Olympia, Washington. Nhasi iZuva Renyika Rekuita mukutsigira Lt. Ehren Watada kuramba kurwisa hondo isiri pamutemo muIraq. Kurambwa neveruzhinji pano paFort Lewis (Washington) yeArmy 1st Lt. Ehren Watada, Sgt. Kevin Benderman uye Spc. Suzanne Swift kuendesa kuIraq ndicho chitsauko chazvino chenhoroondo refu uye yakanaka yekupokana mukati memauto eUS. Kuti tinzwisise nhoroondo iyi, uye kwainogona kutungamira, zvinobatsira kuona kuti kuramba kunosiyana kwakasiyana sei zvichienderana nechinzvimbo, kirasi uye rudzi, uye kuti zvakaoma sei kune vanopikisa kuti vataure maonero avo ekuda nyika vari voga, pasina rutsigiro kubva kubato guru rerunyararo.
Kupokana kubva kuvarwi panguva yekupindira kune dzimwe nyika kwakataurwa munhoroondo yese yeUS, senge muMexico muma1840s nePhilippines muma1900s. Kunyangwe munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, kupandukira kweAfrica kuAmerica pamusoro pekusarura kwemukati kwakazunungusa mauto, uye pakupedzisira akamanikidza unit desegregation. Pashure pokunge hondo yapera muna 1945, varwi nevafambisi vezvikepe vakarayira kudzingwa pashure pehondo uye matikiti okudzokera kumusha. Kutanga muManila, vakaumba bato rakakura uye rakabudirira rinogona kunge rakadzivirira kupindira kweUS kurwisa Shanduko yeChinese gare gare mumakore gumi, asi zvisina kudzivirira Hondo yeKorea ye1950s.
Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, mauto emauto akapikisa ruzhinji pazvigadziko uye zvikepe muSoutheast Asia, Pacific, U.S. neEurope. Kudzivisa mauto kwakabatsira mukugumisa hondo nokuita kuti zvikwata zvisavimbike mune zvematongerwe enyika. Iyi nhoroondo yakanyorwa zvakanaka muSoja muRevolt naDavid Cortright uye teh ichangoburwa firimu "Changamire! Kwete Sir!." Masevhisi nevakadzi vakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya neanorwisa hondo uye eAfrican American rusununguko rwekudzokera kumusha, pamwe nekusangana kwevanhu veVietnamese. Asi kuramba uku kwakatora makore kukura mushure mekutanga kutumirwa muna 1960, kusabata moto kusvika mushure mekunge 1968 Tet Offensive yaratidza kuti hondo yakanga isingakundike.
Vashandi mumapazi ese ebasa vakaita zvakajeka zviito zvezvematongerwo enyika-kusaina zvikumbiro zvekurwa hondo, kupfeka mabhatani uye zvigamba, kusateerera zvisiri pamutemo mirairo, kudzivirira hondo, kupfuudza ruzivo kusangano rerunyararo, nekuita kurohwa, kugara-mukati, uye kumukira, pamwe nekuparadza. zvemidziyo. Kuparara kwechirango kwakaratidzwa nehupamhi hwekuronga kwemukati, kukakavara kwemarudzi, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, kurangwa, uye kusavapo pasina kusiya (AWOL). Manyuko ezvimurenga akanga akabatanidzwa zvikuru nerusaruraganda rwomumba sechiuto chemhiri kwemakungwa.
Pane imwe nguva muna 1972, vatakuri vendege vatatu vari pabasa muWestern Pacific (kubva kuVietnam) panguva imwe chete vakaiswa kunze kwekutumwa-imwe neAfrican American kumukira muchikepe, uye maviri nekuparadza kwemukati. Kucherwa kwemigodhi yekuAmerica kwezviteshi zvengarava zvekuNorth Vietnam gare gare gore iroro kwakavhiringidzwa nekuderedzwa kwezvimbambaira zvakawanda zvengarava nevashandi veNaval Magazine paSubic Bay Naval Base muPhilippine. Mamwe maGI akaramba kuendeswa kuVietnam, kusanganisira matanhatu kuFort Lewis muna 1970. "Fort Lewis Six" yakarohwa muchitokisi, uye yakatongerwa makore 1-2, ichigadzira mafungu ekutsigirwa kwenharaunda kune vanopikisa GI. (Rutsigiro rwakaenda nenzira mbiri, apo mauto eNative America akaronga kutsigira nekudzivirira vanorwira kodzero dzechibvumirano panzizi dziri padyo nechigadziko.)
Nepo mamwe maGI airamba pachena sevanhu, kana kunyorera chinzvimbo cheConscientious Objector (CO), vazhinji vakaita kuramba kwavo nenzira yakabatana kana yakanyarara, vachinonotsa muchina wehondo nekunonoka uye kukanganisa basa ravo (semunhu chero upi zvake akamboshanda basa rakashata rinoziva kuita). Mamwe maGI anotumirwa patrol muVietnam, semuenzaniso, aingoita kamutambo kadiki, uye gare gare odzokera kunheyo aine nhoroondo dzakapusa dzekusangana nevapanduki.
Kupokana nemauto eUS hakuna kungomutswa nenguva yeHondo yeVietnam uye kunyorwa kwemauto. Cortright anopa humbowo hwekuti kusateerera kwaive kwakakurisa kwete pakati pevanyoreri, asi pakati pevakanyoreswa, vaive neakawanda eboka rekushanda, kana kunyoresa kunze kwekuda nyika uye vaitarisira zvakawanda kubva mubasa. Selection Service yanga isiri mukana wakaenzana mukana, sezvo vachena nevepakati vechidiki vaive nezvakanakira munharaunda kuti vadzivise kunyorwa, sezvavakaita mukutora-based "hurombo dhizaini" kubvira Vietnam.
Radicalism mukati mezvikamu zvakatungamira Reagan-Bush Administration muma1980s kutendeukira zvakanyanya kuhondo dzemhepo, mauto eproxy, uye yakawanda-yakanyanya-yakanyanya, yepamusoro-tech zvombo masisitimu ayo chete madiki mayuniti anogona kushanda. Mauto eNavy akarambidza vafambisi vezvikepe kusvika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzechikepe uko kwaigona "kutyisidzirwa kubva mukati" - kunyanya panguva dzekunetsana kukuru kwenyika. Zvakadaro, kusada kwemarenji kurwa mune imwe Vietnam kwakabatsira mukubudirira kwebato rekurwisa hondo mukudzivirira kuzara kweUS kupinda muNicaragua kana El Salvador.
Munguva ye1980s, anti-kupindira uye anti-nuclear activists vakagovera zvinyorwa zverunyararo kune vemauto vakaona kunzwira tsitsi kwakapararira munzvimbo dzepasi. Ndakabatsira kugadzira The About Face bepanhau reGIs, uye ndakashanda neveterans kudzidzisa vatsigiri muEurope nePhilippine pakusvika maGIs. Izvi zvakaitwa nokuti mauto anobvumira vashandi kopi imwe chete yemabhuku. Dhipatimendi reDziviriro Directive 1325.6 Sec 3.5 nanhasi inotaura kuti "kungove nezvinyorwa zvakadhindwa zvisina mvumo hazvingarambidzwe" .. Nyaya yekuti bhuku rinoshoropodza marongero ehurumende kana vakuru vakuru haisi, pachayo, chikonzero chekugovera kurambidzwa."
Mukati mezviito zvorugare zva1983 zvevakadzi mukurwisana nokutumirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kubva kunzvimbo inochengeterwa mauto kuNew York, vakadzi vakakurukurirana neMapurisa Ehondo vakaudzwa nomukuru mukuru weMP, kuti: “Varume vangu vanotya uye vanovhiringidzika. Vanoda kuburuka kuti vakuurayei mese. Asi vanodawo kuburuka kuti vabatane nemi mose." Chirevo chake chakapfupisa kupokana 'dual consciousness' mukati memauto mazhinji, anogona kuve akavhurika kutaurirana nevaratidziri vachikurudzira neruremekedzo chikamu chakanaka chemoyo yavo nepfungwa.
