Akuluakulu aku America pagulu la "chitetezo cha dziko" ndiabwino kwambiri pamawu osavuta komanso osalankhula. Kusaganizira kwawo chowonadi kapena moyo wamunthu kwasintha pang'ono kuyambira 1971 pomwe a Daniel Ellsberg adayika pachiwopsezo chazaka zambiri m'ndende kuti atulutse Pentagon Papers kudziko lonse lapansi. Mโzaka zapakati panthaลตiyo ndi imfa yake miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo, iye anali wolemba mosatopa, wokamba nkhani, ndi wochirikiza.
Anthu ambiri amamukumbukira, ndithudi, monga woimba mluzu amene amavumbula zowonekera zabodza zabodza pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam popereka masamba achinsinsi a 7,000 a zolemba zachinsinsi ku New York Times ndi manyuzipepala ena. Koma mโmoyo wake wonse wauchikulire, anali wokhutitsidwa koposa zonse ndi kufunikira koletsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya.
Tsiku lina mu 1995, ndinaimbira foni Dan nโkumuuza kuti adzakhale pulezidenti. Yankho lake linali la nthaลตi yomweyo: โNdikanakonda kukhala mโndende.โ Iye anafotokoza kuti, mosiyana ndi anthu wamba, iye sakanatha kupereka maganizo ake pa nkhani zimene ankazidziwa pang'ono kapenanso sankazidziwa n'komwe.
Komabe, kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu, Ellsberg sanazengereze kunena poyera zomwe anali nazo anachita kudziwa zambiri za - machitidwe achinsinsi aboma ndi mabodza omwe adalimbikitsa nkhondo zaku America m'maiko angapo, chinyengo chokhazikika komanso chinyengo pachimake cha mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya. Iye anadzionera yekha chinyengo choterocho chikugwira ntchito pamwamba pa dziko lankhondo. Monga adandiuza, "Kuti pali chinyengo - kuti anthu akusocheretsedwa nazo kumayambiriro kwa masewera ... m'njira yomwe imawalimbikitsa kuvomereza nkhondo ndikuthandizira nkhondo - ndizowona."
Ndipo zinali zovuta bwanji kunyenga anthu? "Ndikanena kuti, monga kale, munthu amazindikira: sizovuta kuwanyenga. Choyamba, nthawi zambiri mumawauza zomwe angafune kukhulupirira - kuti ndife abwino kuposa anthu ena, ndife apamwamba m'makhalidwe athu ndi momwe timaonera dziko lapansi."
Dan anali ataphunzira zambiri zachinsinsi m'zaka zake akugwira ntchito pafupi ndi pamwamba pa gulu lankhondo la US. Iye ankadziwa mfundo zambiri zofunika zokhudza ndondomeko za mayiko akunja ndi kupanga nkhondo zomwe zinali zobisika kwa anthu. Chofunika koposa, adamvetsetsa momwe kuwongolera kungabweretsere masoka akulu aanthu komanso momwe anthu ofunikira ku Pentagon, dipatimenti ya Boma, ndi Oval Office adanama poyera.
lake kumasulidwa ya Pentagon Papers mu 1971 - kuwulula mbiri yofunikira yokhudza Nkhondo yaku Vietnam pomwe idali mkati - idawulula momwe chinyengo chosatha chidayambitsira nkhondo ndikupangitsa kuti zipitirire. Anali atawoneratu momwe zinalili zosavuta kwa akuluakulu ngati Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara kuti athetse kukayikira pakupanga nkhondo zaku America ndikupita patsogolo ndi mfundo zomwe, pamapeto pake, zidzatsogolera kunkhondo. imfa za anthu mamiliyoni angapo ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia. Ndipo Dan anavutitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwakuti tsiku lina chinyengo choterocho chingadzetse chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya chimene chingathe kuzima pafupifupi zamoyo zonse za anthu padzikoli.
