Zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, kudutsa masamba khumi ndi awiri a Nation, ndinali mkangano ndi wolemba mbiri wa ku England EP Thompson wokhudza mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya wa US-Soviet, kulakwa kwa maboma onse awiri, ndi momwe omenyera ufulu ayenera kuchita nawo. Panthaลตiyo, chidani cha Cold War chinali chofala. Mu March 1983 malankhulidwe kwa omvetsera a alaliki, Purezidenti Ronald Reagan ananena kuti Soviet Union inali โulamuliro woipaโ ndipo, mโlingaliro labwino, โmalo a kuipa mโdziko lamakonoli.โ Patapita milungu ingapo, mtsogoleri wa Soviet Yuri Andropov amatsutsidwa United States ya kufunafuna zida zankhondo kuti apambane nkhondo yanyukiliya; mโmawu ake, โosati chabe kusasamala, ndi wamisala.โ Mayiko onsewa anali kuwombera injini zawo zankhondo ndi mafakitale chifukwa chofuna kupeza zida zapamwamba zanyukiliya.
Umu ndi mmene zinalili zochititsa mantha nthawi imeneyo. Koma gulu lomwe likufuna kuti zida za nyukiliya liyimitse zida zanyukiliya lidapeza thandizo lalikulu komanso ndale kuyambira pomwe Reagan adatenga udindo. Mu Epulo 1982, adayankha pakukula kwa alamu ndi a adilesi ya wailesi amene anayesera kutsimikizira. "Masiku ano, ndikudziwa kuti pali anthu ambiri omwe akulozera ku zoopsa zosayerekezeka za nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Ndikulandila nkhawayi, "adatero Reagan. Ananenanso kuti "nkhondo ya nyukiliya siyingapambane ndipo siyenera kumenyedwa."
Patatha miyezi iwiri, anthu okwana 1 miliyoni anasonkhana ku Central Park ku New York pa chionetsero chofuna kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya ndi mtendere. Chionetserocho chinali chimodzi mwa zipolowe zomwe zidachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic motsutsana ndi kukwera mosasamala kwa mpikisano wa zida. Anthu omenyera ufulu wawo anavutika kuti atsutse mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya womwe unachititsa kuti mayiko aลตiri omwe ali ndi ndale zosiyana kwambiri azitsatira koma amadalirana polengeza zida zanyukiliya zambirimbiri.
Zinali zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri monga momwe zinalili nthawi imeneyo, chododometsa cha zonse tsopano yakula kwambiri. Kukangana kowopsa pakati pa Washington ndi Moscow pomwe nkhondo yaku Ukraine ikupitilira - komanso pakati pa US ndi China, ku Taiwan ndi East China ndi South China nyanja - zikupangitsa kuti moto wa nyukiliya ukhale womveka kudzera muzochitika zilizonse. Pakalipano, kusagwirizana pa momwe angawonere ubale pakati pa United States ndi Russia ndi magulu amtendere omwe akusokonekera ndipo ambiri akumanzere kuno kwathu. Mantha oti adziwike, ngati sananyozedwe, ngati pro-Putin kapena achifundo ku Russia ndi omveka, ndi zopinga zomwe zikupitilira pakulimbikitsa.
Sitikumva chilichonse chokhudza kulira kofunikira kubwezeretsa Tsegulani Mlengalenga ndi Zida zanyukiliya zapakati-pakatikati (INF) mapangano adathetsedwa ndi Purezidenti Trump kapena Anti-Ballistic Missile Pangano lomwe linathetsedwa ndi Purezidenti George W. Bush, pomwe kusowa kwa mapanganowa lero kumapangitsa kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndi Russia ikhale yotheka. Ngakhale a Barack Obama kapena a Joe Biden sanayesere kutsitsimutsa mapangano omwe adalepheretsedwa ndi omwe adawatsogolera aku Republican.
