Kanema wa Zero Dark Thirty wayamba mtsutso pa kulungamitsidwa kwake kwa kuzunzidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mfundo zake, ndi ndondomeko yake ya pro-CIA. Cholinga chachikulu cha mkangano pakali pano chinali chakuti kuzunzidwa kunali kofunikira kuti atsatire Osama bin Laden komanso ngati filimuyo ndi pro kapena anti torture.
Kutsutsidwa kwa filimuyi kwachokera kumagulu apamwamba a ndale. M'kalata yopita ku CIA, Diane Feinstein, Karl Levin ndi John McCain, mamembala a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, cholakwika filimu yowonetsa kuti CIA idapeza pozunza mtsogoleri wamkulu yemwe adathandizira kutsatira Osama bin Laden. Kalatayo ikudzudzulanso atsogoleri akale a CIA chifukwa chofalitsa zabodza ngati izi polankhula pagulu.
Wotsogolera mafilimu a Kathryn Bigelow ndi wolemba filimu Mark Boal, yemwe adagwira ntchito ndi CIA popanga filimuyi, mwina sankayembekezera kuti abwerere chifukwa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi kuwala kobiriwira kuchokera ku White House.
Poyang'anizana ndi ziwonetserozi, ena adadzitchinjiriza kwa opanga mafilimu monga Mark Bowden, mlembi wa The Finish: Kuphedwa kwa Osama bin Laden. Kulemba mu Atlantic, akunena kuti filimuyo sichiri kuzunza chifukwa chochitika choyamba chimasonyeza kuti kuzunzidwa sikungathe kuletsa kuukira ku Saudi Arabia, m'malo mwake kunali kuchenjera ndi kuchenjera komwe kunatulutsa zotsatira.
Patali kwambiri olemba ndemanga, komabe, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodziwika bwino kuchokera ku New York Times, kuti CNN ndi Chamoyo Chamasiku Onse, anena kuti filimuyo inanama ponena za kuzunzidwa. Kutsogolera kwawo kuchokera ku Feinstein et al mawu ambiri adzudzula filimuyi ndipo adanenetsa kuti komwe ali bin Laden adapezeka kudzera mu njira zina kuposa kuzunza.
Ndizovuta kunena yemwe ali wolondola. CIA ikuwonekeratu kuti ili ndi chidwi chokweza mtundu wake kuti athe kuthandiza anthu pazochita zake zachinsinsi. Ma Democrat ali ndi chidwi chodzipatula kuti asazunzidwe kuti adzilekanitse ndi ndondomeko zoyipa kwambiri za nthawi ya Bush.
Ngakhale kuti mpweya wambiri ukukhudzidwa ndi mkanganowu, chidwi chochepa chaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu, ndipo m'malingaliro mwanga, uthenga wofunika kwambiri wa filimuyi: kuti kupha anthu oweruza ndikwabwino. Firimuyi imatiphunzitsa kuti amuna a bulauni akhoza ndipo ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kuphedwa popanda chilango, kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse, komanso kuti tiyenera kudalira CIA kuti izichita zonse mosamala.
Panthawi yomwe njira yofunikira mu "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" yasintha kuchoka pankhondo wamba kupita kukupha milandu yowonjezereka, apa pakubwera filimu yomwe imapangitsa kuti izi zitheke. Mkangano wabodza wozungulira filimuyi mosakayikira udzakulitsa kupambana kwake, koma musayembekezere mkangano waukulu pakupha anthu owonjezera. Pa izi, pali chilolezo chamagulu awiri. Chifukwa chake chochititsa manyazi chenicheni kumbuyo kwa filimuyi yomwe adasankhidwa ndi Oscar - nkhani zake zopanda manyazi zakupha munthu woweruza - zikhala zobisika.
Kusinthanso Makina Opha
Zero Dark Thirty ali ndi mawu omveka bwino akuti "anthu abwino" ndi "oyipa". Anthu a CIA, makamaka Maya ndi Dan, ndi ngwazi ndi amuna abulauni, kaya akhale Aarabu kapena aku South Asia, ndi oipa.
Munthu woyamba wa bulauni yemwe timakumana naye, Omar, akuzunzidwa mwankhanza ndi Dan pomwe Maya wosewera wamkulu (woseweredwa ndi Jessica Chastain) amawonera movutikira komanso nkhawa. Komabe, posakhalitsa timamva kuti Omar ndi abale ake anafuna โkupha Achimereka onseโ mwakutero kuchotsa kukayikira kwathu, kulungamitsa chizunzo, ndi kukhazikitsa kuipa kwake.
Mukusintha kosangalatsa (koyamba kukhazikitsidwa ndi pulogalamu yapa TV 24) kuzunza, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu oipa, tsopano zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ngwazi. Kusintha kumeneku ndikovomerezeka chifukwa amuna onse a bulauni omwe amazunzidwa mufilimuyi ndi olakwa ndipo chifukwa chake ndi oyenera kuchitiridwa zimenezi. Posakhalitsa Maya amaphunzira kugonjetsa kukayikira kwake pamene akukhala wokonzeka kutenga nawo mbali m'mazunzo ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Pochita izi, omvera amapemphedwa kuti apite naye kuchokera ku zovuta mpaka kuvomerezedwa.
Malingaliro omveka bwino a "ife" motsutsana ndi "iwo" amakhazikitsidwa pomwe "iwo" amawonetsedwa ngati akupha pomwe "ife" timachita zomwe tikufunikira kuti titeteze dziko lapansi. Chochitika chimodzi makamaka chikuwonetsa mkwiyo wawo "wopanda nzeru" motsutsana ndi Amereka onse. Izi ndi zomwe Maya anaukiridwa ndi mfuti zambirimbiri pamene akutuluka m'nyumba yotetezeka m'galimoto yake. Kenako timauzidwa kuti iye ndi wothandizira wa CIA sipagulu komanso kuti anthu aku America onse ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ukali wakupha komanso ziwawa zankhanza ku Pakistan.
Pakistan, dziko limene ambiri mwa filimuyi amaikidwa, likuwonetsedwa ngati dzenje la gehena. M'mawonekedwe oyambilira, Maya monga CIA watsopano kuderali, akufunsidwa ndi mnzake zomwe akuganiza za Pakistan. Iye akuyankha kuti: โZiri ngati zonyansa.โ
Kupatulapo kukhala chandamale cha kuphulitsa mabomba mgalimoto yake komanso ku hotelo, gawo lomwe likuwoneka kuti limapangitsa Pakistan "kunyansidwa" ndi Chisilamu. Mu chochitika china amasokonezedwa usiku kwambiri ndi kuitana kwa Asilamu kupemphero kumveka mokweza kwambiri kotero kuti kumamudzutsa kutulo. Ponyansidwa ndi zimenezi, iye akungโungโudza kuti โoh Mulunguโ nโkuyamba kugona. Maya amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu oti "mullah crackadollah" posonyeza kunyoza kwake atsogoleri achipembedzo achisilamu (sindinamvepo mawu awa ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti ndidawalemba molondola. Sindikufuna kuwononganso $ 14 kuti ndiwonerenso filimuyi, ndipo nditero. dikirani mpaka filimuyo itatuluka pa DVD kuti mutsimikizire nthawiyi).
Chimene sichifunika kuonedwanso kuti chitsimikizire ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthawi zonse komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu oti "Paks" kutanthauza anthu aku Pakistani, mawu omwe ali ofanana ndi mawu ena atsankho monga "gooks" ndi "japs." Kanemayo akukhazikika pakuchita ziwanda kwa anthu aku Pakistani. Ngati tikukayika kuti "Paks" ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe sitingathe kuzikhulupirira, filimuyi ili ndi zochitika zomwe mnzake wa Maya ndi bwenzi lake adawombera ndikuwomberedwa ndi mabomba omwe adadzipha omwe amayembekezera kuti amufunse mafunso.
Ngakhale amuna wamba omwe aima pafupi ndi msewu kapena m'misika ndi anthu okayikitsa omwe amawombera mafoni kuti adziwitse ndi kukonza chiwembu chotsutsana ndi CIA. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pamene Pakistani apanga zionetsero kunja kwa ofesi ya kazembe wa US timawaona mwachipongwe komanso kudzera m'maso mwa Maya, yemwe waima mkati mwa ofesi ya kazembeyo, ndipo maganizo ake omwe timafunsidwa kuti tidziwe nawo.
Kwa wopanga makanema waluso la Bigelow ndizodabwitsa kuwona "anthu abwino" ndi "oyipa" osamveka ngati awa. Njira yokhayo yoti mukhale wofiirira komanso osakhala woyipa m'nkhani yake ndikukhala wokhulupirika mosasunthika kwa Achimereka, monga womasulira akugwira ntchito ku CIA. "Msilamu wabwino" samakayikira, amangochitapo kanthu kuti akwaniritse zofuna za America.
Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chodetsa tsankho cha amuna a bulauni, Maya ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kupha" popanda kuoneka ngati osamvetsetseka kapena osadziwika. Maya atazindikira chisoni cha imfa ya bwenzi lake pa chiwembu chodzipha iye anati: โNdidzasuta aliyense wochita nawo opaleshoniyi ndiyeno ndipha Osama bin Laden.โ Polankhula za dokotala yemwe angakhale wothandiza pofika kwa bin Laden, akuti ngati "sataya munthu wamkulu" ndiye "timupha."
Kumayambiriro kwa filimuyi Maya amakana kubisala pamene adalowanso m'chipinda chomwe Omar akusungidwa. Amamufunsa Dan ngati mwamunayo angatulukemo ndikuwulula yemwe amamuyankha kuti "siyonse," kutanthauza kuti Omar amangidwa mpaka kalekale kapena kuphedwa.
Mkulu wa CIA yemwe akuphulitsa gulu laothandizira kuti asapite patsogolo posaka a bin Laden akufotokoza mwachidule ntchito ya CIA ngati makina opha anthu motere, akuti "chitani ntchito zanu ndikundibweretsera anthu kuti aphe. โ Panthawiyi mufilimuyi, ziwanda za amuna a bulauni ndizokwanira kwambiri kotero kuti mawu awa si odabwitsa kapena odabwitsa.
Ndi chisankho chanzeru komanso chanzeru kuti kusamvana kwa nkhani ya filimuyi ndikuphedwa kwa Osama bin Laden. Kupatula apo, ndani angatsutse kuphedwa kwa munthu woyipayu kupatula maloya "akuchita zabwino" omwe akulangidwa mufilimuyi chifukwa chopereka zigawenga mwalamulo.
Pano pali uthenga wofunikira wa filimuyi: lamulo, ndondomeko yoyenera, ndi lingaliro lopereka umboni pamaso pa oweruza, ziyenera kuperekedwa pofuna kupha anthu owonjezera. Komanso, kuphana koteroko kungachitike popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu. Firimuyi sikuti imangogwiritsa ntchito kusamvetsetsana kwa makhalidwe abwino kupha bin Laden kuti atigulitse pa kuyenera ndi chilungamo cha kupha kowonjezereka, komanso zimatengera zowawa kuti zisonyeze kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika mwachinsinsi chifukwa cha macheke ndi miyeso yomwe ikukhudzidwa isanayambe kupha munthu. zidachitidwa.
Maya akuwoneka akulimbana ndi akuluakulu omwe ali ndi amuna omwe amamukakamiza nthawi zonse kuti apereke umboni asanayambe kulamula kuti achite sitiraka. Timamva kukhumudwa kwake pakuchita izi ndipo timamudziwa pamene akunena kuti ali ndi 100% wotsimikiza kuti bin Laden ndi pamene akunena kuti ali. Komabe, kachitidwe koyang'anira ndi kusanja komwe kumakhudza atsogoleri anzeru a CIA, ndi purezidenti yemwe ali "wanzeru" ndipo akufuna zowona, zikutanthauza kuti kusamala sikungasokonezedwe ngakhale titadziwa kuti tikulondola.
Izi, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndiye chinsinsi chachikulu chofalitsa filimuyi: kugulitsa chinsinsi chakupha mwachinsinsi panthawi yomwe iyi idasankhidwa kukhala njira yayikulu mu "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" kwazaka khumi zikubwerazi.
The Disposition Matrix
Monga ndanenera mu bukhu langa Islamophobia ndi Ndale za Ufumu, olamulira a Obama afika pachimake, zitalephera kulowererapo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, kuti nkhondo zanthawi zonse ziyenera kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha kumenyedwa kwa ma drone, ntchito zakuda, ndi njira zina zopha anthu.
The New York Times onetsani pa "mndandanda wakupha" wa Obama, adawulula kuti njira iyi ndi imodzi yotsogozedwa ndi purezidenti mwiniwake. John Brennen, mlangizi wake wamkulu wotsutsa zigawenga, ndi m'modzi mwa olemba ake ofunikira komanso omanga mapulani. Kusankhidwa kwa Brennen kuti atsogolere CIA ndi umboni woonekeratu kuti njirayi singopitirirabe komanso kuti bungwe la akazitape lidzakhala gulu lankhondo lomwe limachita kupha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida za drone ndi njira zina, popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu.
Mbiri ya Greg Miller Chidutswa mu Washington Post akuwulula kuti olamulira a Obama akhala akugwira ntchito pa "ndondomeko yotsata zigawenga" potengera kupanga database yomwe imadziwika kuti "disposition matrix." Matrix opangidwa ndi National Counterterrorism Center amabweretsa pamodzi mindandanda yakupha yosiyana koma yophatikizika kuchokera ku CIA ndi Joint Operations Special Command kukhala gululi wamkulu ndikugawa zinthu za "makhalidwe." Zida zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito "kutaya" zomwe zili pamndandandawu zikuphatikiza kugwira ntchito, kutulutsa, komanso kumenyedwa ndi ma drone.
Miller akuti Brennen wachita gawo lalikulu pakuchita izi "kukhazikitsa[ku] njira ya oyang'anira popanga mindandanda yolanda/kupha." Kutengera kuyankhulana kwakukulu ndi akuluakulu aboma a Obama a Miller akuti kuphana kowonjezereka koteroko "kukuyenera kuonjezedwanso kwa zaka khumi." Kusankhidwa kwa Brennan ku utsogoleri wa CIA mosakayikira kudzatsimikizira izi.
Mwachidule, panthawi yomwe kusintha kwabwino kwachitika pankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga kuchokera kunkhondo wamba mpaka kupha anthu, pamabwera filimu yomwe imatsimikizira mchitidwewu ndikutifunsa kuti tikhulupirire CIA ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa.
Mosakayikira filimuyo idayenera kukonzanso mtundu wa CIA ndikuchotsa zithunzi zina zopikisana zaku Hollywood za bungweli ngati chovala chamseri komanso chamthunzi. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti mosiyana ndi otchulidwa m'filimuyi, Brennan ndi wabodza komanso wosachita manyazi. woyimira chizunzo (kupatula pa waterboarding).
Monga Glenn Greenwald zolembaBrennen ali ndi "analankhula zabodza zathunthu ngakhale zokopa kwambiri kudziko lonse pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Osama bin Laden, kuphatikizapo kunena kuti bin Laden "adachita nawo moto" ndi Navy SEALS ndipo "adagwiritsa ntchito mkazi wake ngati chishango chaumunthu".
Zero Dark Thirty, omwe adasankhidwa kuti akhale mphotho ya Oscar "chithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha chaka", ndi chiwonetsero chazomwe zikubwera. National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) yomwe idasainidwa ndi Obama koyambirira kwa mwezi uno ikuphatikiza ndi Kusintha, yomwe idaperekedwa m'Nyumbayo mwezi watha wa Meyi, yomwe imavomereza kufalitsa nkhani zabodza kwa nzika za US. Mtolankhani Naomi Klein akunena kuti nkhani zabodzazo "zosinthidwa zimavomereza mwalamulo chinthu chomwe chakhala chosaloledwa kwazaka makumi ambiri: kupereka ndalama mwachindunji kwa mauthenga ochirikiza boma kapena ochirikiza usilikali pawailesi, osaulula, olunjika nzika zaku America."
Choncho sitingayembekezere mafilimu otere, komanso nkhani zabodza zambiri pa TV, mโmanyuzipepala, pawailesi ndi mโmawebusaiti ochezera a pa Intaneti. Zomwe kale zinali dongosolo losakhazikika pomwe dipatimenti ya Boma ndi Pentagon zidasokoneza atolankhani tsopano zasinthidwa kukhala lamulo. Khalani okonzeka kufalitsidwa kwa nthawi zonse, kulikonse.
Tikukhala m'dziko la Orwellian: boma lidafunafuna ndikupambana mphamvu zotsekera mpaka kalekale ndikupha nzika zaku US, zonse zitakulungidwa mumtambo wachinsinsi, ndi kutinamiza popanda zopinga zilizonse.
NDAA imalola kumangidwa kosatha, ndi a woweruza anagamula kuti olamulira a Obama sayenera kupereka zifukwa zomveka zopha anthu potengera malamulo a US popereka mphamvu kwa pulezidenti kuti aphe aliyense amene angafune popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma kapena boma.
Dongosolo loterolo limafunikira dongosolo lofalitsa zabodza lamphamvu kuti likhutiritse nzika kuti zisachite mantha, siziyenera kuyankhula, sayenera kuganiza mozama, makamaka sayenera kutenga nawo gawo pazokambirana kupatula kukoka chingwe chilichonse. zaka zingapo mu chikhalidwe cha demokalase. Tikufunsidwa, kwenikweni, kuti tizidzisangalatsa tokha mpaka kufa.
Deepa Kumar ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa Media Studies ndi Middle East Studies ku Rutgers University. Iye ndi mlembi wa Islamophobia ndi Politics of Empire.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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