Kubadwa kwatsopano kwa gulu lankhondo la Canada ku Afghanistan kudayamba mu February 2006, ndikutsata zomwe zidachitika kale kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2001. Tsopano zikugwira ntchito makamaka pansi pa lamulo la NATO monga gawo la International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), gulu la Canada Maudindo ankhondo ali ndi zinthu zingapo zodziwika bwino, zina zomwe zikuphatikizana: pafupifupi 1200 asitikali amapanga gulu lankhondo la Canada lomwe lili ku Kandahar Airfield, pamodzi ndi mazana angapo othandizira; Asitikali opitilira 100 amakhala ambiri a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) yochokera ku Camp Nathan Smith ku Kandahar City; Gulu la Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team ('omelette'), lomwe limalumikizana ndi kuphunzitsa asitikali aku Afghan; ndi Strategic Advisory Team (SAT) yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi mautumiki osiyanasiyana a boma la Afghanistan ku Kabul. Pazonse, anthu pafupifupi 2500 amapanga magulu ankhondo omwe amatumizidwa ku Afghanistan. Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero chosadziwika cha asilikali apadera a JTF-2 amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi asilikali apadera ochokera ku US ndi mayiko ena monga gawo la Operation Enduring Freedom. Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za udindo wawo.
Kupatulapo pang'ono, nkhani zofalitsa nkhani za ntchitoyo zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akuluakulu ankhondo aku Canada akunena komanso zomwe akuchita. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunikira mbali zomwe sizinafotokozedwe bwino za ntchitoyo, zomwe akuluakulu athu ankhondo ndi aboma samalankhula kawirikawiri.
Chiwonetsero ku Kandahar Air Field (KAF) chikuwoneka ngati kukumbukira zochitika za bar mu Star Wars. Nyumba yayikulu, yomangidwa ku Russia, KAF ili m'mphepete mwa chipululu chachikulu kumwera kwa Afghanistan komwe kumadutsa malire ndi Pakistan pakati pa gawo la Pastun. Atolankhani akufotokoza kuchuluka kwa asilikali ochokera mโmayiko angapo, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo saloledwa kwa atolankhani. Asitikali apadera aku America ndi Canada, mwachitsanzo, sangathe kufunsidwa kapena kutchulidwanso ndi atolankhani. Ndipo asitikali amenewo mwina si okhawo omwe sadziwika, monga 'mkulu wina waku Britain adati m'dzinja lathali akukhulupirira kuti a Taliban anali ndi akazitape ambiri pamalopo'.[I]
Kupatula kuphunzitsidwa kwamayiko osiyanasiyana mu ma ops apadera ndi maulalo azama TV, pakhoza kukhala maluso ena ofunikira omwe akufalitsidwa ku KAF. Nyuzipepala ina ya ku Norway inayambitsa chipwirikiti kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino pamene inanena za umboni wolumbirira wa ofufuza angapo a ku United States omwe adagwirapo ntchito pamunsipo ndikufotokozera zina mwa zomwe zikuchitika, kuphatikizapo kuzunzidwa kofala.[Ii]
Koma bwanji za off-base, komwe mishoni imachitikadi, pakati pa anthu aku Afghanistan? Kumeneko, magulu ankhondo a NATO akugwira ntchito zomwe akatswiri ankhondo amatcha "njira ya inkspot" yolimbana ndi zigawenga. Kwenikweni izi zikutanthauza kuti asitikali apansi a NATO, mothandizidwa ndi mlengalenga, amachotsa malo omwe ali ndi zigawenga ndikupereka ulamuliro kwa asitikali ankhondo a Afghan National Army (ANA) omwe nawonso adapereka malowo ku mayunitsi a Afghan National Police (ANP). Kenako, ntchito zachitukuko zimayambika ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kukhulupirika kwa anthu ku boma la dziko.
Ntchito ya asitikali aku Canada ndi yachilendo kwa iwo, ndipo yosemphana kwambiri ndi zomwe ambiri akuganiza kuti ndi gawo lakale la asitikali athu - mwachitsanzo, kusunga mtendere. Zolemba za Globe and Mail zikuwonetsa kusinthaku: 'nthawi yatsopano yokhazikitsa mtendere', tikuuzidwa kuti, ikufuna 'nkhondo zomenyedwa pamtunda wamamita ochepa'.[III] Ena safulumira kuvala magolovesi pofotokoza za ntchitoyo. Scott Taylor, mkonzi wa magazini yankhondo yaku Canada ya Esprit de Corps, akudumpha zabwino zamalankhulidwe ndikulongosola asitikali aku Canada ku Afghanistan ngati 'olanda mphamvu'.[Iv]
Kodi asilikaliwo amaiona bwanji ntchito yawo? Mnyamata wina wazaka 25 wowombera mfuti wa ku Canadian Forces anati: 'Maola otopa ndiyeno n'kumasangalala kwambiri.' Mtolankhani wina wa ku Toronto Star anati: 'Mnzake wina amayerekezera kunyansidwa koopsa ndi kugonana.'[V] Msilikali wina akusimba za kubwezera ndi zandale monga zomwe zinamulimbikitsa: 'Sindili ndi vuto lililonse kuwapha,' akutero sajenti wa gulu lankhondo. 'Iwo anayamba izi pa September 11. Ife tikungobweretsa kulimbana kwa iwo'.[vi]
Zoonadi, asilikali ambiri agwira ntchito yawo mwakhama. Ena, panthawiyi, akhumudwa pamene ndewu siinali yotentha monga momwe amayembekezera. Atangofika ku Kandahar, mamembala a gulu la Van Doos 'รฉtaient un peu frustrรฉs de participer ร une mission de reconstruction et auraient prรฉfรฉrรฉ combattre ร leur arrivรฉe ku Afghanistan.' ('anakhumudwa pang'ono kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yomanganso ndipo akanakonda kumenya nkhondo atafika ku Afghanistan').[vii]
Ngati kukonzekera kwa mtundu wa Rambo uku kumamveka kwa ena ngati kulimba mtima kwa asitikali aku America, pangakhale chifukwa chomveka. Kugwira ntchito moyandikana ndi anzawo aku US kukuwoneka kuti kwapangitsa kuti malingaliro ena asokonezeke kwa akuluakulu aku Canada, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi mneneri wa NATO James Appathurai. 'Asilikali a NATO ali ndi ufulu ndi udindo woteteza ntchito yawo,' akutero yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 'Izi zikuphatikizanso ufulu - ndipo ngati wolamulira akuwona kuti ndikofunikira - udindo wochitapo kanthu'.[viii]
M777 - 'Tulutsani nyumbayo'
Chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri pakupanga mtendere ku Canada, mfuti ya M777 Howitzer yopangidwa ku Britain, yomwe imatha kuwombera zipolopolo za mainchesi 6 mtunda wa 30km (makilomita 22), akuti akuti 'Desert dragon' ndi zigawenga. . Adapezedwa ndi Asitikali aku Canada kumapeto kwa 2005, chidacho chapeza odzipereka odzipereka pakati pa mkuwa wankhondo. "Mwachitsanzo, pamene oyenda pansi, abwera kudzamenyana ndi nyumba zingapo momwe angavutike ndikulowa ndikuchotsa mdaniyo m'nyumba, ngakhale atapambana, ndi bwino kuyimirira ndikutembenukira kunkhondo. ndi kuti, โTulutsani nyumbayo. Adafotokozeranso Major-General Lewis MacKenzie yemwe adapuma pantchito, yemwe wakhala akuchita ubale wanthawi zonse pankhondo.[ix] Oyimilira a ku Afghanistan, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chosatha ndi ntchito za NATO, akhoza kusagwirizana ndi MacKenzie kuti zomwe zachitikazo ndi 'zabwino kwambiri'.
