Musi waNdira 11, 2007 paJapan American Cultural Community Center
muLittle Tokyo mudhorobha reLos Angeles, Gihan Perera, mutungamiriri mukuru
weMiami Workers Center, akataura nechaunga chine simba chenharaunda dzinopfuura zana
varongi, vanomiririra anopfuura 30 masangano uye 8 maguta makuru. Ivo
akauya kuzovaka sangano renyika rekutonga kwemaguta maererano nepfungwa yekuti a
KuGuta chaiko. Chinangwa chaive chekutanga kuvaka kugona kwevanhu pamwe chete
kuti matambudziko emunharaunda ave sangano renyika. Perera akati, โIsu
varikubva pano negame plan. Uyu musangano unoshanda. "
Musangano uyu wakaitwa werinopfuura gore rebasa raPera, Gilda Haas
yeStrategic Actions yeJustice Economy yakavakirwa muLos Angeles, uye Jon Liss,
yeTenants neVashandi United/Inquilinos y Trabajadores Unidos muAlexandria,
Virginia. Nekuona kuti nharaunda dzemumaguta munyika yose dzinotarisana ne
zvinokatyamadza zvakafanana seti yezvipingamupinyi uye kuti mamiriro epasi-budiriro
kunharaunda dzemumaguta dzine mavara ane nyika uye kunyange pasi rose,
varongi vakaona kudiwa kukuru kwesangano rakabatana rekururamisira munzanga
izvo zvinogona kutora matambudziko avo kupfuura chikamu chenzvimbo.
Nheyo huru yevarongi vepasi yaive yekuti mukurwira uku
nokuda kwekururamisira kwevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu, guta rinofanira kuva nheyo yepakati.
Uye sekudzokera kumashure kwemitemo yekusimudzira maguta ndiwo mhedzisiro
yemuzinda wenyika nedzepasi rose, saizvozvowo inofanirawo Kodzero yeGuta
kufamba kuve kwepasi rose uye kubatanidza nekurwisana kunoramba kuchiitika
mumaguta ose epasi rose Maodzanyemba.
Kodzero yeGuta
Pfungwa yeKurudyi kuGuta (RTC) inonyanya kuenderana ne
mushakabvu ane hunyanzvi hwemagariro echiFrench Henri Lefebvre. Misimboti
yeKodzero yeGuta yakataurwa muna 2004 paSocial Forum ye
maAmerica muQuito, Ecuador uye paWorld Urban Forum muBarcelona
Spain, kuburikidza neWorld Charter paKurudyi kuGuta, uye kuisa mukati
kuita nemapoka akadai seInternational Alliance of Inhabitants. Rudyi
kuGuta kunoratidza kutanga kwekuedza kwakaitwa neUS-based social movements
kuva chikamu chezvirongwa izvi uye kupindura pamwe chete kune vepamusoro
chirongwa chekugadzira "World Cities."
Pamusangano weRTC muLA, vanhu vakabvuma kuti pakanga pasina kuwirirana
pane tsananguro yeRTC, ingave mumafambiro emagariro kana mapoka ezvidzidzo,
uye kutanga kugadzira rimwe raive rimwe remabasa ekutanga e
musangano. Asi zvimwe zvinhu zvaive zvatove pachena. Guta racho inhandare yehondo
munhevedzano yenyika itsva. Sezvakanyorwa nenyanzvi dzemumadhorobha, maguta makuru
dzave dzedunhu uye dzepasirese kuraira uye kudzora nzvimbo dzetransnational
capital capital. Kuderera kunoperekedzwa kwehupfumi hwekugadzira mumaguta
kuMaodzanyemba kwepasirese vakasiya maguta mazhinji aine "huwandu hwevanhu" izvo,
kufanana nevarimi vekuEurope vekutanga maindasitiri capitalist nguva, vanogara
nyika inokosha. Yakabatana nekudzikiswa kwakatsiga kwerutsigiro rwemubatanidzwa kumadhorobha
nzvimbo, kuchinja kwehupfumi mumaguta kwakasiya nharaunda dzakawanda dziri pachena
kune hutsinye hunonzwisisika hwemusika.
Zvinoreva kune varombo vemavara akaiswa mumaguta zvakajeka:
nepo vakamboparadzaniswa mumadhorobha akasiiwa vachena vachitiza
kumasabhubhu, zvino vanotarisirwa kupararira kumaperipheries se
maguta anogadziridzwa zvakare neiyo capital capital, yenyika real estate misika,
vezvematongerwo enyika venzvimbo, uye mapoka evatengi. Kuvapo kwavo mukati
muzinda wedhorobha mune chero chinzvimbo kunze kwekunge basa rakachipa harigamuchirwe, dambudziko
pamusoro penzvimbo yenzvimbo itsva yevaraidzo.
Tariro ndeyokuti RTC framework ichashanda sehwaro pairi
kuvaka kubatana kwesangano kubva kwaunobva kwatanga dunhu nemunyika
mishandirapamwe. Zvose izvi zvichave zvakakosha paSocial iri kuuya
Forum muAtlanta muna Chikunguru. Vanoronga vanoonawo RTC ichishanda sepfungwa
hurongwa hwekubatsira vagari vemumaguta kuti vanzwisise matambudziko mazhinji emudhorobha
neo-liberalism inokanda nzira yavo zuva nezuva-zvimwe zvacho zvinogona kuoneka
zvisina kubatana, asi izvo zvinonyatso kubatanidza matambudziko enharaunda idzi
pamwe chete.
Masangano akauya kuLos Angeles Ndira apfuura akamiririra
huwandu hwenharaunda dziri kurwiswa: Vatema, Latino, Asia, LGBT, vechidiki,
vakadzi, vabvakure, varombo vanoshanda, vasingashandi, vasingashandi, uye vasina pokugara.
Kei Nagao, anobva kuLittle Tokyo Service Center muLos Angeles iyo inoshanda
nevachembera, vanotambira mari shoma vekuJapan neveKorea, vanoona RTC ichibatsira
mukutaura chinjo dzinoitika muLittle Tokyo: โKunzvimbo yeGuta chaimo
basa riri kuitwa. Zvinobatsira kurwisa tsika yekukurirwa
nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dziri kutarisana nenharaunda.โ
Kuna Sara Mersha, director director weDARE (Direct Action yeKodzero uye
Kuenzana), RTC inoburitsa pachena zvipimo zvematambudziko madiki.
โTine shungu nekungomanikidza kutsvaga mabasa uye chikamu chidiki che
dzimba mukati mezvirongwa izvo zvinozoita zvakanyanya kukuvadza kune yedu
nharaunda pane zvakanaka." Kodzero yekuongorora Guta, anoona, anoisa
inotarisisa kuumbwa kwenharaunda dzese uye inosimbisa iyo
mativi enyika neepasirese ematambudziko munharaunda
face. Kune Mersha neDARE, yakavakirwa muProvidence, Rhode Island, izvi zvinoreva
kubatanidza kuwedzera kwemitengo yekuroja uye yevaridzi, kuvandudzwa kwe
macondos eumbozha, nekutyisidzirwa kwekutamiswa kwenharaunda dzakadzvinyirirwa
yeruvara kune commodification yenyika uye real estate fungidziro iyo
inoparadza nzvimbo dzemetro kumativi mazhinji epasi.
Gentrification SeKirasi
Uye Race War
Steve Meacham, murongi wekuroja muBoston ane City Life/Vida Urbana,
inotaura kuti kumanikidzwa kwe gentrification kunonzwika kwese kwese metropolitan
nzvimbo, โHapana nharaunda isina kubatwa nekusuduruka uye kuvandudzwa.
Iko hakuna nzvimbo yeguta iyo munhu asiri kuyedza kufunga kuti sei
kugadzirisa.โ Imwe yenharaunda idzi iRoxbury, inoshanda nenhoroondo
kirasi Vatema nharaunda padyo nedhorobha reBoston. Kwemakore makumi matatu Roxbury aive
kuregeredzwa neguta, asi makore ekupedzisira e10 akaona shanduko uye
nharaunda yakanangidzirwa "kumutsidzira." Kune vagari venguva refu,
izvi zvinoreva kuwedzera kwemitengo yerendi uye yemba, uye kuwanda kwevakapfuma,
vavakidzani vachena. Khalida Smalls, anogara muRoxbury uye ari hurongwa
director weACE (Alternatives for Community and Environment), anodaro
meseji kune vanhu vanotambira mari shoma yakajeka: "Vanoziva kuti vachena vanoda
guta kumashure. Havachadiwi pano.โ
Kunyange paine kuwedzera kuziva kwemafungu egentrification mhiri
nyika, vagari vazhinji, kusanganisira avo vari muRoxbury, vanowanzoona maitiro,
uye kutamiswa kwavo pachavo, sekusingadzivisiki. Zvechokwadi, imwe yetariro ndeye
kuti Kodzero yeGuta hurongwa inogona kubatsira varongi kutyora kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe.
Chikamu chedambudziko kusimudza kuziva kutenderedza maitiro e gentrification,
ratidza kuti ibasa rezvirongwa zvinozivikanwa nevatambi, izvo
haidzivisiki, uye kuti inogona kudziviswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakaoma
asi basa rakakosha redzidzo yakakurumbira kana yekutora chikamu.
Hurukuro yekuedza kuenderera mberi kwedzidzo pamusangano waisanganisira kusimbisa
iyo nhoroondo zviyero zve gentrification uye kutama, kubva ku
kutamiswa kwevarimi vekuEurope kune kuyedza kubvisa Native
America, pamwe nekuedza kwazvino munzvimbo dzakasiyana seBeijing, Nairobi,
London, Rio de Janeiro, uye New Orleans.
Kutaura nezve basa iro fungidziro yepfuma inotamba munhoroondo yeShaw
mudunhu reWashington DC, David Haiman weOneDC akanongedzera kuhukama
pakati pevarongi nevagari. โ[Kufungira] chimwe chinhu chiripo kare
mukuronga kwedu pano zvakaitika vagari vedu. Haina kuunzwa
in as theory, but out of our research yataiita munharaunda. Vagari
vakagadzira dzidziso yavo, yekuti, 'Zvakanaka, kana vanhu vakatadza kufungidzira
ivhu tingadai tisina akawanda ematambudziko atinawo munharaunda.'
Uye iyo inzira inoshamisa yekusimudzira, [uye]
ndipo pandinofunga kuti kuvapo kwedu kwakakosha, kubatsira vagari kufumura
uye vataure ongororo yavo yekutsoropodza saizvozvo. "
Muenzaniso waHaiman unobata nyaya inokosha yakamutswa nevarongi vakawanda
pamusangano weRTC pavaikurukura nezvezvidzidzo zvavo zvakakurumbira.
Kana nharaunda idzi, izvo zvakaudzwa kwemakore kuti vavakidzani vavo
zvakaipa, neimwe nzira idambudziko, saka nei vagadziri uye guta
Kuda kupinda imomo? Chii chinoita kuti nharaunda dzedu dzifadze kudaro
vanhu ava? Sei nharaunda dzedu dzichishorwa?
Ramangwana
Rimwe rematambudziko akatarisana nemasangano ese ezvemagariro evanhu kunetsana
pakati pekukakavadzana nenyaya dzinokurumidza (kuda kupikisa chimwe chinhu
kudzingwa kana kushandurwa kwedzimba dzevanhu) uye maitiro ezvimiro izvo
rara kumashure kwavo (musika wepasi rose mune real estate fungidziro). Kubudirira
masangano ndiwo anogadzira mishandirapamwe inoshandira vanhu panguva imwe chete
kumanikidza zvinodiwa uye kurova pamidzi yekudzvinyirirwa kwavo. Nguva dzose
mumishandirapamwe iyi vanhu vakazviunganidza kuti vasununguke
kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwekunzwisisa kwemamiriro avo ekugoverana.
Sezvo vatori vechikamu mumusangano weRTC vakadzidza kuburikidza neavo
zviitiko mukurwisana, kodzero dzevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vakadzvinyirirwa
vane multidimensional. Kuwana dzimba dzechokwadi dzinodhura kungave kwakakosha,
semuenzaniso, asi inguva pfupi yekukunda kana yakaderera muhoro mabasa kana veruzhinji
rubatsiro runoita kuti varombo vabhadhare rendi dzinokwanisika runopera. Nepo
nharaunda inogona kukwanisa kuvimbisa rendi inokwanisika, kazhinji haidaro
dzora rubatsiro rwedzimba, kana kuve nesimba rinoita pamusoro penyika dzakawanda
makambani anofungidzira mumaguta real estate.
Radical urban social movements vanga vachiramba kuchinjwa
kwehupenyu hwavo nekuparara kwedzimba dzavo kwemazana emakore. Vanoronga
pamusangano weLA wakaratidza tariro iyo RTC framework inogona kuunza
pamwe chete nharaunda dzemumadhorobha idzo dziri kusangana zvakare neglobal capitalism
mumigwagwa yemaguta avo.
Z
Tony Roshan Samara ndiye mubatsiri purofesa wesociology uye anthropology
kuGeorge Mason University. Anga achishanda neRight to the City
mubatanidzwa kubva muna Ndira 2007.