Gwero: Counterpunch
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Marie Kanger Wobadwa/Shutterstock
Likulu la mbiri yakale la mzinda wa Puebla, komwe ndimakhala, ndi malo a World Heritage malo. Chipinda chachikulu chili m'mbali mwa tchalitchi chachikulu chomwe chinamangidwa mu 1575, ndipo positi ofesi yapafupi, monga nyumba zambiri m'derali, imakongoletsedwa bwino ndi matayala achikhalidwe. Koma pakati pa nyumba za theses palinso McDonald's, Dominos, Oxxo (sitolo ya Coca Cola), Subway, ndi Burger King, ndipo pali Pizza Hut, KFC; ndi Starbucks mdambo umodzi.
Starbucks ili ndi masitolo 670 ku Mexico, Subway ili ndi 900, ndipo Walmart ili ndi 2,610 - chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri m'dziko lililonse pambuyo pa US, komanso chiwerengero chomwe chikuyenera kukwera chifukwa cha phindu lawo panthawi ya mliri.
Kusintha kwa kawonekedwe kamatauni komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka anthu aku Mexico, mayendedwe awo, ndi chikhalidwe chawo, siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Mabungwe ochulukirachulukira aku US atsegukira ku Mexico zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kupezerapo mwayi pamapangano osagwirizana ndi malonda, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza kwambiri, komanso zinthu zotsika mtengo. Malo odyera am'deralo komanso achikale aku Mexico msika wa flea misika imavutika kuti ipikisane, ndipo anthu ambiri aku Mexico amawona makampani aku US ngati gwero la chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Iktiuh Arenas, katswiri wa mapulani a mizinda ndi ufulu wa anthu, komanso katswiri wa bungwe la Secretariat of Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development ku Mexico (SEDATU) anati: โPalibe kufanana kulikonse, choncho si mpikisano kwenikweni. .
Arenas akuti malo ogulitsa, masitolo akuluakulu monga Walmart, ndi malo odyera opita kumayiko ena ali ndi zabwino poyerekeza ndi misika yakomweko ndi amisiri, chifukwa ali ndi bajeti yayikulu yotsatsa. Amalimbikitsa anthu kugula zinthu zomwe sizinapangidwe m'deralo, ndipo ali ndi ndalama zopezera malo abwino kwambiri m'mabwalo ndi misewu ikuluikulu.
Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, akuti, "chitukuko" chakhala chongomanga malo ogulitsa ndikuthandizira masitolo ogulitsa maunyolo, pomwe malo obiriwira ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale adachotsedwa. Iye anati: โMfundo imeneyi ya chitukuko cha mโmatauni yazikidwa pa kutengera chitsanzo cha ku United States.
Walmart ku Mexico (yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati Wal-Mart de Mรฉxico y Centroamรฉrica) ndiye wogulitsa wamkulu kwambiri mdziko muno, ndipo zikuphatikizapo zina, monga masitolo ang'onoang'ono a Bodega Aurrerra, Sam's Club, MaxiPali, ndi Superama. Mu 1994, inali ndi masitolo 25 okha ku Mexico, koma mgwirizano wa NAFTA (1994-2020) amatanthauza ikhoza kugulitsa mosavuta mazana azinthu zotumizidwa kuchokera ku US, popanda kulipira msonkho wa kasitomu.
Kuyambira pamenepo, Walmart akhala yomangidwa m'madera a nkhalango, nyumba zoopsa zamtengo wapatali, ndipo anamangidwa pa mabwinja akale kapena pafupi nawo. Pali Walmart pafupi ndi malo ofukula mabwinja a Teotihuacรกn, ndipo kukana kwanuko kunatha kuletsa munthu kukhala. yomangidwa m'tawuni ya Cuetezalan.
Kulowa nawo ma Walmart ndi mazana amakampani ena, kuphatikiza Pepsico, Uber, 19,558 Oxxos, Fakitale ya Cheesecake, Baskin Robbins, 718 Dominos, pa 400 Ma KFC, Pizza Hut, Home Depot, Office Depot, Citigroup, JP Morgan Case, ndi mafakitale zikwizikwi, kuyambira Ford mpaka General Electric.
Ndi NAFTA yokweza mitengo yamitengo ndi zotchinga zamalonda, makampaniwa amapindulanso ndi nkhanza zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pomwe wogwira ntchito waku Mexico ku US adzatero kupeza US $ 1,870 pamwezi pafupifupi, ku Mexico chiwerengerocho chimatsikira ku US $ 291.
NAFTA idawonanso anthu ambiri akumidzi aku Mexico, ndipo Arenas akuti mfundo zaboma zasiya madera akumidzi kuti zithandizire mizinda. Akunena kuti "kusankhana mitundu ndi kusankhana mitundu kwa ogwira ntchito akumidzi" zakhalanso chifukwa.
Ndinalankhulanso ndi Isis Samaniego, wolemba ndakatulo komanso wogwira ntchito mโmisika, komanso katswiri wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zaku Mexico. "Masitolo a dipatimenti, malo ogulitsa, ndi zakudya zofulumira kuchokera ku mabizinesi aku US omwe adasamutsidwa kuno, monga tlapalerias [masitolo aku Mexico akugulitsa utoto ndi zinthu za Hardware]," iwo akutero, akutsutsa kuti masitolo amenewo amagulitsa zinthu zomwe zidakhalapo, pomwe masitolo atsopano amagulitsa. zotsika mtengo, koma zotsika mtengo.
Kusintha kadyedwe
Pamene alimi ochulukirachulukira anasamukira ku mizinda, anakhala ntchito yatsopano yotchipa. Bertha Melรฉndez ndi wolimbikitsa kwa moyo wonse komanso woyimba wodziwika bwino. Amayimba m'zilankhulo 10 zakubadwa ndipo amafufuza ndikupanga nyimbo zamtundu, kwinaku akugwira ntchito ndi mawailesi ammudzi. Iye akuti obwera kumene m'mizinda ndiye adagulitsidwa lingaliro lazakudya zopanda thanzi ngati njira yodzimva amakono.
"Sizinali kusintha kwa kadyedwe kokha, koma kusintha kwa moyo, pamene anthu adachoka m'midzi momwe munali mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa oyandikana nawo ndi njira yochepetsetsa, ndikubwera kumizinda kumene adagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo kuti analibe. nthawi yokonzekera chakudya chawo,โ akutero.
Pamene amalankhula, timadya supu ya tortilla. "Ichi ndi chakudya cha ku Mexico," akutero. Zimatenga nthawi kukonzekera.
"Anthu akusiya misika ya m'misewu ndikupita kumasitolo akuluakulu chifukwa cha udindo ... Banja likapita ku McDonald's, ndi chifukwa chakuti akufuna kuoneka ngati apamwamba. Anthu amaganiza kuti chakudyacho nโchabwinoko, koma chili ndi makemikolo ambiri mmenemo, chikhoza kukhala choledzera kwambiri ndiponso chowononga thanzi lanu,โ anatero Samaniego.
Anthu ambiri a ku Mexico amaona kuti akufunika kuvala maonekedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo kunamizira kuti moyo wawo ndi wabwino kuposa umphawi womwe amakumana nawo, komanso kutsanzira njira za US kapena ku Ulaya, ndikugula zinthu kapena malonda kuchokera kumeneko. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ulamuliro wa atsamunda ndi ufumu wa imperialism zaphunzitsa anthu kuti chikhalidwe chawo ndi moyo wawo zinali zotsika.
Kuukira kwa Spain kusanachitike, komanso pambuyo pake, anthu amadya chakudya malinga ndi nyengo, malinga ndi Arenas. "Koma tsopano, Walmart amagulitsa zinthu chaka chonse, motero amasiyana ndi njira yakale yochitira zinthu," akutero.
Akufotokoza kuti opanga amapikisana pa mwayi wa Walmart alumali malo, ndipo ogula amagula zinthu zomwe safunikira monga gawo lofuna kukhala chinthu chabwino. "Zimalimbitsa nkhani za kusankhana anthu komanso kutaya chidziwitso," akutero.
Kuukira kwa Spain kusanachitike, anthu adasonkhana m'mabwalo akulu ndi madera apakati ndikuyika ma petate oluka, kenaka adakonza zinthu zawo. Ankasinthanitsa katundu, kapena kugulitsa koko kapena zipangizo zamkuwa. Izi msika wa flea misika inali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu, ndipo akupitiriza kutero kukhalapo mwanjira ina lero m'matauni ngati Cuetzalan, Tianguistengo, Otumba, Tenejapa, Chilapa, Zacualpan, ndi zina zambiri.
Samaniego anati: โKu Walmart mumasinthanitsa ndalama ndi munthu, koma simusinthana nzeru, simucheza. Koma mu tianguis yamakono ndi yachikhalidwe, mukhoza kulankhula ndi alimi mwachindunji, kapena kwa ojambula omwe adapanga ntchito zamanja, amatsutsa.
Ana a chimanga
Ichi ndichifukwa chake Melรฉndez amawona makampani ngati Walmart ndi McDonald's ngati akuthamangitsa madera, komanso chakudya ndi moyo wawo.
โNdife ana a chimanga. Kuyambira kalekale, timadalira chimanga,โ adatero. Amafotokoza za ubale ndi nthaka ndi chilengedwe chomwe ndi gawo lofunikira pazidziwitso za anthu.
Iye anati: โChikhalidwe cha kwawo nโchamoyo, koma nโchosaoneka. Zinenero zina zimene amaimba, monga Nahuatl ndi Mixteco, zimalankhulidwa kwambiri. Koma zina zatsala pangโono kutha, zolankhulidwa ndi anthu mazana angapo. Atsamunda, ndiye kuti chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha US chawona anthu akukana miyambo yawo, ndipo "m'malo mwake amatsanzira chikhalidwe cha US. Kukhala mbadwa ndikosalidwa,โ akutero.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake Melรฉndez amawona nyimbo zake ndi zaluso zakubadwa ndi zaku Mexico kuti ndizofunikira kuti anthu azidziwikiratu, komanso kuwonekera kwawo. Pali miliyoni 12 akatswiri amisiri a anthu ku Mexico. Koma iwo akhala mmodzi wa magawo kwambiri zoipa zakhudzidwa ndi mliri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magawo opanda intaneti kapena ma siginecha amafoni, ndipo nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi luso lotsatsa malonda awo pa intaneti - m'malo mwake amadalira kuyanjana m'misewu ndi mabwalo. Pa nthawi yotseka chaka chatha, akatswiri ambiri ojambula sanalandire ndalama zawo.
Masitolo monga Walmart, kumbali ina, adazolowera kugulitsa pa intaneti. Phindu la Walmart ku Mexico ndi Central America linakwera mpaka 162 biliyoni mu 2020, kuchokera 148 biliyoni mu 2019.
"Mexico imayang'aniridwa ndi US ... pachikhalidwe, pazachuma, ndipo amasankha atsogoleri athu kuti apitirize kutumiza makampani awo kuno ndikusangalala ndi ntchito zotsika mtengo ... ,โ akutero Melรฉndez.
Mabungwe akunja ali ndi ufulu wambiri ku Mexico, ndipo amathandizidwa ndi mapangano amalonda monga NAFTA ndi USMCA omwe adapangidwa mkati mwa mphamvu zosagwirizana kwambiri. Mmodzi wotsutsa, Gustavo Esteva mu 2002 zionetsero motsutsana ndi mapulani a McDonald's pabwalo lalikulu la Oaxaca anena momveka bwino, "Izi sizochepera kuposa kugonjetsa chikhalidwe."
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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Chotero anthu a ku Mexico tsopano ali ndi zosankha.