Kwa iye, kuyambira ndi kuwukira kwa Ukraine, Putin wachita zambiri kuti alimbikitse mikangano ya atomiki. Kuwopseza kwake kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kunanena chiphunzitso chosamveka bwino. Onse aku Russia (kupatula zaka khumi ndi chimodzi chithuvj_force) ndi United States nthawi zonse pa mbiri monga kutsimikizira chisankho kukhala woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya pa mkangano.
Nkhondo ya ku Ukraine yachititsa kuti dziko lonse likhale pafupi ndi mapiri a nyukiliya kuposa kale lonse. Ndipo, ngakhale zoopsa zatsiku ndi tsiku zikuchititsidwa ndi anthu aku Ukraine ndi nkhondo yaku Russia, malingaliro omwe alipo ku US ndikuti Putin sayenera kukambirana pazambiri zilizonse.
Koma ngati zoyesayesa zochepetsera zida ndi kuwongolera zida ziyenera kubwezeretsedwanso pamene mphamvu yayikulu ikupanga nkhondo yowopsa mdziko pambuyo pa kuwukira koletsedwa, Prime Minister waku Soviet Alexei Kosygin kapena Purezidenti Ronald Reagan sanapeze memo. Mu 1967, pomwe boma la US likukulitsa nkhondo ya Vietnam, Kosygin adakumana ndi Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson pazokambirana zomwe zidakhala kwa maola opitilira khumi ndi awiri. Glassboro Summit ku New Jersey. Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, Reagan anakumana ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ku White House, kumene adasaina pangano la INF; panthaลตiyo, asilikali a Soviet anali kupitiriza nkhondo yawo ku Afghanistan, zomwe zinatenga pafupifupi 100,000 Afghan amakhala moyo, pomwe CIA idapereka thandizo lankhondo mabiliyoni a madola kwa mujahadeen resistance fighters
Pakati mpaka 1983, kumapeto kwa kusinthanitsa kofalitsidwa pakati pa EP Thompson ndi ine, The Nation adauza owerenga kuti "mkanganowu ukuyambitsa nkhani zofunika, zanzeru komanso zanzeru, zolimbana ndi magulu odana ndi nkhondo mdziko muno komanso ku Europe." Mafotokozedwe a nkhani zofunikawa ali ndi ife tsopano, ndipo zopinga sizingakhale zokulirapo.
Wodziwika ngati wolemba mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, Thompson analinso mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino wa gulu la European disarmment movement m'zaka za m'ma 1980. Anachenjeza za "oyenda m'tulo m'gulu lamtendere" la Kumadzulo omwe, adatsutsa, anali kutsata mzere wa Soviet pomwe akuimba mlandu mpikisano wa zida ku United States. Iye analemba kuti: โMakhalidwe abwino kapena kutengeka maganizo kwa anthu ongoyendayenda,โ iye analemba motero, โzingakhale zothandiza kutsogolera gulu la mtendere mu ubale wake wovuta ndi mayiko achikomyunizimu.โ Olamulira a maiko amenewo โali ndi malingaliro ofanana a ziลตerengero zawo za Kumadzulo, kuganiza mofanana ndi โkulinganizaโ ndi chisungiko kupyolera mwa โmphamvu.โโ
M'malingaliro mwanga, mbiri ya mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya idakhalabe yofunika, ndi United States monga nthawi zonse ikutsogolera. Mfundo yakuti US inali dziko lokhala ndi ufulu wochuluka sichinapangitse kuti boma lake likhale lodalirika pankhani ya zida za nyukiliya. Monga olemba mbiri osagwirizana ndi Soviet Roy ndi Zhores Medvedev adalemba chaka chapitacho Nation, โngakhale kuti anthu a ku America ali omasuka kwambiri . . . udindo wa maulamuliro otsatizanatsatizana a US wakhala, ndipo ukupitirizabe kukhala wodzutsa maganizo komanso wosadziลตika bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi mmene dziko la Soviet Union linalili pa ubale wapadziko lonse wa Kumโmawa ndi Kumadzulo. Maofesi a zankhondo ndi mafakitale alipo m'mafakitale onse amakono, koma ali pansi pa ulamuliro wochepa kwambiri ku United States kusiyana ndi USSR."
Kumapeto kwa mkangano wathu, ndidawonetsa kukayikira kuti gulu la US lomenyera zida ndi mtendere linali pachiwopsezo chotsutsa Soviet Union mokwanira. "Choopsa chachikulu ndi chakuti, kufunitsitsa kulemekezedwa komanso kuopa kudzipeza kuti uli pamoto wa zida zamphamvu zamtundu wa Red-baiting, zitha kulimbikitsa mosazindikira kusagwirizana ndi America-Sovietโฆ. Sitingachepetse kusonkhezereka kwa dziko lathu la Cold War powonjezerapo.โ
M'chilimwe cha 1985, Gorbachev adalengeza kuti aletsa kuphulika kwa mabomba a nyukiliya, ndipo adapempha United States kuti itsatire. Ngati kubwezeredwa, kusunthaku kungapangitse maiko onsewa kuti athetse kuphulika kwawo mobisa kwa zida za nyukiliya, kutseka njira yadala yomwe idasiyidwa ndi pangano la Limited Test Ban Treaty la 1963. Koma nkhani zazikulu zaku US zinali tcheru. Poyamba CBS Evening News Lipoti la zomwe Gorbachev anachita, mtolankhani Lesley Stahl anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti โpropagandaโ kanayi. Nyuzipepala zachikoka nazonso zinali zotsutsa. A New York Times Nkhani ya mkonzi inatcha kuimitsidwako โkufalitsa mabodza osuliza.โ
Ngakhale kuti dziko la US linakana kubwezera, Russia inapitirizabe kuimitsa. Mu December 1985, polengeza za kuwonjezereka, CBS Nangula Dan Mโmalo mwake anayamba ndi kunena kuti, โChabwino, nkhani zabodza za Khrisimasi isanakwane mโmlengalenga, kuperekedwa kwatsopano kwa zida zowongolera zida kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev.โ Kuyimitsa kosavomerezeka kwa Kremlin kudapitilira miyezi 19, pomwe malo oyeserera a Nevada adagwedezeka ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya 25 pansi pa chipululu.
Pambuyo pake m'zaka khumi, kuchulukirachulukira kwa kayendetsedwe kazandale komanso kukakamizidwa kwa ndale kunathandizira kusintha malingaliro a Reagan kotero kuti abweretse ubale wa US ndi Russia komanso zokambirana zenizeni. Chotsatira chochititsa chidwi chinali mgwirizano wa Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces, womwe unasainidwa ndi Reagan ndi Gorbachev mu December 1987. Unali kupambana kwa omenyera ufulu ndi unyinji wa ochirikiza ena amphamvu omwe zaka zam'mbuyomo adazolowera mawu oti "Kremlin dupes" ndi "otsutsa achi Russia."
Zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake, ma epithets oterowo amakhalanso ofala. Chikondwerero cha Cold War cha anthu aku America chili kwinakwake pafupi ndi kukwera kwanthawi zonse. Sizitengera zambiri masiku ano adzatchedwa pro-Putin; kungolimbikitsa kuyimitsa moto ku Ukraine kapena kukambirana kwakukulu kungakhale kokwanira.
"Ndikuganiza kuti a Putin sangosangalala ndi kugawikana ngati tipitilizabe komanso kuti tipeze ndalama zotani ku Ukraine. Ndikuganiza kuti akuyambitsanso, "Hillary Clinton anati pa PBS NewsHour kuyankhulana mu October. Ananenanso kuti: โNdikawona anthu akulankhula mawu achi Russia omwe adawonekera koyamba pa Russia Today [network yomwe tsopano ikudzitcha RT] kapena kuwonekera koyamba pakulankhula ndi mkulu wina waku Russia, ndiye mfundo yayikulu kwa Putin.
Njira zonyansa zotere zimafuna kufooketsa zokambirana ndikuletsa zokambirana zomwe zili zoyenera. Njirazo zimasinthidwa nthawi. Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, otsutsa akuukira dziko la Iraq lomwe likubwera la US nthawi zambiri ankaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsana ndi nkhani za Iraq ndikutumikira zofuna za Saddam Hussein. Tsopano, m'malo ofalitsa nkhani komanso ndale, mitundu ya "zokambirana" zomwe Clinton amatanthauza kuti aziyipitsa mbiri zimaphatikizanso zonena zilizonse zotsutsa lingaliro lakuti boma la US liyenera kupereka thandizo lankhondo lotseguka ku Ukraine pomwe akukana kulimbikitsa kuyimitsa- moto kapena kuchita nawo diplomacy.
Pa nthawi yoyamba ya Reagan, a Bulletin ya Atomic Scientists set zake Doomsday Clock pakati pa mphindi zitatu ndi zinayi mpaka pakati pausiku pakati pausiku. Tsopano ndi masekondi 90, kufupi kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Maphunziro ofunikira omwe Purezidenti John Kennedy adachokera ku vuto la mizinga yaku Cuba, yomwe adafotokoza miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pake mu June 1963. malankhulidwe ku American University, tsopano ali m'malo otayira ku Biden White House: "Koposa zonse, poteteza zokonda zathu, mphamvu za nyukiliya ziyenera kuletsa mikangano yomwe imabweretsa mdani kusankha kuthawa kochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo yanyukiliya. Kuchita zimenezi mโnthawi ya nyukiliya kukanakhala umboni woti mfundo zathu zasokonekera - kapena kuti dziko lonse likufuna kufa.โ
Koma ziribe kanthu kuti mfundo za Biden ku Ukraine ndi Russia zili zowopsa bwanji, magulu akuluakulu owongolera zida ndi zida ku United States apitilira kusagwirizana. Ochepa akakamiza kukambirana kwakukulu kuti apeze chigamulo chamtendere. Ambiri, mโchenicheni, apita limodzi ndi kunena mawu oti โdiplomacyโ monga mawu onyansa. Mikhalidwe yotereyi ndi yochititsa chidwi makamaka kuchokera ku mabungwe omwe ali ndi cholinga chochepetsera zoopsa za nkhondo ya nyukiliya - ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya ku Ukraine ikupitirirabe ndipo pamene ikuchulukirachulukira, mwayi woti zoopsazi zidzasanduka chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya padziko lonse.
Sitingadziwe momwe EP Thompson amawonera zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 21 zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la nyukiliya - adamwalira mu 1993 - koma maziko a nkhani yake ya 1980 "Zitsutsani ndi Kupulumukaโ ikumveka ngati mfuu yochititsa nthumanzi yotidzutsa kuti tipewe chizolowezi chozemba. "Ndafika poganiza kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya ya nyukiliya sizotheka kokha, koma ndizotheka, komanso kuti kuthekera kwake kukukulirakulira," adalemba. "Titha kukhala tikuyandikira pomwe sitingabwererenso pomwe chizolowezi kapena malingaliro omwe alipo pa izi sizingasinthe." Komabe, Thompson anapitiriza,
Sindikufuna kuvomereza kuti determinism ili ndi mtheradi. Koma ngati mfundo zanga zili zolondola, ndiye kuti sitingathenso kuyimitsa nkhaniyo. Tiyenera kutaya chilichonse chomwe chidakalipo mu chikhalidwe cha anthu kudutsa njira yolakwika iyi. Tiyenera kutsutsa ngati titi tipulumuke. Zionetsero ndi njira yokhayo yodzitetezera yachitetezo cha anthu.
Nkhaniyi idakhala mutu woyamba mu anthology yomwe ilinso ndi mutu Zitsutsani ndi Kupulumuka. Daniel Ellsberg analemba m'bukuli Malonje kuti โtiyenera kuima kumene tikukhala, ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuteteza nyumba yathu ndi banja lathu: dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zonse.โ
Zomwe a Martin Luther King Jr. adazitcha "misala yazankhondo" zimawonekera kwambiri pamachitidwe a zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimadalira kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kulira kolimbana ndi ziwawa. Misala yomaliza imayenda bwino pakukhala kwathu kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa izo.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama