Cornell West, pa HBO's Pompopompo, anabwerezanso ake kutsutsa kuti Purezidenti Obama ndi "chigawenga chankhondo" chifukwa chopha anthu osalakwa kudzera mu ziwonetsero za drone. Anapitiriza kunena mfundo yosavuta, koma yosamveka kawirikawiri, yakuti ngati muli ndi ufumu, mudzakhala ndi zigawenga zankhondo.
Mawu ovuta ngati ake ndi osiyana ndi anthu ambiri. Kwa mbali zambiri, omasuka okhazikitsidwa akhala chete kapena akusangalala pamene Obama akukulitsa chitetezo cha dziko. Azungu amadzudzula aufulu awa ngati "opanda makhalidwe abwino" chifukwa chopatsa Obama chiphaso cha mfundo zovuta zomwe Bush adadzudzulidwa nazo.
Kulandila kwakukulu kwa kutayikira kwa NSA ndizithunzi zaposachedwa kwambiri za izi. M'malo modzudzula kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika kwa mphamvu ndi boma, kampeni yoyipa idayambika koyamba motsutsana ndi mluzi Snowden ndi ndiye mtolankhani Glenn Greenwald.
Kuchokera ku MSNBC a Mika Brezeznski akugwiritsa ntchito, monga Greenwald limati, "Zokambirana za White House" kuti zichepetse kufunikira kwa kutayikira, kwa David Gregory wa NBC akufunsa chifukwa chake Greenwald sayenera kuimbidwa mlandu ngati wachigawenga, ofalitsa nkhani zaufulu ndi "akatswiri" awo ateteza White House mokhulupirika.
M'malo mwa "oyang'anira boma," atolankhani amakampani adakhala ngati agalu oukira chifukwa boma. Mmodzi akudabwa zomwe atolankhani Woodword ndi Bernstein akanatha kuvutika ngati ataphwanya chisokonezo cha Watergate lero.
Anthu, komabe, sanagule kupepesa kwaufulu ndipo ayankha mosiyana ndi mavumbulutso opitilira. Pafupifupi 55% ya aku America Khulupirirani kuti Snowden ndi woyimba mluzu osati "wachiwembu," ndipo posintha kwambiri anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti boma lapita patali kwambiri pophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Makina a imperialism yaufulu komanso kusintha kosinthika kokonzedwa ndi olamulira a Obama kwayamba kusokonekera.
Liberal Imperialism
Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yachiwiri ya Bush, kukhulupirika kwa US kunali kowonongeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Magulu akuluakulu a ndale anali atayamba kulinganiza njira zokonzanso mbiri ya ufumuwo.
Mu 2007, gulu la utsogoleri lotsogozedwa ndi Madeleine Albright linapanga a chikalata mutu wakuti โChanging Course: A New Direction for US Relations with the Muslim World.โ Chikalatacho chimati kuti tigonjetse "ankhanza ankhanza," gulu lankhondo linali lofunikira koma silinali lokwanira, ndikuti US idayenera kupanga "njira zandale, zandale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe." Mwachidule, mphamvu zonse "zolimba" ndi "zofewa" zinkafunika.
Idakana dongosolo la "kusamvana kwachitukuko" mu nthawi ya Bush ndipo idalangiza purezidenti wotsatira kuti alankhule za kukonza ubale ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi Asilamu ambiri m'mawu ake otsegulira ndikutsimikiziranso "kudzipereka kwa US kuletsa kuzunzidwa kwamtundu uliwonse."
Obama anachita chimodzimodzi. Kuchokera pakulankhula kwake kotsegulira mpaka mawu ku Cairo anabwerezanso mitu imeneyi kutsindika za zopereka zabwino za Asilamu pa mbiri ya anthu. Ulamuliro wake udasiya mawu akuti "Global War on Terror" ndikulowa m'malo mwake ndi "Overseas Contingency Operations," pomwe akudzudzula kuzunza ndikusunga mfundo zaufulu wa anthu.
Komabe zolankhula zaufulu mwazokha sizinali zokwanira kukonzanso ufumu. Kugonjetsedwa ku Iraq, ndi quagmire ya Afghan, kunafunikira kusintha kwa malingaliro achifumu kuchoka pankhondo wamba kupita ku njira zosawoneka bwino zokakamiza.
Kusanthula chikalata cha 2012 Defense Planning Guidance m'buku langa Islamophobia ndi Ndale za Ufumu, Ndinkanena kuti nthawi ya nkhondo zazikulu inali itatha, m'malo mwake โgawo latsopano la ufumu wa Obama likukhudza kukhazikitsidwanso kwa ulamuliro wa US. . .kupyolera mโmagwirizano a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito ziwombankhanga zapamlengalenga, kuwukira kwa ndege zosagwiritsa ntchito ndege zopanda ndege, kulimbana ndi uchigawenga ndi magulu apadera ankhondo komanso nkhondo zapakompyuta.โ
Zovala Zatsopano za Ufumu, Zofanana ndi Zovala Zakale
Obama adayambitsa zomwe zatchedwa "nkhondo yanzeru" yolimbana ndi zigawenga, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe bungwe la Bush linapanga; kusintha komwe kwasungidwa kwambiri kwa anthu. Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Wikileaks, takhala tikulowa m'nthawi yomwe olemba mbiri komanso atolankhani ofufuza akuwonetsa zovala za mfumu.
Ndende ya ku Guantanamo bay idakhala chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa Bush, komabe ngakhale malonjezano otsutsana ndi izi idatsegulidwabe. Obama adapereka lamulo loti atseke "malo akuda" odziwika bwino a CIA, komwe kuzunzidwa kunali kofala. Mtolankhani Anand Gopal, komabe, kuwululidwa kuti US ikupitiriza kusunga ndende zingapo zachinsinsi ku Afghanistan kumene kuzunzidwa kumapitirira. Jeremy Scahill m'buku lake Nkhondo Zakuda anafukula ndende ina yotero ku Somalia.
Nโzovuta kunena kuti mโmayiko ena mulinso angati. Koma mavumbulutsowa akuwunikira chifukwa chake olamulira a Obama sanazengereze m'modzi wa olamulira a Bush kuti azunze. Ndipotu zatero kupatsidwa chitetezo kwa akuluakulu awa.
Pamene Bush adatsekera akaidi osatha kuwalanda ufulu wawo wa habeas corpus adatsutsidwa moyenerera ndi omasuka. Komabe pamene Obama adasaina lamulo la National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) lomwe silinakhazikitse ndondomekoyi komanso kukulitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nzika zaku US panalibe chitsutso chochepa kuchokera ku mabungwe omasuka.
Rumsfeld ndi Cheney adapanga makina apamwamba opha chinsinsi kuchokera ku Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) yomwe idayenda padziko lonse lapansi kupha anthu mwakufuna kwawo popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi Congression kapena kukambirana pagulu. Obama adavomereza ndikukonzekera izi.
Monga momwe Scahill amawonera, olamulira a Obama adatengera ku Bush mapulogalamu obisika komanso obisika omwe amadziwika ndi mikangano pakati pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana, makamaka CIA ndi JSOC. A Obama akabweretsa akuluakulu a nthawi ya Bush kuti apange pulogalamu yopha anthu padziko lonse lapansi yopanda msoko, yophatikizika, komanso yowonjezera.
Obama wachulukirachulukira kumenyedwa kwa ma drone padziko lonse lapansi; moyipa, adalamulanso kuphedwa kwa nzika zaku US. M'busa wokhwima kwambiri wobadwira ku US Anwar al Awlaki adaphedwa popanda chifukwa ku Yemen; masabata angapo pambuyo pake mwana wake wachinyamata nayenso anaphedwa mu "siginecha" kunyanyala.
Netwar yakhalanso yosalekeza. Pamene olamulira a Bush adalengeza pulogalamu ya Total Information Awareness (TIA) yosonkhanitsa deta movutikira ndi migodi, adatsutsidwa kuti ndi mchimwene wamkulu. Monga kuchucha kwa NSA kopitilira onetsani, pansi pa Obama pulogalamu yokulirapo komanso kuya kwake ndi yowona.
Boma la Obama lakulitsa nkhondo yapa cyber pogwiritsa ntchito ma virus apakompyuta kuti awononge makompyuta omwe ali m'malo opangira zida zanyukiliya ku Iran. Mtolankhani Nick Turse akunena kuti pamene zoyesayesa zimenezi zinayambika pansi pa Bush, โPulezidenti Obama. . .anakhala mkulu wa asilikali woyamba ku America kulamula kuti pakhale zigawenga zosalekeza zowononga zomangamanga mโdziko lina.โ[I]
Kukonzanso kwa ufumu uku kwasungidwa mobisa kuti asunge ufulu wa Obama. Choncho nโzosadabwitsa kuti wazenga mlandu anthu oimbidwa milandu pamlingo woposa apurezidenti onse amโmbuyomu aku America ataphatikizana.
Komanso, ngati McClatchy nyuzipepala zawululidwa, ogwira ntchito m'boma adzafunsidwa kuti azizondana wina ndi mzake ndi kusokoneza akazindikira kuti akhoza kutulutsa. Imadziwika kuti "Insider Threat" pulogalamu, iyi adzagwiritsa ntchito osati kwa ogwira ntchito zachitetezo okha komanso omwe ali mu dipatimenti ya zaulimi, EPA, Social Security Administration ndi mabungwe ena.
Kwa Obama chinsinsi ndi chofunikira popeza utsogoleri wake wonse wakhazikika pakunena chinthu chimodzi ndikuchita china; pa zolankhula zaufulu ndi zochita zachifumu. M'malo mwake, mfundo zake zakunja zikudalirabe nkhani ya "kuteteza anthu aku America" โโku "chiwopsezo chachigawenga chachisilamu".
Liberal Islamophobia
Mosiyana ndi chilankhulo chowoneka bwino chamanja, nthawi ya Obama idasintha kukhala mawu obisika odana ndi Asilamu. Monga Arun Kundnani, Hamid Dabashi ndi ena awonetsa, tsankho laufulu ndilofunika kwambiri mu ufumuwo. Kusanthula uku, komabe, kwatsutsidwa.
Matt Duss, m'modzi mwa olemba ofunikira Malingaliro a kampani Fear Inc. Kafukufuku yemwe adawonetsa machenjerero amakampani a Islamophobia, mwanjira ina yachifundo review m'buku langa, zimatsutsana ndi tanthauzo langa la ufulu wa Islamophobia.
Duss akuti "vuto pakutanthauzira Islamophobia mozama monga momwe Kumar amachitira ndikuti zikuwopseza kusokoneza tanthauzo." Sindikuvomereza. Ngati sitifotokoza mitundu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe tsankho lodana ndi Asilamu limatenga, ndikupereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane komanso kokwanira, timakhala pachiwopsezo choziwona ngati zochitika zolondola. Choncho, nthawi Malingaliro a kampani Fear Inc. ikadali chiwongolero chothandiza pakuwongolera ma Islamophobia, mwatsoka imasiya kudzudzula omasuka ndi ma Democrats.
Meredith Tax chimodzimodzi akunena kuti tanthauzo langa ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Misonkho, komabe, ikufuna kukopa omasuka kuti mawu akuti "Islamophobia" ndi "osokoneza" kotero kuti amakanidwa bwino chifukwa akugwirizana ndi maganizo a Asilamu. Ili ndi lingaliro lovuta kwambiri lomwe tingayembekezere kuchokera ku Tax ndi gulu lake Center for Secular Space, lomwe, monga Saadia Toor. ziwonetsero, limapereka chivundikiro chomasuka cha imperialism.
Tax imavuta ndi ine Nation Nkhani yomwe ikuwonetsa momwe zipani ziwirizi zidachitira ziwanda Asilamu. Akunena kuti tanthauzo langa la liberal Islamophobia ndi lalikulu kwambiri kotero kuti litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito "kuphimba njira zonse zomwe US โโangagwirizane ndi Asilamu." Misonkho iyenera kugwirira ntchito m'malingaliro ake ndikuyesera kukulitsa kupyola magawo awiri a ufumuwo.
Monga wolemba mbiri wamkulu Richard Hofstradter amatiphunzitsa Miyambo Yandale Yaku America pali kusiyana kochepa kwambiri pakati pa zipani zazikulu za ndale. Ngakhale kuti โamasiyana, nthaลตi zina moลตaลตa, pa nkhani zamakono. . .amagawananso malingaliro osiyanasiyana.[Ii] Izi "malingaliro osiyanasiyana. . .amalekeredwa ndi maganizo amene amachirikiza chikhalidwe chawo.โ[III]
Ndife gawo lopanga "nyengo yamalingaliro" iyi. Woodward ndi Bernstein atathyola Watergate adachita izi patatha nthawi yachisokonezo chachikulu chomwe ufulu wachibadwidwe, ufulu wa amayi, ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso magulu odana ndi nkhondo zidasinthiratu chikhalidwe cha ndale za ku America kumanzere.
Frank Church, yemwe adatsogolera komiti yowona za kuchuluka kwa boma, adachenjeza za kuopsa kwa kuwunika kwa NSA yofotokoza kuti "zingapangitse nkhanza zonse ku America." Pa FBI's COINTELPRO yomwe ankakonda kukazonda omenyera ufulu wazaka za m'ma 1960 kuphatikiza Martin Luther King, yemwe anali wotsutsa nkhondo, lipoti la Tchalitchi. ananena kuti โnjira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito [nโza] zosaloleka mโchitaganya chademokalase ngakhale ngati zolinga zonsezo zinali zachiwawa.โ Zotsatira zake zinali kuchepa kwa akazitape aboma.
Lero, ndi udindo wathu kusintha chikhalidwe ku US kuti athetse osati kungoyang'anitsitsa komanso ufumu ndi dziko lake lachitetezo.
Deepa Kumar ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa Media Studies ndi Middle East maphunziro ku Rutgers University. Iye ndi mlembi wa Islamophobia ndi Politics of Empire (2012). Mtundu wakale wa nkhaniyi udasindikizidwa ndi al Jazeera.
[I] Nick Turse, The Changing Face of Empire, Haymarket Books, 2012, p. 8
[Ii] Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, Vintage, 1989, p. xxxviii
[III] Ibid, pp. Xxxvii mpaka xxxviii
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