on Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs yeHouse Committee on Government Operations. Jacobs akataura nezvemubvunzo wemarezenisi ekunze ezvigadzirwa zvakatemerwa Iraq, humbowo hwekutonga-kukanganisa humbowo hunoenderana nevimbiso yechikwereti kuIraq, uye nyaya yezvigadzirwa zvenyukireya. Jacobs akasimbisa kuti Dhipatimendi reCommerce "zvechokwadi rakaita rezinesi zvinhu zvakazoshandiswa nehurumende yeIraq kuita zvombo zvenyukireya nemakemikari." [11]
Kutevera Jacobs aive David Kay, Secretary General weUranium Institute, aimbova mukuru weUN Weapons Inspection boka muIraq. Uchapupu hwaKay hwaisanganisira chirevo chinotevera: "Mhinduro iri nyore kumubvunzo wekuti US yakagadzira michina uye tekinoroji yakawanikwa iri chikamu chechirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya muIraq ndihongu. Yakanga iripo. Chaive chikamu chakakosha.รขโฌ Kune izvi, Kay akawedzera kuti: รขโฌลHuwandu hwemidziyo yakagadzirwa neUS haina kukura kana ikayerwa nechiyero chemabhiriyoni emadhora chechirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya. Nekune rimwe divi chaive chimanjemanje uye chaive chakakosha pakuedza kweIraq.รข
Gary Milhollin aiva chimwe chapupu. Director weWisconsin Project yeNuclear Arms Control, akasimbisa kuti "michina yeAmerica yakabatsira zvakanyanya kuchirongwa chenyukireya cheIraq, chirongwa chemissile uye chirongwa chemakemikari uye ndinotya kuti ndinotendawo kuti isu taiziva kuti njodzi yaive yakanyanya. , kana isina chokwadi chekuti ichabatsira kana yapihwa rezenisi.รข
Millholin yakaunza humwe humbowo, mass spectrometers, ayo, sezvaakatsanangura, รขโฌลakashandiswa kuyera kunaka kwemafuta ezvombo zvenyukireya sezvairi kugadzirwa. Pakanga paine maUS mass spectrometer maviri muchirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya cheIraq.รข Mushure mokutaura nezvekudzidziswa kwemasaenzi eIraq muUS muna 1989, Millholin akaratidza kuti mukufungidzira kwake, Saddam Hussein angadai "ave pedyo nekugadzira bhomba nhasi." Zvishandiso zvemuchina zvekuAmerica,รขโฌ dai asina kutora danho rekupinda muKuwait.
Pazuva rimwe chetero raakapupura pamberi peKomiti, Millholin, akataura paredhiyo yeruzhinji, (รขโฌลZvinhu Zvose Zvinofungwa, NPR, Gumiguru 27, 1992), achitaura nezveรขโฌลmupingi wenyukireyaรขโฌ aizivikanwa kuti akatumira รขโฌโ โฌลMidziyo yehunyanzvi yekuUS yakananga mumabhomba eIraq uye zvirongwa zvezvombo kunyange mushure mekunge Dhipatimendi reCommerce raudzwa kuti kutengesa kunze kwenyika kuchabatsira kugadzira maroketi emauto.รข Sezvakataurwa naMillholin, pakanga paine hurongwa hwakagadzirirwa kutarisa kutengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakadaro asi akatadza kushanda, pamwe รขโฌล akaderedzwa kubva kumusoro.รข Nyaya iyi yakatorwa nevenhau huru muUS nekune dzimwe nyika. MuWashington, kune rumwe rutivi, maRepublicans anotsigira manejimendi akapomera zvematongerwo enyika.
Dare reRiegle rakatanga kuferefeta muna 1991. Muna Chikumi 1990 komiti yedare reSeneti inoona nezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika pasi paClairborne Pell yakasangana kuti ikurukure mubvunzo mukuru wehukama hweUS-Iraqi.[12]
Vapupuri vayo vaisanganisira maSeneta eUS vakapomera Hurumende mhosva yekutyora 1925 Geneva Protocol, vachida kuziva kuti sei US yakaita bhizinesi nemutongi weIraqi nerekodhi yekodzero dzevanhu- seMutevedzeri weMunyori weUnited States panguva iyoyo kuNear Eastern neSouth Asia. Nyaya, John Kelly- akabvuma. Vaida kuziva kuti sei Hutongi hwaiunza mafuta eIraqi uye nekupa Saddam Hussein makiredhiti ekusimudzira kutenga kwake zvigadzirwa zveUS. Mhinduro yaKelly yaive yakananga. Zvikwereti zvekutengesa, zviri kushanda kubvira 1983, yaive nyaya yekusimudzira bhizinesi rakanaka sezvo Iraq yaive รขโฌลyakakura (US) musika wekutengesa kunze kwenyika mupunga, unosanganisira zvikamu makumi maviri nenhatu kubva muzana zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika kweUS, mombe, mazai, huku, matanda, fodya, nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurima.รข Kelly akaratidza kuti US yakanga yapa Iraq รขโฌลanenge mamiriyoni mazana mashanu emadhora ekukweretesa mari,รขโฌ kuwedzera kune yakapihwa neEx-Im Bank.
Uye ipapo pakanga paine nyaya yekufarira kufarira, mafuta eIraqi, uye mibvunzo yerubatsiro rwemauto. Pane izvi, Kelly akaramba achiti โhatitengese zvinhu zviri parunyorwa rwemauto kuIraq. Isu hatidyidzane nechirongwa chenyukireya cheIraq. Dare remubatanidzwa rinoongorora zvikumbiro zverezinesi paDhipatimendi reCommerce's nyukireya rekutumira runyoro uye rinoramba zvese izvo zvarinoti zvichabatsira muIraqi kugona kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvese zvinhu zviri pachirongwa chekudzora tekinoroji yehutekinoroji zvinoongororwa kuti zvigone kushandiswa muchirongwa cheIraq's missile. Makemikari makumi mashanu ave pane rondedzero yeCW precursors avo (sic) kutumira kuIraq nedzimwe nyika kunodzorwa.
Panguva iyoyo, Senator Jesse Helms vakapokana neakaundi yaKelly, vachinongedza humbowo hwakapihwa neaimbove mukuru weDziviriro, Stephen Bryen, akaramba kuti US nevatsigiri vayo "vaive nemubatanidzwa mukusimudzira uye kuchengetedza Middle East. Hukuru hwehondo yemakemikari.โ Helms akaenderera mberi achiti, รขโฌลichokwadi pakugadzirwa kwehondo yeutachiona, zvinokandwa zvinokandwa, zvingangove zvombo zvenyukireya.รขโฌ Uyezve, Helms akati US Centers for Disease Control muAtlanta yakatumira โzvimwe zvezvombo zvenyukireya. hutachiona hwakanyanya kufa pasi rose kuIraq, - pakati pedzimwe nyika-kusanganisira idzo dzaimbova bloc yeCommunist.
Asi kwaisava kutya kweboka reCommunist rakakurudzira hutongi hweBush kuti vaburitse National Security Directive, yakasainwa mwedzi yakati wandei mushure mekunzwa nyaya dziri pamusoro. Kana iyo hondo pakati peIran neIraq haigone kushandiswa kupembedza chinzvimbo cheUS chinoratidzwa muNSD-26. Gwaro irori rakataura pachena kuti "hukama hwemazuva ose pakati peUnited States neIraq huchashandira zvido zvedu zvenguva refu uye kukurudzira kugadzikana muGulf neMiddle East. Hurumende yeUnited States inofanirwa kukurudzira hupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika kuti Iraq igadzirise maitiro ayo uye kuwedzera simba redu neIraq. Panguva imwecheteyo, hutungamiriri hweIraqi hunofanira kunzwisisa kuti chero kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwemakemikari uye / kana zvombo zvebhayoloji kunotungamira kune zvirango zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvatingazotsvaga rutsigiro rwakakura kubva kune vatinoshanda navo neshamwariโฆ.รขโฌ [13]
NSD-26 yaive nezvakawanda zvekutaura nezvehukama hweUS-Iraqi pamwe nezvezvido zveUS muGulf uye รขโฌลkuchengetedzeka kwenyika dzakakosha dzine hushamwari munharaunda [idzo] dzakakoshera kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yeUS. maererano ne "kusvika kuPersian Gulf Oil," iyo yakapa hwaro hwekutanga Bush administration mutemo wakananga Iraq, Gulf states neSaudi Arabia.
Basa reIraq rinoshanda chinangwa chimwe chete mukutonga kweBush yechipiri, muMiddle East galaxy umo Gulf yave yese kunze kwekuchengetedza mauto eAmerica uye chinzvimbo cheSaudi Arabia seimwe ye "mbiru" mbiri dzakavimbika. โฌโข iri pasi pegore rinokurumidza kusviba. Oiri inoramba iri pakati, asi mune yakakura zvematongerwo enyika nemauto mamiriro ezvemafuta anoshanda, nhaka yemitemo yakapfuura haikanganwiki nyore.
Notes
[1] Michael R. Gordon, รขโฌลBush Anowedzera Nyaya Yehondo Nekubatanidza Iraq neMagandanga,รขโฌ The New York Times, Ndira 29, 2003, p.A11.
[2] Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997, yakataurwa p.43.
[3] Ibid., p.37.
[4] Jochen Hippler, รขโฌลIraqรขโฌโขs Mauto Simba: The German Connection,รขโฌ Middle East Report, Ndira-Kukadzi 1991, ona mareferensi uye mune richangoburwa bhuku raM. Phythian, op.cit.
[5] Ibid., p.67.
[6] Chirevo chinobuda pawebhusaiti yeAGWVA: http://www.gulfwarvets.com
[7] Patrick E. Tyler, รขโฌลMahofisi Anoti US Yabatsira Iraq Pasinei Nekushandisa Gasi,รขโฌ The New York Times, Aug.18,2002, p.1.
[8] James J Tuite 111, Mushumo weVashandi veKomiti Nhamba 3: Chemical Warfare Agent Identification, Chemical Injuries, uye Zvimwe Zvakawanikwa. http://www.chronicillnet.org/PGWS/tuite/chembio.htm.
[9] Ibid., p.2 yezvinyorwa zvepamhepo.
[10] Congressional Record (Seneti) Kukadzi 9, 1994.
[11] Gumiguru 27, 1992, Seneti Banking Committee Inonzwa pamusoro peUS Export Control Policy Kuenda kuIraq Kusati kwa1990 Kupinda muKuwait, Donald Riegel (D-MI) Sachigaro.
[12] Federal News Service, 15 June 1990. kunzwa kweSeneti Foreign Relations Committee panyaya yeUS-Iraq Relations.
[13] Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997, p.41.
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