M'buku lake la 2017 Njira ya Doomsday: Confessions ya Nuclear War Planner, iye anatsindika mfundo yoyenerera kwambiri imeneyi yolembedwa ndi wafilosofi Friedrich Nietzsche: โMisala mwa munthu ndi chinthu chosowa. Koma mโmagulu, maphwando, mayiko, ndi mโmiyezi ina, ndilo lamulo.โ Kupenga komaliza kwa mfundo zokonzekera nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya kudasokoneza Dani pamoyo wake wonse. Monga adalemba,
โPalibe malamulo mโmbiri ya anthu amene ayenera kuonedwa ngati zachiwerewere, kapena zamisala. Nkhani ya mmene tsoka latsoka limeneli linayambira, ndi mmene ndi chifukwa chake lapitirizira kwa zaka zopitirira theka ndi mbiri ya misala ya anthu. Sizikudziwika ngati anthu aku America, Russia, ndi anthu ena atha kuthana ndi vuto losintha mfundozi komanso kuthetsa ngozi yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha zomwe apanga komanso zomwe amachita. Ndimasankha kuchita nawo zinthu zina ndi ena ngati ndizothekabe.โ
Global Firestorm, Nyengo Yaing'ono ya Ice
Sindikudziwa ngati Dan ankakonda filosofi ya ku Italy Antonio Gramsci ponena za "kukayika kwa nzeru, chiyembekezo cha chifuniro," koma zikuwoneka kwa ine chidule choyenerera cha njira yake ya kuwonongedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi kutha kosamvetsetseka kwa chitukuko cha anthu. . Kuyang'ana maso ake mosalekeza pa zomwe ochepa a ife tikufuna kuyang'ana - kuthekera kwa zonse - iye sanali wakupha, komabe anali wodziwa zenizeni za kuthekera kwakuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya ingachitike.
Chotheka chotero tsopano zikukulirakulira kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse kuyambira pavuto la mizinga yaku Cuba mu Okutobala 1962, koma maphunziro ake ofunikira akuwoneka kuti atayika kwa Purezidenti Biden ndi utsogoleri wake. Miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pa kukumana kowopsa kwazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union, Purezidenti John Kennedy. analankhula ku American University zavutoli. โKoposa zonse,โ iye anatero, โpamene akutetezera zofuna zathu zofunika, maulamuliro a zida za nyukiliya ayenera kupeลตa mikangano imene imapangitsa mdaniyo kusankha kuthawa mochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Kuchita zimenezi mโnthawi ya nyukiliya kukanakhala umboni wosonyeza kuti mfundo zathu zatha, kapena kuti dziko lonse likufuna kufa.โ
Koma a Joe Biden akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi kwambiri kukakamiza mdani wake ku Kremlin, Vladimir Putin, โkuthawa mochititsa manyaziโ koteroko. Mayesero oti apitilize kuwombera mfuti yapurezidenti kuti apambane ndi Russia pankhondo ya Ukraine mwachiwonekere akhala akukopa kwambiri kukana (ngakhale ma Republican ku Congress atenga posachedwa. m'malo osiyanasiyana). Ndi kunyansidwa ndi zokambirana zenizeni komanso ndi chikhumbo chachangu chofuna kupitiliza kutsanulira zida zankhondo zambiri pamoto, kusasamala kwa Washington kwawoneka ngati kulimba mtima komanso kunyalanyaza kuopsa kwa nkhondo yanyukiliya monga kudzipereka ku demokalase. Kulimbana komwe kungathe kuchitika ndi mayiko ena amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi a zida zanyukiliya kwanenedwanso ngati kuyesa kwa makhalidwe abwino.
Pakadali pano, muzofalitsa ndi ndale zaku US, zoopsa zotere sizimatchulidwanso. Zimakhala ngati kusalankhula za ngozi zenizeni kuzichepetsa, ngakhale kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa zoopsa zoterozo, kwenikweni, kungakhale ndi zotsatira za kuzikulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za zana lino, boma la US latuluka Anti-Ballistic Missile, Tsegulani Mlengalengandipo Zida zanyukiliya zapakati-pakatikati mapangano oletsa zida ndi Russia. Kusapezeka kwawo kumapangitsa kuti nkhondo yanyukiliya ikhale yowonjezereka. Kwa atolankhani wamba komanso mamembala a Congress, sizinali nkhani, zomwe siziyenera kutchulidwa, komanso kuziyika mozama.
Atangokhala "wokonzekera nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya," Dan Ellsberg adaphunzira kuti ndi tsoka lanji lomwe linali pachiwopsezo. Ndikugwira ntchito muulamuliro wa Kennedy, monga adakumbukira,
"Zomwe ndidazindikira, modabwitsa, ndiyenera kunena, ndikuti a Joint Chiefs of Staff adaganiza zopha anthu 600 miliyoni, kuphatikiza 100 miliyoni mwa ogwirizana athu. Tsopano, uku kunali kupeputsa ngakhale panthawiyo, chifukwa iwo sanali kuphatikiza moto umene iwo ankaona kuti anali wosawerengeka kwambiri mu zotsatira zake. Ndipo zowonadi, moto ndiye chiwonongeko chachikulu kwambiri cha zida za nyukiliya. Chotero, chiyambukiro chenicheni chikanakhala choposa biliyoni imodzi osati 600 miliyoni, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu la anthu a Dziko Lapansi panthaลตiyo.โ
Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, mu 2017, Dan adafotokoza zomwe adapeza pa "nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya" zomwe zida zotere zitha kuyambitsa:
โChimene chinakhala chowonadi zaka 20 pambuyo pake mu 1983, chotsimikiziridwa bwino kwambiri mโzaka 10 zapitazo ndi asayansi yanyengo ndi asayansi ya chilengedwe, nchakuti denga lalitali limenelo la biliyoni imodzi kapena kuposa pamenepo linali lolakwa. Kuwombera zida mโmizindayo, ngakhale mutazitcha kuti zida zankhondo, kungayambitse mvula yamkuntho mโmizinda imeneyo, monga ija imene inachitikira ku Tokyo mu March 1945, imene ikakokera mโmlengalenga matani mamiliyoni ambiri a mwaye ndi utsi wakuda wochokera mโmizinda yoyaka moto. . Sikakanagwa mvula mu stratosphere, ikanazungulira dziko lonse mofulumira kwambiri, ndi kuchepetsa kuwala kwa dzuลตa ndi 70 peresenti, kuchititsa kutentha ngati kuja kwa Little Ice Age, kupha zotuta padziko lonse lapansi ndi kufa ndi njala pafupifupi aliyense amene ali kumeneko. Dziko lapansi. Mwina sizikanachititsa kutha. Ndife osinthika kwambiri. Mwinamwake 1 peresenti ya chiลตerengero chathu chamakono cha 7.4 biliyoni chikhoza kukhala ndi moyo, koma 98 kapena 99 peresenti sakanatero.โ
Kukumana ndi Gahena la Chiwonongeko cha Thermonuclear
M'buku lake Makina Ogulitsa, Dan anagogomezeranso kufunikira koika chidwi pa mbali imodzi ya ngozi ya nyukiliya yomwe sitinakambirane kaลตirikaลตiri: mizinga ya intercontinental ballistic, kapena ICBMs. Ali zida zoopsa kwambiri mโnkhokwe za maulamuliro amphamvu a atomiki ponena za ngozi yoyambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya. A US ali ndi 400 a iwo, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala otchera tsitsi m'ma silo apansi panthaka amwazikana ku Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, ndi Wyoming, pomwe Russia imagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 300 yake (ndipo China ili. mkokomo kuti apite). Mlembi wakale wa chitetezo William Perry watcha ICBMs "zina mwa zida zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi," chenjezo kuti โakhoza kuyambitsa nkhondo yanyukiliya mwangozi.โ
Monga Perry adafotokozera, "Ngati masensa athu akuwonetsa kuti zida zoponya za adani zili panjira yopita ku United States, Purezidenti ayenera kuganizira zoyambitsa ma ICBM mivi ya adani isanawawononge. Akangotulutsidwa, sangakumbukirenso. Purezidenti akanakhala ndi mphindi zosakwana 30 kuti apange chisankho choipachi. " Choncho, umboni uliwonse wabodza wokhudza kuukira kwa Russia ukhoza kubweretsa tsoka lapadziko lonse. Monga wamkulu wakale wa ICBM a Bruce Blair komanso wachiwiri kwa wachiwiri kwa Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright. analemba: "Pochotsa zida zankhondo zopezeka pamtunda, kufunikira kulikonse kochenjeza kumatha."
Pondifunsa mu 2021, Dan adapanganso mlandu womwewo wotseka ma ICBM. Inali gawo la gawo lojambulira pulojekiti yoyendetsedwa ndi Judith Ehrlich, wotsogolera wotsogolera wosankhidwa wa Oscar "Munthu Woopsa Kwambiri ku America: Daniel Ellsberg ndi Pentagon Papers." Amapitiliza kupanga makanema azithunzi zisanu ndi chimodzi "Chotsani Nuclear War Podcast ndi Daniel Ellsberg.โ M'modzi mwa iwo ".ICBMs: Kuwononga Tsitsi Loyambitsa,โ iye anayamba kuti: โNdikanena pamenepo is sitepe yomwe ingachepetse chiopsezo cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya kwambiri yomwe siinatengedwe koma ingatengedwe mosavuta, ndikuti ndiko kuchotsedwa kwa American ICBMs, ndikutanthauza kuti pali chida chimodzi chokha mu zida zathu zomwe zimatsutsana. pulezidenti yemwe ali ndi lingaliro lachangu la kuyambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndipo ndilo lingaliro loyambitsa ma ICBM athu. "
Anapitilizanso kutsindika kuti ma ICBM ndi owopsa chifukwa ali pachiwopsezo chowonongeka pakuwukiridwa (โagwiritseni ntchito kapena atayaโ). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zida za nyukiliya pa sitima zapamadzi ndi ndege sizowopsa komanso
"akhoza kuyitanidwanso - safunikanso kuyitanidwanso, angatheโฆ kuzungulira mpaka atapatsidwa chilolezo choti apitilize ... Si zoona kwa ma ICBM. Ndi malo okhazikika, odziwika kwa anthu aku Russiaโฆ Kumene. Koma sitiyenera kudikirira kuti dziko la Russia lidzuke pamalingaliro awaโฆ kuti tichite zomwe tingathe kuti tichepetse ngozi yankhondo yanyukiliya. โ
Ndipo adamaliza kuti: "Kuchotsa zathu ndikuchotsa osati mwayi woti tidzagwiritse ntchito ma ICBM athu molakwika, komanso kumalepheretsa anthu aku Russia kuopa kuti ma ICBM athu ali panjira yopita kwa iwo."
Ngakhale ndizowopsa kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu, ma ICBM ndi ng'ombe yazachuma yamakampani opanga zida za nyukiliya. Northrop Grumman wapambana kale Mgwirizano wa $ 13.3 biliyoni kuti ayambe kupanga mtundu watsopano wa ma ICBM kuti alowe m'malo mwa mivi ya Minuteman III yomwe yatumizidwa pano. Dongosolo limenelo, lotchedwa sentinel, akuyembekezeka kukhala gawo lalikulu la US "nyukiliya yamakono ndondomekoโ tsopano yakwana $1.5 thililiyoni (mtengo wosapeลตeka usanakwere) mโzaka makumi atatu zikubwerazi.
Tsoka ilo, ku Capitol Hill, malingaliro aliwonse omwe amawombera zida za "unilateral" amwalira atangofika. Komabe ma ICBM ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha momwe kuchotsera zida zotere ndiko njira yanzeru kwambiri.
Tiyerekeze kuti mwaima mu dziwe la petulo ndi mdani wanu ndipo nonse mukuyatsa machesi. Lekani kuyatsa machesiwo ndipo mudzadzudzulidwa ngati munthu wochotsa zida zankhondo, ziribe kanthu kuti ingakhale sitepe yopita ku misala.
Mu 1964 yake Zolankhula za Nobel Peace Prize, Martin Luther King Jr. ananena kuti, โSindikukana kuvomereza mfundo yosatsutsika yakuti mayiko ayenera kukwera masitepe opita kunkhondo kukawononga zida zanyukiliya.โ
Ndikosavuta kumva kuti ndinu wolemetsedwa komanso wopanda mphamvu pankhaniyi. Nkhani - ndi mawu osalankhula - zoperekedwa ndi akuluakulu aboma komanso atolankhani ambiri ndikuyitanira kosatha kumalingaliro otere. Komabe, kusintha komwe kukufunika kwambiri kuti muchepetse ziwopsezo za nyukiliya kungafune kuyambika kwa zenizeni komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwadongosolo. Monga momwe James Baldwin analembera kuti: โSikuti chirichonse chimene chimayangโanizana nacho chingasinthidwe; koma palibe chomwe chingasinthidwe mpaka chitayangโanizana naye.โ
Daniel Ellsberg ankakonda anthu kumuuza mmene iye anawauzira. Koma ndinaona mโmaso mwake ndi mumtima mwake funso lolimbikira: Kuuziridwa kuchita chiyani?
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama