Pa 25 April 1974 akuluakulu a gulu lankhondo la Armed Forces Movement (MFA) anatulutsa chidziwitso pawailesi: 'Asilikali a ku Portugal akupempha anthu okhala mumzinda wa Lisbon kuti akhalebe m'nyumba zawo ndikukhala bata.' Koma ogwira ntchito ku Lisbon sanakhale kunyumba. Ili linali tsiku loyamba la Revolution ya Chipwitikizi. Pazaka 50 za Revolution, Raquel Varela,wolemba wa Mbiri ya Anthu ya Kusintha kwa Chipwitikizi, amalankhula ndi rs21 za zomwe zidachitika kenako.
Mu 1974 dziko la Portugal linali limodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri ku Ulaya. Tinali ndi malipiro otsika kwambiri. Akazi sakanatha ngakhale kupita kunja popanda chilolezo cha amuna awo. Panali gulu lankhanza, loyang'anira boma, ndi apolisi andale omwe anamanga antchito zikwizikwi. Migwirizano yaufulu ndi zipani zandale zinali zoletsedwa kwa zaka 48.
In Mbiri ya Anthu aku Portugal, lolembedwa ndi Roberto della Santa ndipo silinamasuliridwebe mโChingelezi, timakulitsa lingaliro lakuti ukapitalisti wa Chipwitikizi umadalira pa chikapitalism cha ku Britain, mโlingaliro la lingaliro la Ellen Wood la chikapitalism likutumizidwa kunja ndi Ufumu wa Britain ku maiko ozungulira ndi chigawo chapakati.
Ma bourgeoisi a Chipwitikizi adayamba kupanga zosintha zawo kuti akhazikitse capitalism ndikugwetsa ufumu mu 1820s. Koma adatha kungomaliza ngati njira yotsutsana ndi kusintha, pansi pa ulamuliro wa fascist, m'ma 1930. Ndiko kuyesa komaliza kwa ma bourgeoisie kupanga dziko. Ulamuliro wankhanza unazikidwa pa anthu akumidzi, osauka, kumene akazi ankayenera kupereka ana kuti agwire ntchito kuti athandizire ntchito yotukula mafakitale. Dziko la Portugal linali ndi gulu limodzi lamphamvu kwambiri la anarcho-syndicalist ku Europe kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa chifasisti kumenyedwa ndi zipani zandale zinali zoletsedwa komanso kuponderezedwa mwankhanza.
Gawo lachitatu la ulamuliro woponderezawu linali kugwiritsa ntchito anthu okakamiza pamlingo waukulu m'maiko achipwitikizi, omwe adalumikizana mwachindunji ndi tsankho komanso kusonkhanitsa likulu la South Africa. Kotero kachiwiri, ogwirizana kwambiri ndi British capitalism.
Panalinso mzati wachinayi wa ulamuliro. Zinali zomwe zimatchedwa 'conditioning' ya mafakitale. Boma linalola kuti ma bourgeoisie adzipangire okha olamulira awo kuti pasakhale mpikisano m'madera ena. Chifukwa chake, linali boma la Bonapartist lomwe limayang'anira bizinesi ya ma bourgeoisie. Koma mโkati mwa Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni Yachiลตeniลตeni ku Spain (1936-39) panali ndondomeko yosintha zinthu ya ku Iberia, ndipo timakangana kuti. Mbiri ya Anthu aku Portugal kuti izi zidatulutsa boma lachifasisti mwachindunji ku Portugal. Chotsatira chake, chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, osachepera 20 peresenti ya anthu anali ndi mwayi wopeza madzi abwino kapena nyumba zoyenera; 30% anali osaphunzira ndipo kunali chiลตerengero chachikulu cha imfa za ana ku Ulaya. Pa nthawiyo panali sitiraka yaikulu ya anthu ogwira ntchito yokakamiza ku Baixa do Cassange ku Angola. Omenya adaphwanyidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Chipwitikizi, 5,000 adaphedwa, mwina 10,000, palibe amene amadziwa ziwerengero zolondola. Ichi ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo zachitsamunda malinga ndi momwe dziko la Portugal likuyendera, ndipo ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo zotsutsana ndi atsamunda kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhondo yachitsamunda ndi dzina lomwe dziko la Portugal limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Timakamba za kusintha kwa anti-colonial. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi atsamunda inayamba nkhondo ya atsamunda. Mโzaka khumi ndi zitatu zotsatira asilikali a Chipwitikizi analembera anthu 1.1 miliyoni kuti akamenye nkhondo ku Africa. Izi ndi chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi. Panali gulu limodzi lokha lankhondo panthawiyo, lomwe linali Israeli.
Pofuna kupewa kulandira malipiro apamwamba ndi zomwe zimafunidwa ndi mabungwe amphamvu m'mayiko akuluakulu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, ndipo poyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa phindu m'zaka za m'ma 1.5, ndalama zinachokera ku mayiko akuluakulu kupita ku Portugal. Madera ambiri azachuma akunja adakhazikika kuzungulira Lisbon, Setubal ndi Oporto. Kuphatikiza apo, antchito XNUMX miliyoni adalembedwa ntchito kuchokera ku Portugal kupita ku Luxembourg, Switzerland, France, Britain ndi Germany kukagwira ntchito. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito mwachilungamo anali olimba, chifukwa ogwira ntchito mkati mwa Portugal anali atachepa chifukwa cha nkhondo yachitsamunda ndi kusamuka. Ndiyeno pamwamba pa izi tinali ndi kugwedezeka kwa mafuta, zomwe zimatchedwa vuto la mafuta, lomwe ndilo vuto la kutha kwa kumangidwanso pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
Ku Portugal ma bourgeoisies adagawanika chifukwa panthawiyo 40% ya bajeti ya dziko inali ya nkhondo ya atsamunda. Anthu analibe madzi oyera, koma 40% ya bajeti inapita ku nkhondo ya atsamunda. Zotsutsana zonsezi zidakula kwambiri pambuyo pa Meyi 1968 ku France komanso mayendedwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku US. Ophunzira ambiri adalimbikitsidwa kuukira nkhondo. Ku Portugal timachitcha 'vuto lamaphunziro'. Ndipo panali mikwingwirima yambiri. Lingaliro langa, lomwe ndimapanga m'buku latsopano ndi Roberto della Santa, ndikuti dziko la Portugal linali mtundu wakusintha kwazaka za 21st. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali adagwira nawo ntchito zautumiki komanso ntchito zanzeru. Madokotala, anamwino, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito m'boma, atolankhani; magawo onsewa anali nawo m'mabungwe amphamvu apawiri, m'makomiti ogwira ntchito komanso bungwe lodziyendetsa okha la zipatala ndi masukulu.
Nthawi yosintha
Ntchitoyi idayamba ndi ziwonetsero zina mu 1968 ndi 1969, koma kusintha kwa mzindawu kudayendetsedwa ndi nkhondo ya atsamunda, makamaka kuchokera ku Guinea Bissau, komwe mtsogoleri wamkulu, Amilcar Cabral, adagonjetsa gulu lankhondo la Portugal. Ndiyenera kunena kuti asitikali a Chipwitikizi 9,000 anaphedwa ku Africa komanso asilikali ndi anthu wamba 100,000 ochokera m'magulu omenyera ufulu. Choncho, iyi ndi nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri. Umakhala ngati mkuntho wangwiro m'malingaliro a Marxist avuto lazandale. Mabourgeoisi sakanatha kulamulira, ndipo antchito sankafunanso kulamulidwa.
The 25 Epulo ikuyamba ngati kulanda kwa akuluakulu ankhondo apakati - akapitao. Koma zikufalikira nthawi yomweyo chifukwa kunalibe migwirizano komanso zipani zandale. Nthawi yomweyo pa tsiku la kulanda boma, anthu amapita kumalo awo antchito ndipo kusintha kwa demokalase kumakhala kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ili ndiye lingaliro la Trotsky la kusintha kosatha koyenda. Anthu amapita kuntchito kunena kuti tikufuna kutha kwa nkhondo yachitsamunda, koma nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa anali antchito, amayamba kufuna kutha kwa ma shift usiku, malipiro a tchuthi, zisudzo zaulere, nyumba. Kotero mwadzidzidzi, pali mphamvu ziwiri. M'malingaliro anga, chinali mkhalidwe wamphamvu kwambiri wapawiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ku Europe. Panali anthu mamiliyoni atatu okhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi mphamvu za ogwira ntchito. Mabourgeoisi adathawa m'dzikoli mu 1975. Anathawa m'dzikolo. Mabanki adasinthidwa popanda chipukuta misozi. Panali ulamuliro wa ogwira ntchito mu gawo la banki.
Inakhala njira yopambana kwambiri kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Ndipo ndikufuna kutsindika pa chikumbutso cha 50th kuti monga socialists tiyenera kuphunzira kusintha kwa Chipwitikizi, chifukwa ndi njira yodabwitsa yowonetseratu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, cha demokalase choyenda, cha socialists mukuyenda. Takhala tikukumbukira Chile (1973), osati chifukwa chakuti tikufuna kukumbukira anzathu omwe anaphedwa ku Chile koma chifukwa ma bourgeois amafuna kuti tizikumbukira kugonjetsedwa osati njira ya kupambana.
Ndaphunzira za kusintha kwa Chipwitikizi kwa zaka 20. Kuyang'ana zithunzi kuyambira nthawi, m'magawo onse, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza munthu yemwe sakumwetulira. Izi zikutifikitsa ku lingaliro lakuti mu kusintha timagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito kachiwiri. M'malo mwa ntchito yotalikirana, timagwirizanitsa tokha. Anthu anali kuvutika ndi kugwira ntchito kuposa kale mโmoyo wawo. Iwo anali a ntchito yawo. Iwo anali kugamula zocita ndipo anali kucita zimene anasankha. Zinthu zinasinthiratu. Portugal mwina anali amodzi mwa mayiko achisoni kwambiri ku Europe. Anthu ankavala zakuda. Panali zaka mazana atatu za Inquisition ndi zaka 48 za ulamuliro wankhanza. Ndipo tsopano anthu anali kungomwetulira. Izi zimatifikitsa mmbuyo ku ontology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu a Gyorgy Lukacs ndi ntchito ya awiri odabwitsa socialists, Rosa Luxembourg ndi Simone Weil. Amatikumbutsa kuti tikhoza kupezanso chimwemwe chathu, chisangalalo, umunthu; titha kuchita mu njira yolimbana.
Counter-revolution
Kuukirako kunagonjetsedwa. Gawo loyamba linali kulanda boma, lomwe linakonzedwa ndi Socialist Party, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndikugwirizana ndi Chipani cha Communist. Akuluakulu a asilikali analanda ulamuliro. Oposa zana a gulu lankhondo la Armed Forces Movement, kuphatikiza Otelo Carvalho, adamangidwa ndipo asitikali adatumizidwa kwawo. Zandale ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidachitika Barcelona mu 1937. Panopa ndikuchita kafukufuku pa izi. Sizikudziwika bwino lomwe udindo wa chipani cha Communist. Chomwe tikudziwa nโchakuti iwo sanali kutsutsana ndi zigawengazo ndipo amadandaula za gulu lankhondo losintha zinthu. Izi tikudziwa motsimikiza.
Cholinga cha coup d'รฉtat kuphwanya mphamvu za gulu lankhondo losintha dziko. Chipani cha Portugal Socialist Party chinathandizidwa ndi Socialist Party yaku Germany, ndi zokambirana zaku America ndi Britain komanso ndalama. Mario Suarez, mtsogoleri wa Socialist Party, adathandizidwa ndi zigawo zonse zamanja ku Portugal. Anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu, magulu ankhondo okhazikika, motsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe ka msilikali komanso kutsutsana ndi magulu a asilikali omwe anali amphamvu kwambiri m'misasa ina.
Ndipo pambuyo pake, pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko yotsutsa kusintha inapeza mphamvu. Mu 1982 iwo anathetsa kusintha kwa nthaka, mu 1989 iwo anathetsa banki ya dziko. Zinali pang'onopang'ono. Mu 1979 adapanga lamulo loletsa makomiti a ogwira ntchito. Mu 1982 adapanga lamulo loletsa kayendetsedwe ka demokalase m'zipatala. Inali njira yapang'onopang'ono yolowa m'malo mwa demokalase yoyimirira. Anayenera kupereka chipukuta misozi chachikulu kwa ogwira ntchito kuti akwaniritse izi, monga momwe boma la France pambuyo pa 1945 lidayenera kubweza kukana kuti awatsimikizire kuti abweza mfuti. Kupereka zambiri zothandiza anthu, ntchito zaumoyo dziko, ndi ufulu kukhala ntchito ndi kutetezedwa ntchito yanu. Ndipo, ndithudi, pambuyo pa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, adakwanitsa kugonjetsa gawo lalikulu kwambiri lachisinthiko pa nthawi yomweyo monga kugunda kwa mgodi ku England. Mu 1986 iwo anagonjetsa ogwira ntchito pa sitima zapamadzi ndi mabungwe akuluakulu. Ndipo pambuyo pake, pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko ya mgwirizano wa anthu.
Potsirizira pake, patapita nthaลตi yaitali yachipongwe pamene boma linkabwezera mphamvu, tinali ndi boma lamanzere (lademokalase) lochirikizidwa ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu ndi Block la Kumanzere. Kuchokera ku 2015 mpaka 2019 panali gulu lalikulu latsopano la mabungwe ndi ziwonetsero, zomwe zidagonjetsedwa. Chipani cha Socialist chinatumiza gulu lankhondo kuti likatenge ntchito za oyendetsa magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto. Chigawo chakumanzere ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu sichinatsutse izi. Izi zatanthauza kukhumudwa kwakukulu kwa kumanzere.
Zinthu masiku ano
Mu zisankho za chaka chino, ma neo-fascists a mapiko akumanja, okonzekera kuchokera kumayiko ena, adapambana mavoti miliyoni, gawo lalikulu la iwo akuchokera ku ufulu wachikhalidwe. Awa si mavoti atsopano a neo-fascists. Koma a fascists ali okondwa kwambiri ndi mavoti miliyoni imodzi awa. Kumanzere kumadetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo a neo-fascists ali odzaza ndi mphamvu pambuyo pa zisankhozi chifukwa tsopano akhoza kuyesa kudzimanga ngati neo-fascist panopa ndi ndalama zochokera ku boma. Kukhala ndi mwayi wopita ku Nyumba Yamalamulo kumatanthauza kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama zambiri zomwe boma limatumiza malinga ndi wachiwiri aliyense wosankhidwa.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo pali gulu lalikulu, latsopano, ndi lofunika kwambiri la mgwirizano lomwe silinagonjetsedwe. Ilo silinapambane, koma silinagonjetsedwe. Madotolo tinali nawo chaka chimodzi akunyanyala ntchito chaka chatha. Aphunzitsi aku yunivesite, chaka chimodzi akunyanyala. Ndipo kotero, pali mikangano. Mabourgeoisi sangathe kupereka mtundu uliwonse wa zofuna za antchito. Kudzikundikira sikumapangidwa kudzera m'mabizinesi koma kuwononga ntchito zaboma kuti mulipire ngongole ya anthu ndikugulitsa nyumba za dzikolo chifukwa cha zokopa alendo. Izi zikubweretsa dzikoli pavuto lomwe silingathe kulamulira. Pali gulu la neo fascists, ndipo mapiko oyenera adapambana zisankho koma pali kusakhazikika kwakukulu.
Kusinthaku kumakumbukiridwa mosiyana kwambiri kutengera yemwe muli. Kwa ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito m'masukulu, m'zipatala, m'mabungwe aboma, m'mafakitale, komanso m'madera am'deralo pa 25 Epulo ndi tsiku lokondwerera kwambiri ku Portugal konse. Anthu amaimba Grandola Vila Morena, nyimbo ya Carnation Revolution. Saimba nyimbo yafuko! M'boma lokha, ma demokalase a chikhalidwe cha anthu akufuna kukondwerera kutha kwa utsogoleri wankhanza ndi coup d'รฉtat, koma sakufuna kukondwerera mphamvu zapawiri pachisinthiko. Amawona ngati njira yachisokonezo ndi misala yomwe oimira demokalase adabweretsa bata ndi nzeru. Mapiko amanja ngati Liberal Initiative amanena mocheperapo mofanana ndi ma demokalase a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuti dzikolo linali bwino pambuyo pa chipwirikiti cha 1975 chomwe chinathetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali. A fascists amati pambuyo pa 25 Epulo zonse zinali zoyipa ku Portugal. Ngati tilankhula za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kukumbukira anthu, pali chipilala chachikulu, chizindikiro ku Africa, chipilala cha neofascist chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa zaka 30 zapitazo koma palibe chipilala chimodzi chamagulu omenyera ufulu kapena kwa Amilcar Cabral, kapena kwa ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa. . Otelo Carvalho samatengedwa ngati munthu wadziko, koma akazembe a mapiko amanja adalemekezedwa posachedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Republic.
Iwo akuyesera kuti asiye kukumbukira za kusinthaku chifukwa chinali vuto lalikulu kwambiri la dziko la Portugal. Anachitadi mantha. Ndipo iwo anataya kwenikweni. Kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro, 18% ya chuma cha dziko chinasamutsidwa kuchoka ku likulu kupita kuntchito mu 1974 mpaka 1975. Inali nthawi yaikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Chipwitikizi.
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