Hondo yeGulf yemuna 1991 yakabatsira Pentagon kukunda ‘Vietnam Syndrome,’ nekupa mufananidzo wevhidhiyo wehondo wakachena, wakanangana nemuvengi wechiArab akanga asina unhu. Kupokana kwemauto kwakava kwakaoma kutaura mumamiriro ezvinhu aya (kunze kwevakaramba vakashinga vakadai saJeff Paterson, nevamwe vazhinji vakaiswa mujeri mushure mekunge mauto amira kubvumidza kuburitswa kweCO). Semutungamiri wenyika weCommittee Against Registration uye Draft, ndakabatanidzwa muchirongwa chekugadzira kaseti yeGIs yebvunzurudzo dzevakarwa hondo, mimhanzi neredhiyo theatre. Hondo zvakare yakapera nekukurumidza kuti vanopikisa vabude pachena, asi danidziro yesangano rerunyararo ye "nzvimbo tsvene" yevanopikisa mauto yakaita imwe nzira kwenguva pfupi. Mushure meHondo yeGulf, Clinton Administration yakadzokororwa kubhomba kweIraq, Serbia, nedzimwe nyika zvakagadzira fungidziro yeruzhinji kuti hondo haina mari shoma kana paine muripo wemauto eUS.
Uku kugadzikana kwenhoroondo kwakapera ne9/11, kupinda kweAfghanistan, uye kutorwa kweIraq. Vanyoreri vechiuto vakatanga kuona zvakare kuti kusaina uye kukwirazve kwaive nemhedzisiro yehupenyu chaihwo, uye kupinza basa kwakawedzera kuoma. Pentagon's stop-loss policy yakamanikidza varwi vehondo yeIraqi nevanodzivirira kudzokera kumberi, vachitsamwisa kunyange vashandi vehondo nemhuri. Shanduko huru kubva muhondo dzeVietnam neGulf ndeyekuti vashandi vava kuwana kuburikidza neInternet kune mamwe masosi eruzivo nezviwanikwa. Indaneti yaiva chinhu chinokosha pakudzidza kwaLt. Watada, uye inogona kushandiswa nevemauto ehondo kuti vataurirane pamusoro pehondo nemamiriro ezvinhu kunze kwemigwagwa yepamutemo (sezvo tsika dzemauto dzinotyisidzira vatsoropodzi vemukati kuti vanyarare).
Kupikiswa mukati memauto kwakakwira zvakanyanya mushure memakore matatu eHondo yeIraq kupfuura makore matatu muHondo yeVietnam. Vashandi vanopfuura 8,000 400 vakatiza kubvira pakatanga hondo (maererano neUSA Today), vanenge 72 vavo vakaenda kuCanada. Mauto akazeza kuranga vanoramba kubva kuIndividual Ready Reserve (IRR) kupfuura kuvabvisa. Kutorwa kwaSaddam uye kufa kwaZarqawi kwave kunetesa nyaya yaBush yekuti mauto edu anofanirwa kugara kuti "adzivirire" maIraqi kusada kwavo. Nekuramba kunosvika gumi nemaviri kuendesa, uye sarudzo ichangoburwa yeZogby inoratidza 16 muzana yemauto akamira muIraq anotsigira kubviswa mukati megore, kuramba kwemauto kunongokura. Asi vanopikisa vanoda rutsigiro rweveruzhinji, kunyanya kubva munharaunda dzavanogara. Pana June XNUMX, mazuva pashure pokuramba kwaLt. Watada, Tacoma yeUnited Methodist Church pedyo neFort Lewis yakazarura mikova yayo se“nzvimbo tsvene” yevarwi.
Vamwe vezvenhau vakaratidza kushamisika kuti Lt. Watada vakaramba kutumirwa basa nguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekuratidzira kwePort of Olympia vachipokana nekutakurwa kwemotokari dzine zvombo kubva ku3rd Stryker Brigade yake. Asi masoja nevaratidziri vehondo vane chimwe chinhu chakakosha zvakafanana: ivo vaviri vanotora hondo zvakanyanya, uye vanoisa njodzi nekuda kwayo. Pamabiko aJune 2 anoratidza kutumirwa kweStryker, Mutungamiriri weFort Lewis Lt. Gen. James Dubik akaona kuti “Isingasviki 1 muzana yenyika inotakura 100 muzana yemutoro weiyi hondo.” Sekubvumirana kwaLt. Watada kwapera mazuva mashanu, “Varwi vanodzoka kubva kuIraq vanoti vanowana pfungwa yokuti vanhu vakawanda havazivi kuti hondo iri kuitika; vanoti kunyange shamwari nemhuri vanoita sevanonyanya kubatanidzwa mutsika dzakakurumbira uye American Idol. Vanhu havafarire mazana evaIraqi uye gumi nevaviri veAmerica vanofa svondo rega rega. "
Apo masoja anoona mazana evanhu mumugwagwa vachipikisa hondo, vanogona kuona (kana vachibvumirana neshoko kana kuti kwete) kuti varatidziri vanofarira uye vane hanya kuti pane hondo, uye vari kurega imwe nyaradzo uye maitiro ezuva nezuva nokuti. zvehondo. Nenzira iyi, zviito zvinoonekwa zvekurwisa hondo zvinogona kuparadzira "mutoro" kune denderedzwa rakakura, uye kubatsira kuvaka bhiriji kuvarwi vehondo nemhuri dzavo, asi chete kana varatidziri vakavhurawo nhaurirano ine ruremekedzo navo.
