Koma Osati kwa Oyera Mtima ndi Achimereka Achimereka
Purezidenti wakale wa Guatemala Efraรญn Rรญos Montt wapezeka ndi mlandu wopha anthu komanso milandu yopha anthu. Montt adapezeka ndi mlandu chifukwa chakupha anthu osachepera 1,771 ku Ixil Mayan m'ma 1980. Iye anali mtsogoleri woyamba wa dziko kuweruzidwa pa mlandu wopha anthu mโdziko lake. Analamulidwa kukhala mโndende zaka 80.
Mwina ndi nthawi yoyenera kukumbukira angapo a zigawenga za Rios Montt, Ronald Reagan ndi Karol Wojtyla. Kodi ndizotheka kunena kuti 'zigawenga' ponena za apapa ndi apurezidenti akumadzulo kapena atsogoleri amayiko? Ndi mawu wamba kwa anthu omwe amachita kapena kuthandizira ndikupha. Ngakhalenso sanazengerezedwe - izi zitha kukhala zosamveka kwa opanga malingaliro ku Washington ndi mizinda ina yakumadzulo. Onsewa amalemekezedwa ngati ngwazi m'nkhani zopeka zomwe nthawi zina zimatengera mbiri yakale.
Purezidenti Ronald Reagan anagulitsa madola mamiliyoni a jeep, magalimoto, ndege za helikoputala, ndege zazing'ono zowukira, ndege zoyendera, zowombera mabomba ndi zida zina zankhondo, poyera komanso mobisa, kwa asitikali aku Guatemala.
Akuluakulu aku Guatemala adaphunzitsidwa ku Pentagon's Sukulu ya America ku Panama ndi Honduras. Omaliza maphunziro a SOA achita zolakwa zazikulu za ufulu wa anthu kuphatikizapo kuzunzidwa ndi kupha anthu. Sukuluyi yakana kuti imaphunzitsa zozunza komanso imasunga kuti "palibe sukulu yomwe iyenera kuyimbidwa mlandu pazochita za omaliza maphunziro ake". Reagan adalumikizana ndi kulimbikitsa zochitika za omaliza maphunziro a sukuluyi ku Guatemala.(1)
Purezidenti wa US adanena kuti wolamulira mwankhanza wa ku Guatemala, General Rios Montt, Sukulu ya ku America womaliza maphunziro, anali โwodzipereka kotheratu ku demokalaseโ ndipo anali ndi โbum rapโ (2) kuchokera kumabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe - chisalungamo chomwe chinachitidwa ndi limodzi mwa mabungwe omwewo kwa Reagan mwiniwake. (3)
Malinga ndi Historical Clarification Commission, bungwe la UN lochirikizidwa ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe, gulu lankhondo la Guatemala "lidapha anthu" amtundu wa Amaya. "Kuphana kumeneku ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kuti dziko lapansi latenthedwa, monga momwe Boma linakonzera, zinachititsa kuti midzi yambiri ya Maya iwonongeke, kuphatikizapo nyumba zawo, ng'ombe, mbewu ndi zinthu zina zofunika kuti apulumuke ... nkhanza zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe, madera omwe alibe chitetezo cha Maya omwe amalumikizidwa ndi zigawenga - kuphatikiza ana, amayi ndi okalambaโฆIzi sizongonena zabodza kapena nthano chabe, koma chaputala chowona m'mbiri ya Guatemala".
"Thandizo lankhondo la (US) lidalunjika pakulimbitsa zida zanzeru zadziko komanso kuphunzitsa apolisi njira zothana ndi zigawenga, zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe panthawi yankhondo."
Anthu 200,000 anaphedwa ndipo 50,000 anasowa panthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni (1960-1990). Anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu atatu pa XNUMX aliwonse ophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe adachitidwa ndi boma, atatu peresenti ndi zigawenga. Anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu atatu mwa anthu XNUMX alionse amene anazunzidwawo anali a Mayya. Ambiri mwa ozunzidwawo anali anthu wamba.(4).
Nambala ndi ziganizo zosamveka sizingapereke lingaliro lililonse lazankhanza zosaneneka zomwe zafotokozedwa kwina mu lipoti la Commission komanso mabungwe ena omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Kuphaku kudafika pachimake mu 1983 panthawi yautsogoleri wa Reagan ndi chithandizo chake chonse, ndipo adapitilirabe kuthandizidwa ndi Washington.
Mwinamwake kupha Amwenye a ku Amereka kunali ntchito monga mwa nthaลตi zonse kwa woseลตera ngโombe wakale, monga momwe zinalili kwa ofalitsa nkhani amene anali atamusangalatsa kale kuti: โTikuona matenda okhazikika . . . TV yomwe ili yosatsutsika kwambiri kwa amphamvu, yotuluka pambuyo pake ngati woledzera pa bender; kunena kuti "Tsoka ndi ife, sitinafunse mafunso ovuta mokwanira," analemba Steve Rendall, katswiri wamkulu wa FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting). (5)
Mfundo za Reagan ku Latin America zinali zobisika m'makhalidwe ulamuliro wa Roma, nkhondo yamtanda yosalekeza yolimbana ndi โakomyunizimuโ osaopa Mulungu odalitsidwa ndi Karol Wojtyla, papa. Ameneyo anali papa wodziwa zofalitsa nkhani yemwe adakhala ndi chizolowezi chogwada pansi ndi kupsopsona pansi m'mayiko onse omwe amapitako. Mu 1983 adapsompsona dziko lapansi m'maiko angapo aku Latin-Americaโฆ socialists, social workers, Communist, democrats omwe amatsutsa maulamuliro opondereza a mapiko abwino. Ena anali alimi wamba omwe adalakwitsa kupanga ma cooperative kuti agule makina afamu omwe sangakwanitse kulipira payekhapayekha. Koma kwa magulu akupha omwe amathandizidwa ndi US anali 'chikominisi' omwe amayenera kulandidwa, kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa.
Pankhani ya Guatemala, Rios Montt anali Mkhristu wobadwanso mwatsopano yemwe ankadana kwambiri ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika, komanso zoyesayesa za ansembe akumaloko kuteteza Amaya. Motero โchiwawa, kuzunza, kumanga ndi kupha anthu popanda zifukwa zomvekaโ zimene ku El Salvador ndi maiko ena zinadutsa popanda kutchulidwa zinakhala nkhani yoyenera kwa wolemba nkhani wa papa, Wojtyla โakunenanso mfundo yotsutsa Chipulotesitanti.โ(6)
Kumalo ena ku Latin America zolemba za papa zinkawoneka mosiyanako. Nthawi zambiri, ku Nicaragua, komwe anthu masauzande ambiri adamwalira panthawi yomwe Reagan adawukira dzikolo, Wojtyla adadzudzula ndikuchotsa akatswiri azaumulungu omwe adagwirizana ndi anthu osauka ndi omwe adalandidwa katundu wawo motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Anastasio Somosa, ndikulimbikitsa ansembe ndi mabishopu omwe adathandizira. osankhidwa bwino. Paulendo wake ku Nicaragua mu 1983 iye anakana, akugwedeza chala chake kutsogolo kwa makamera, kugwira chanza cha Fr Ernesto Cardinal, nduna ya zachikhalidwe m'boma la Sandinista, adadzudzula 'iglesia yotchuka' (zamulungu zaufulu) monga kupotoza kwa anthu. Ukaristia ndi โkuopsa koopsaโโฆ โdzanja lake lamanja linakwera mโmwamba mosonyeza kunyalanyaza maganizo ake onse . . .(7)
Patatha masiku awiri ku El Salvador woimira Yesu Khristu padziko lapansi adagwirana chanza ndi Major Roberto D'Aubuisson, mwachiwonekere kupeza kuti machimo akuluakuluwo ndi opanda pake pa nkhani ya cholinga chawo chapamwamba. D'Aubuisson anali woyambitsa chipani cha mapiko akumanja a ARENA, pulezidenti wa nyumba yamalamulo ya Salvador, wokonza magulu a imfa ya Salvador ndipo malinga ndi UN Truth Commission ku El Salvador, "anapereka lamulo loti aphe" Monsignor Oscar Romero zaka zitatu m'mbuyomo, wokonda zaumulungu womasuka yemwe anaphedwa pamasitepe a guwa lake.
Wojtyla, mwa njira yodziwika bwino, adawona kuzunzika ndi kupha anthu, pokhapokha ngati ochita zoipa, monga Reagan, D'Aubuisson ndi ena, anali ndi Mulungu kumbali yawo.
Podziwika kuti anali ndi maganizo abwino kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 400, iye ali m'njira yoti avomerezedwe kukhala woyera mtima. Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adavomerezedwa kale ndi omwe ntchito yawo ndikuchotsa mbiri yakale ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezeka kwa amphamvu.
*
Patangotha โโmwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene lipoti la Historical Commission lipoti la kuphedwa kwa anthu a Mayan, Pulezidenti Clinton pafupifupi anapepesa chifukwa cha kulakwa kwa US ku Guatemala; pulezidenti akunena kuti kuphedwa kwa mafuko monga 'kupondereza' komanso kuchepetsa milandu ya US kukhala 'cholakwa':
"Kwa United States, ndikofunikira kuti ndinene momveka bwino kuti kuthandizira magulu ankhondo kapena magulu azidziwitso omwe adachita zachiwawa komanso kupondereza kofala kwamtundu womwe wafotokozedwa mu lipotilo kunali kolakwika, ndipo United States sayenera kubwereza cholakwikacho. Tiyenera, ndipo m'malo mwake tipitilizabe kuthandizira mtendere ndi chiyanjanitso ku Guatemala. " (8)
Clinton sananene kuti aime mamembala aliwonse a boma la Reagan kuti aimbidwe mlandu wopha anthu, kapena ngati akuluakulu ogwirizana kapena zida zopha anthu zomwe zingakhale zosavuta - a US sanavomereze mgwirizano wa Genocide mpaka 1986. Wothandizira amene amapereka chithandizo chochepa kapena chosalunjika amaonedwa kuti ndi wolakwa mofanana ndi wopalamula, ngakhale kuti sizili choncho nthawi zonse pansi pa malamulo amakono m'madera ena. akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu ngakhale ngati wosewera wamkulu sanaimbidwe mlandu kapena wamasulidwa).
Zonsezi sizoyenera kwa atsogoleri a maboma, omwe amatha kubisala kumbuyo 'zinchito chitetezo chokwanira' pa milandu yomwe idachitika ali pantchito. Kusiyako kwachikaleko kuyenera kuthetsedwa ndipo lamulo ligwiritsidwe ntchito mopanda tsankho. ICC ikupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ku Nuremberg pamilandu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo kuti Rios Montt adazengedwa mlandu konse ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa malingaliro.
A Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London) mwachidule pankhaniyi akuwonetsa mtundu wamalingaliro omwe amathandizira kupita patsogolo paufulu wa anthu:
'Bungwe la International Law Commission la UN likugwira ntchito pankhaniyi koma likutero osatsimikiza ngati zithandizira kuthetsa kusatsimikizika komwe kulipo m'njira yowonetsera kulinganiza kosakhwima kwa zokonda pamasewera.โ(9)
Umenewo ndiwo mtundu wa kupanga malamulo amene moganizira ena amayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mabwana amphamvu kwambiri a magulu ankhondo, kapena olamulira a mโzaka za mโma Middle Ages, kwinaku akugwira anthu amene panopa sakuwayanja ku London kapena ku Washington.
Ngati mukulankhula za malamulo apaupandu sipangakhale 'zokonda zosakhwima pamasewera'. Kwa anthu wamba zomwe sizili zovuta kuzimvetsa. Itha kunenedwa mophweka:
Funso: Lamulo ndi chiyani?
Yankho: โLamulo ndi lamuloโ ndilo lamulo.
Koma kwa ambiri omwe ali pafupi ndi malo amphamvu ndizovuta zaluntha zosatheka.
*Pa 21 May bwalo lamilandu la Constitutional Court lidathetsa chigamulo cha Montt ndipo lidalamula kuti kuzengedwa mlandu kuyambiranso kuyambira pomwe idafikira pa 19 April.
(1) William Blum, Killing Hope (2003), p 237-8, akutchula NYT June 21, 1981, Guardian 20 January 1982, San Francisco Chronicle, 27 August 1981, Washington Post 21 October 1982, Guardian 10 January 1983
(2) Dec 4, 1982
(3) mwachitsanzo Human Rights Watch: "Poganizira mbiri yakale yopepesa kwa boma la Guatemala, komanso kulephera kukana poyera kupepesa ngakhale panthawi yokhumudwa, tikukhulupirira kuti Reagan Administration ikugwira nawo ntchito yosamalira anthu. kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe wochitidwa ndi boma la Guatemala โ- Guatemala: A Nation of Prisoners, An Americas Watch Report, January 1984
(4) Commission for Historical Clarication, Guatemalaโs truth and reconciliation Commission, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1994, inafalitsa lipoti lake pa February 25, 1999.
http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/conc2.html
(5) St Petersburg Times, 11 June 2004
(6) Peter Hebblethwaite, Papa John Paul and the Church, 1995
(7) ibid
(8) Pulezidenti Clinton wa U.S., March 10, 1999
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/march99/clinton11.htm
(9) http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/bp1111_foakes.pdf
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