R. González
On
Nyamavhuvhu 4, 1998 muSan Antonio, iyo Alamo yakatinhira. Zvisinei, panguva ino zvakanga
kwete iyo chaiyo lucha pakati peAnglos neLatinos yesimba mune izvi
maodzanyemba mecca yeMexican heritage. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakanga iri hondo yokurwisana nava
muvengi wekupedzisira muguta rine nhoroondo inotsanangurwa nehondo. Ruvengo nguva ino
vakatuka mumwe, ngochani.
Chinhu cheruvengo urwu
inonzi Esperanza Peace and Justice Center, iyo inotenda kuti art inogona
shandura nyika. Esperanza muchiSpanish zvinoreva tariro, asi zvinoreva zvinopfuura zvinogona
zvinoreva kutenda uye nezviroto zvavanhu zvakare. Pane heatwave ye
Chipiri icho vamwe vanodana kuti chituko chezhizha, Esperanza, sezvachiri
inowanzozivikanwa, akamhan'arira isati yamboitika ichipokana neGuta reSan Antonio
vachipomera rudzi rwerusarura vazhinji veLatinos vangasataura nezvayo.
Mhosva iyi yakauya mushure memushandirapamwe wakareba uye wakareba wakanangana nepakati
sedendere rezvirongwa zvengochani nengochani. Yakatorwa semutoro wemari
maringe neumbozha hwehunyanzvi, ruzhinji rweLatino city council rwakatanga kuvhota kucheka
iyo art bhajeti ne15 muzana. Zvadaro, mumusangano weseri, kanzuru yeguta
vakavhota vachibvumirana kubvisa mari yeEsperanza—iyo chete
sangano kuti vagamuchire kurapwa kwakadaro, pasinei nepamusoro-soro kubva kune vezera ravo
dare rekuongorora uye kanzuru yemazano etsika.
Taiva netariro yakadaro kuGuta
Council, imwe shamwari yangu yakandiudza ruefully paakanzwa nezvazvo
Kuramba mari kwaEsperanza. Kubva pakusarudzwa kwenhoroondo yeLatino ruzhinji
paGuta reGuta, maSan Antonians anga achitarisira shanduko kupfuura
mvura iyo pakupedzisira yakauya ikafashamira nzvimbo dzeguta. Imhaka yekuti
guta ngano ngano mbiri; irwo nderimwe revarombo venyika, uye riripo
akapfuma mukushanya. Zvakafanana nenyika yechitatu, anodaro Angel Rodríguez Díaz, a
Muimbi akaberekerwa kuPuerto Rican ane basa rakatengwa neSmithsonian.
“Zvinotoda munhu anobva kunyika inotongwa nekoloni kuti azive munhu ari mukoloni
uye ndiyo San Antonio. "
Kukanzuru yeguta idzva, the
Sarudzo yanga isiri yedzidziso yepost-colonial, asi chimwe chinhu chakareruka. Mune a
guta rave nenguva refu richiregeredza mabhari aro nokuda kwekupenya kwerwizi,
kanzuru yaive nechido chekuratidza nharaunda kuti dzichigadzirisa mapockmarks avo
migwagwa yakanga yakakosha kupfuura iyo Esperanza's Firimu Mutambo Kunze pa
iyo Mabhaisikopo akatangisa mhando yemafirimu asingashanyire guta rino
kazhinji, kufanana Strawberry uye Chocolate; Chico Mendez, Voice of the
Amazon; Kunyengera kwePanama; uye Varume vane Pfuti. Asi mune
guta rinobvumidza nhengo yekanzuru yega yega mari inosvika zviuru makumi matanhatu zvemadhora ekuzvisarudzira
zvinodiwa mumatunhu avo, tarisiro ye $350,000 muzvisaririra zvebhajeti kuzvitutumadza
nezve mushure mekurwiswa kwebhemba kune zvehunyanzvi zvaiita seine muto zvechokwadi. Semunhu mukuru
nhengo yekanzuru yakandiudza, nyaya huru yegwaro rebhajeti—kuenzanirana
yebhajeti-haina kumbokurukurwa. Yakasvika kune art vs. potholes, akadaro
kanzuru yenhengo gumi. Uye makomba akakunda. Esperanza's $76,000 pagore
mari yakarambwa.
Ihondo yetsika nemagariro
ari Esperanza, akadaro Texas Observer muchinyorwa chakaitwa naStephen
G. Kellman rakabudiswa musi wa9 Gumiguru 1998.
anochengetedza akatungamira pothole mantra, Kellman anonyora kuti Marbut akadaro
kuti “Dambudziko raEsperanza nderekushaya vashanyi. Chero boka risiri
kugadzira vashanyi chero vapi zvavo hakufanirwe kuwana mari. Zvinofadza kuti Marbut akadaro
kwete kufamba kunodzosera mari kuSan Antonio Symphony, iyo isiri chaiyo vashanyi
kuenda kana. Kellman anonyorawo muchinyorwa chake kuti Meya Howard Peak
ndaisada zveEsperanza, kutaura zvishoma. Iyo Esperanza, yakavambwa muna 1987
kubatsira kugadzira nyika ine munhu wese ane kodzero dzevanhu uye kururamisira kwehupfumi,
uko mhoteredzo inotarisirwa, uko tsika dzinokudzwa uye nzanga
akachengeteka, ane hasha kuna meya, anonyora Kellman. “Boka iro rinoshamisira
zvazvinoita…isangano riri pamberi pako,” anodaro meya New
York Times. "Vari kuzviita ivo pachavo."
Kana uchiziva kuti chii
Esperanza inomiririra, saka iwe unonzwisisa kuti iyi hondo yakanga isingadzivisiki, taura
vatsigiri vayo vanoshingaira. Kutungamirirwa nemafungiro e-mu-chiso aGraciela Sanchez, a
Chicana akapedza kudzidza kuYale uye media-yakanzi ngochani, iye Esperanza ndiye
chiratidzo chekuzvidza chinozivikanwa nekusimudzira hurongwa hutsva hwehunyanzvi uye
zvirongwa zvetsika zvinoumba musana wezvematongerwo enyika izvo guta rine kashoma
kuonekwa. Kubva pakutanga, anodaro Sanchez, Esperanza Center yakavambwa
“nekuziva kuti art mucherechedzo wetsika dzevanhu, uye
nokudaro chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika.” Haatendi mu“kuparadzaniswa kwe
hunyanzvi uye zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvinowanzoitika munyika ino, nekuti zvese
nezvekuita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo iri nani. "
Ukama huripo
zvematongerwo enyika uye hunyanzvi zvinoita kuti Esperanza ive mutsauko sezvo ichiisa chiyero che
kushandura kugona kwevaviri nenzira iyo mamwe masangano anotya
kutaura. Mukuita kudaro, akatora tsika yeLatin America yeunyanzvi
semotokari inoyevedza yekuchinja kwemagariro.
Mumakore gumi apfuura, the
Esperanza aratidza mutsara wevanyori vakaenzana nemweya akadaro
madzitateguru saPablo Neruda, Jose Marti, Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz, Diego
Rivera, uye Siquieros. Kufanana navo, ivowo vangangove vakawanda
vanoremekedzwa parufu rwavo: Vanosanganisira muimbi wePeru Irene Farrera, the
mutori wenhau akanonoka Amparo Ochoa, munyori Sandra Cisneros, munyarikani wengochani Monica
Palacios, munyori wemitambo Ntozake Shange, Chicana munyori wemitambo Cherié Moraga, San
Francisco's Mango Jam, salseras yechikadzi Azúcar y Crema, Mexico
rancher munyori Astrid Hadid, Borderland's munyori Gloria
Anzaldúa, uye ruzhinji rwevanyori vanoona saDavid Zamora Casas, uyo
anopenda nyaya dzevarume vakapfeka lipstick vachidzivirira raza ravo zvakafanana
nguva. Sekuti nharaunda yake yaizomudzivirira iye zvakare.
"San Antonio iMacondo,"
anodaro munyori Sandra Cisneros, achienzanisa taundi rokumusha kwake ne
chokwadi chemashiripiti chakatsanangurwa nemuwani wemubairo weNobel Gabriel García Marquez. Cisneros
anoda tsika mestizaje yeSan Antonio, guta remarudzi uye madzinza
kuyambuka kunofananidzira nhoroondo yakasiyana yeMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Asi San
Nyaya yaAntonio ifungidziro yekubatana kwemarudzi, anodaro. Zvayo "isu tiri ivo
vanhu" mufananidzo wakakosha kuguta rinozvishambadza muchimiro cheDisney,
inopa Tex-Mex tsika isina basa kune yazvino. Kutanga ne
Chimiro chengano chaAlamo mudhorobha redhorobha, “a
chiyeuchidzo chekurasikirwa kwaive kukunda kweAnglos, "anokwenya maoko Cisneros, San
Antonio haana kumbobvira aita sezvaanoita. Kunyangwe iro guta rine ruzhinji rweLatino
huwandu hwevanhu, huri kuwedzera zuva nezuva, maLatinos haana simba chairo.
“Isu hatisi vetsika yedu timene,” anochema kudaro mugadziri wezvivako José
Jimenez, aigara muParis kwemakore mapfumbamwe uye akadzokera kumba kuSan Antonio
guta raanotenda kuti rine zviwanikwa zvetsika zvechero ipi zvayo munyika. Kunyange zvazvo
guta rinotengesa yaro yakasarudzika yeMexico ambience sezvainoisa vashanyi vayo
zvinokwezva, vashoma vaLatin vanowana kubva kunhaka yavo, anonyunyuta. Vamwe vakadaro
akaita mari yakawanda kubva mubhizimusi retsika dzedu. "Frito chip yakatanga
pano paLaredo Street, anodaro Ruben Munguía, Sr., mudhindi uye anoremekedzwa zvikuru
mukuru munharaunda yeLatino. "Cheez-Whiz yakatanga kugadzirwa naSr.
Genovevo Garcia, uye fajita akatanga pano paProduce Row,” akadaro
inorangarira mazuva ari kupera ebhizinesi reLatino muSan Antonio. Vaviri chete
makambani akaita 100 yepamusoro kubva muHispanic Business "500,"
sezvakashumwa nemagazini imwe cheteyo. Mumwe Latino, Council-munhu Roger Flores,
ane zvivakwa mudunhu reRirwalk, izvo ane chokwadi nazvo. Wemhuri
tortillas akaenda kune bhiriyoni-madhora HEB supermarket cheni, uye salsa recipies
zvakatengeswa kare. Kune akawanda magweta eLatino uye vanachiremba muguta rino,
asi hazvifambisi zvitoro zvetsika zveguta, semamiziyamu, uye hazviiti
vanotungamirira matunhu enhoroondo.
Hatifanirwe kuva mwene
chero chinhu, anotsanangura Dr. Antonia Castañeda, munyori wezvakaitika kare ane mukurumbira uye an
Esperanza akavimbika. "San Antonio yagara iri guta remauto" nekuti
yekuvapo kweMexico, anodaro. Asi vanhu ava netsika dzavo ndivo
majenareta etsika uye, zvinoshamisa, iyo magineti yekushanya. "Kubva ku
Mamisheni eSpanish akadzora maIndia, kune Alamo yakakunda iyo
Mexicans, ku Old Night muSan Antonio, uye kunyanya vhiki yecarnival ye Party,
Latinos yakakonzera kufa kwedu pachedu ”patinosimudzira kushanya uko
anopemberera kukundwa kwedu. Iye zvino tave neazvino akaenzana ne [shanu]
mabhesi akapararira muSan Antonio yose” izvo zvinotsanangura chinonzi America uye
chii chisiri, anotsanangura.
Castañeda anotenda izvozvo
kushanya kwazova varaidzo. "Imwewo kuedza kwekuenzanisa, se
vanhu vanofamba vachienda kune imwe nzvimbo yakangofanana neyavakasiya
kumashure… uye tsika inodzokororwa.” Nenzira iyi, anotsanangura, tsika i
bhokisi reAlamo cookies, yakazara muAmerican sideshows sekunge haina
kukuvadza munhu upi noupi—kunyange maronda ari kwose kwose. Zvakaipa, Castañeda
inoratidza, imauto akabatsira kuunza maLatinos mukirasi yepakati
pamwe neGI Bill. Asi pesvedzero yemauto inoisa tempo yekuda nyika
izvo zvinopesvedzera avo maLatinos vanonzwa kuti vanofanirwa kuratidza maAmerican ivo
ari kunyangwe kana zvichireva kusiya nhoroondo yavo kune kushanya, anoenderera mberi.
Chinonyanya kukosha tsika ndeye
mumaguta omukati, inokakavara, nokuda kwokudzivisa kukuru
homogenization. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo inomiririra Esperanza, anoti, "
nzvimbo yakakotsekana” uko avo vose vakasiiwa muboka guru vanogona
kutaura zvavanoda. "Kanzuru ndeye inochengetedza ... uye" iyo
Esperanza yakave deligitimized nekuda kwekupokana kwayo uye kunetsa kweiyo
status quo."
“Kukanganisa isu Chicano
vatsigiri vakaitwa mumakore makumi matanhatu vaifanira kufunga kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chaizoita
ziva nyaya yacho," anodaro José Angel Gutierrez, mutungamiri asina kupokana
Chicano movement muTexas. Anochema kuti vana vaya
vatungamiri vakanetsana havana kutora nhoroondo yekurwisana. Kunyangwe zvake Aztlán,
nyika yekwaChicano, haina kumbobvira yawana nzvimbo yengochani, uye haina kumbobvira yavepo
akabvuma kukanganisa uku.
Isu tiri mhuri, akadaro
Baldemar Velásquez, murongi wevashandi uye MacArthur shamwari pamutambo
kusanganazve kunotyisa kweLatino Macarturos, vakundi vezvinonzi
"Genius grants" inotsigirwa neEsperanza uye yakavambwa naSandra
Cisneros. Pamwe isu tiri mhuri isingashande, uye tanga tichishungurudza
mumwe nomumwe, akadaro, asi tinofanira kuyananisa ukama hwedu. “Tinofanira kudaro
iva hana yenyika ino…zvikasadaro, tichadzorwa nezvinhu
takatengesa mweya yedu kwaari. Sezvineiwo, vashoma venhengo dzekanzuru vakapinda
MacArthur kusanganazve, kunyange zvazvo vakakokwa. Mukadzi ega chete muguta
kanzuru, Debra Guerrero, aive akajairwa pazviitiko.
Graciela Sanchez anofunga izvozvo
hungwaru hunowanikwa mumunhu wese, zvisinei nedzinza, murume kana mukadzi, uye dzinza. To
magumo aya, akagadzira Esperanza semharadzano yekufunga kwakadzikama
nokuda kwokudzvinyirirwa kwakatikuvadza tose. Pasinei nekuedza kwake kwakanaka, veruzhinji
mufananidzo ndeimwe ye“nyaya dzengochani dzine chekuita nekururamisira,” anodaro mumwe purofesa uyo
inofanana nenyanzvi dzinotsigira Esperanza musimboti kana zvisiri
saizvozvo. "Nehurombo ... iyo Esperanza inouya sevhavha yengochani uye
nyaya dzengochani,” anodaro muzvinafundo uyu. "Kusikwa kweLatino
underclass muguta rino rekushanya ndiyo nyaya irikupisa…chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheSan
Antonio murombo… uye Esperanza inofanirwa kugadzirisa izvi. Chii chakaitika
rugare nokururamisira?”
“Haukwanise kupatsanura hunyanzvi
uye tsika kubva kururamisiro noruremekedzo,” anodaro Sanchez, uyo akagamuchira
kutyisidzira kwerufu kwakawanda uye chiziviso chisiri chekudenga cheredhiyo yehurukuro yechiKristu. To
Sanchez, nyaya dzehurombo, makomba, uye homophobia zvakasungwa zvisingaite
kuhupfumi hunoda kudzora maitiro atinoita uye kufunga. "Art inotipa
kuzivikanwa…uye ndosaka ichityisidzira…zvinotipa pfungwa yekuti
kuvapo,” anopindura kudaro Angel Rodríguez Díaz. “Muhurongwa hwecapitalist, hapana
chitsvene, uye tsika chigadzirwa kudya. Tourism…yave
varaidzo,” Castañeda anodzokorora. Munguva yekudyidzana kwepasi rose… capitalization ndiyo
gadziriro yezvemari yokudzora—uye inotsvaka kudzora basa netsika.
KuCastañeda, kurwira a
kugara muhoro muSan Antonio kwakafanana nekurwira kodzero dzeungochani. Ivo
anobva kunzvimbo imwe chete, anopokana, nekuti zvese zviratidzo zve
nhoroondo yekolonialism yeSan Antonio. Sezvaanozvitsanangura, Esperanza
chokwadi chagara chiri chekutarisa kune yakakura mamiriro, kwete iyo
zvidimbu zvekudzvinyirirwa. “Kana vanhu vakanyimwa tsika dzavo, vanokanganwa
kuti ndivanaani, uye kurwisana kwarasika. Mhuri haina kusununguka chero imwe chete
nhengo inokanganwika kana kushungurudzwa,” anotsanangura kudaro. “Tariro yedu kuvanhu
inovimba nenyaya dzekurwa kwedu, uye zvinobva muhunyanzvi. "
Latinos maFascists akadaro,
aimbova munyori wenhau Jesse Treviño akambondiudza. Isu tiri anti-ngochani pane iyo yakakosha, iye
akagunun'una, mushure mekunge gweta redu, Dan Morales, afamba nenyika
kutsigira mutemo wenyika wekare uye usiri pamutemo wesodomi. Yedu
Chikatorike chakaita kuti tive nyore kumushandirapamwe weruvengo, angaora mwoyo.
"Zvese zvakabatana," vanhu veEsperanza vanodaro, vachiedza kutsanangura kuti sei
chero rudzi rweruvengo runova chipingamupinyi chinotitadzisa kugamuchira
kuzara kwenharaunda yedu. Hakusi rwendo rwehupenyu hwedu here ivo
kubvunza…kuzviziva isu pachedu?
Mejor puto que joto. At
ndoda kuti haasi ngochani, mai vangu vaipindura pandinopopota
nezvekuhura kwemukoma wangu. Ngavave varume, amai vangu vaigomera sezvavanoita
vakavapa imwe vhiniga tortilla ja vakadya sezvavakaita
vakadzi. MuSpanish, mutauro wedu une mbiri unosanganisira mutsara wemazwi,
anokwezva semaruva, kutanha kubva sezvatinozvidza mumwe munhu ari ngochani.
Kana maviri matortilla anonamirana tinozvidaidza kuti tortillera, ari
zita rengochani. Kana mukadzi akaramba kutariswa kwemurume, tinofungidzira izvozvo
chimwe chinhu chinofanira kunge chisina kumira zvakanaka paari, uye kana akasarudza kuva nemukadzi, zvakanaka,
kune varume vakawanda vanoda kumudzidzisa chidzidzo. Vakadzi vakundi,
simple as tortillas.
Sarudzo yaEsperanza kumhan’ara
guta rinokosha uye rizere netariro. Zvinotyisa, seEsperanza
inoratidza kuti ine mafambiro ekurwira zita rayo, muhondo inogona kuratidza
kuva neropa kupfuura Alamo. Inogona kuve bvunzo yekutanga kubva kuUS
Dare repamusoro rinotonga NEA vs. Finley, nyaya inosimuka kubva a
Conservative Congress ichiramba kubva kuhunyanzvi hwekudenha. Karen Finley, uchadaro
rangarira, kwaive kuita artist uyo akazora chokoreti pa
muviri wake usina kupfeka, zvichigumbura manzwiro eCongress, uyo asina
nzwisisa mabatirwo anoitwa vanhukadzi sezvinhu. Ipapo kwaiva naAndrés
Serrano's muchinjikwa muchirongo cheweti, chirevo che crass
kutengeserana kwechitendero, uko Congress yakaona sechinhu chinonyadzisa
Mwari. Munyaya yeFinley, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsigira Congress 'kodzero yekuda
iyo NEA yekufunga zvakajairwa zviyero zvehutsika mukuita sarudzo dzemari.
Esperanza yakavakirwa mutongo wayo pazvitsitsinho zvemutongo weDare wekuti
hurumende, hunhu uye zvese, hazvaigona kusarura mapoka ayo
kukurudzira "maonero asingafadzi." Ndiyo yekutanga kuita kwakadai munyika yose
kubva mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro June apfuura.
Macheka ayo Esperanza
zvave…hachisi chiitiko chega, akadaro Dr. Yolanda Leyva, mumwewo
munyori wezvakaitika kare uyo akatungamira boka revadetembi nevanyori paEsperanza munaNovember apfuura.
“Kurwiswa kwedzidzo yemitauro miviri, kutamira kune dzimwe nyika, [paunyanzvi], zvose izvi
zvakabatana ... zvinhu zviri kuitika, zvinoitika nguva nenguva
zvakare, inoramba ichikunda…inodhura kunyarara. Vatauri venyaya vanga vari
vanyarare, nekuti kunyararidza tsika ndiko kuvatorera simba ravo,” she
akasimbisa. “Kodzero dzedu, kwete sengochani, nezvimwewo, asi sevanhu, tiri kuvapo
waramba.”
Kana Esperanza is to
ive yechokwadi kuchinangwa chayo chetariro, inofanirwa kuda vamwe kunyangwe ivo vasingade
isu, kuti tidzoserezve Jesu, wakanga asingatsauki zvachose, akadaro mumwe wavaprista
panelists. Hungu, akatsinhira, Dr. Gloria Anzaldúa, nyanzvi uye chizvarwa cheTejana. “Sei
tinogona kuita nenzira inosiya ruvengo kumashure…” akabvunza Anzaldúa
usiku ihwohwo hunotonhora hwaNovember hwemakorozoni anodziya.
"Tingadzore muvengi ... netsitsi?"
Z