Zoltan Grossman inhengo yefaculty in Geography uye Native Studies paThe Evergreen State College muOlympia, Washington, uye murwiri wenguva refu wekururamisira nerunyararo. Imwe shanduro yechinyorwa ichi yakatanga kubuda mupepanhau reLondon Race Today. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zviri pawebhusaiti yake pa http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz uye e-mail iri [email inodzivirirwa]
DIRECTORY OF WEBSITES
Nyaya Yehana: GI Resistance panguva yeHondo yeVietnam
http://amatterofconscience.com
Vaunze Kumba Ikozvino
http://www.BringThemHomeNow.org
Center pamusoro Hana uye Hondo
http://www.centeronconscience.org
Dare Repamusoro reVanoramba Kupinda Chiuto
http://www.objector.org
Citizen Soldier
http://www.citizen-soldier.org
Ushingi Hwokuramba
http://www.couragetoresist.org
Dhipatimendi reDziviriro Directive pane dissident zviitiko
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d13256x.htm
GI Kodzero Hotline 1-800-394-9544
http://girights.objector.org
Gold Star Mhuri Dzinotaura
http://www.GSFSO.org
Irak Veterans Against the War
http://www.IVAW.net
Kevin Benderman Defense Committee
http://www.topia.net/kevinbenderman.html
Kevin Benderman Timeline
http://www.bendermantimeline.com
Ziva Zvese Zvaunogona Kuziva: Kuvanzika kwevadzidzi & dzimwe nzira dzechiuto
http://www.knowallyoucanknow.com
Mhuri Yemauto Taura
http://www.MFSO.org
Mhuri dzeMauto Dzinotaura (WA chitsauko)
http://coastalrain.tripod.com/wmfso
Military Law Task Force (National Lawyers Guild)
http://www.nlg.org/mltf
Mission Yakarambwa: Mauto eUS Anoti Kwete kuIraq
http://www.chelseagreen.com/2006/items/missionrejectedpa
National Gulf War Resource Center
http://www.NGWRC.org
Kwete Muzita Redu
http://www.notinourname.net/troops
Kwete Murwi Wako
http://www.notyoursoldier.org
Olympia Movement yeRuramisiro uye Runyararo
http://www.OMJP.org
Operation Chokwadi
http://www.OpTruth.org
Kuvhota kwemauto muIraq: 72% yekubvisa
http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1075
Seattle Draft & Military Counselling Center
http://www.SDMCC.org
“Changamire! Kwete Changamire!” Firimu uye Raibhurari
http://www.sirnosir.com
Varwi VeChokwadi
http://www.SFTT.org
Ndatenda, 1st Lieutenant Watada
http://www.ThankYouLT.org
Magamba eU.S. eHondo yeIraq
http://www.tomjoad.org/WarHeroes.htm
Kupindira Kwemauto eU.S. Kubva 1890
http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/interventions.html
U.S. Military Base Network Kuwedzera
http://www.counterpunch.org/zoltanbases.html
Veterans Vanodana kuhana
http://www.oz.net/~vvawai/CtC
Veterans for Common Sense
http://www.VeteransForCommonSense.org
Veterans for Rugare
http://www.VeteransForPeace.org
Veterans for Peace (Rachel Corrie chitsauko)
http://www.criticalconcern.com/vfp.html
Vietnam Veterans Against the War
http://www.VVAW.org
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