Pofika mโmaganizo a zinthu, Gloria Galloway wa Globe and Mail akuyamikira ubwino wa M777: โIwo ndi chida chabwino cholankhulirana; poyesa kunyengerera anthu a ku Afghanistan kuti asathandize a Taliban, anthu a ku Canada akhoza kusonyeza zotsatira za khalidwe loipa mwa kuulutsa wailesi kwa oyambitsa makilomita ambiri, ndipo mwadzidzidzi mlimi wa Afghanistan amasiyidwa ndi dzenje lalikulu m'munda wake ndi kuyamikira kwatsopano kwa NATO firepower '. .[x] Galloway akuwoneka kuti akugwiritsa ntchito liwu loti 'kukambirana' m'lingaliro laukadaulo; ena omwe alibe luso lautolankhani kapena maubwenzi apagulu atha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati 'kulanda' kapena 'kukakamiza'.
Asilikali akunja amalangiza patali
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa 'chida choyankhulirana' chakutali, chophatikizidwa ndi 'chothandizira pafupi ndi mpweya' (CAS), kumatsindika nthawi zina kusamala, kusasamala kwa kukhalapo kwa NATO kum'mwera kwa Afghanistan. Zowonadi, atolankhani osiyanasiyana anenapo za kubisala-ndi-kufuna kutsutsa zigawenga ku Afghanistan. 'Asitikali aku US ndi NATO amangotuluka kukachita ntchito zapadera. Kulondera mokhazikika komanso kusonkhanitsa anzeru ndi udindo wa gulu lankhondo la Afghan National Army, "alemba motero John Cherian. Kupitilira apo, akunenanso kuti 'kukhulupirika kwa asitikali achitetezo aku Afghanistan sikungatengedwe mopepukaโฆMwachitsanzo, General Bismillah Khan, Chief of Staff of the Afghan National Army, ndi mtsogoleri wakale wankhondo'.[xi]
Polemba kuchokera m'chigawo cha Helmand, Graeme Smith wa Globe and Mail ananena kuti 'asilikali a Britain anali atazingidwa bwino pa malo awo oyendera malo ku Sangin [chigawo cha Helmand] chaka chatha'.[xii] Ndipo izi sizikupambana abwenzi ambiri ankhondo akunja: 'Anthu akunja [amene achotsedwa] akuti pali chitetezo - ndi bodza,' adatero mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Afghanistan. 'Iwo saika abulu awo pachiswe kunja kuno. Pali a Taleban pakatikati pachigawo, koma aku Britain ndi aku America amakhala m'mabowo awo.[xiii]
Ngakhale asitikali aku Canada akuwoneka kuti sanapatsidwe milandu yotereyi, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ziwopsezo zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa asitikali aku Afghanistan. Asilikali ankhondo aku Afghanistan ndi apolisi omwe amatsagana ndi asitikali a NATO amatenga pafupifupi 90% ya ovulala onse omwe adavulala.[xiv]
Mercenaries
Ndiye kodi gulu lankhondo lomwe likugwira ntchito, lodzizinga kumbuyo kwa waya, liyenera kuchita chiyani? Chabwino, ngati ndinu NATO ndiye kuti mupite patsogolo ndikulipira anthu odalirika akumenyerani nkhondo. Ndiko kuti, mumalemba ma mercenaries. Pansi pa mutu wakuti, 'British hire mercenaries anti-Taliban', Times ya ku London inanena za 'apolisi a fuko omwe angopangidwa kumene omwe adzalembedwa ndi malipiro apamwamba kuposa a Taliban.'[xv]
Asitikali aku Canada nawonso ayamba kuchitapo kanthu. Nyuzipepala ya ku Canada ya National Post inati: 'Kwa zaka zisanu Col. Toorjan, msilikali wazaka 33, yemwe ali ndi nduwira, wolimba ngati misomali, wakhala akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi asilikali a ku United States ndi Canada ku Afghanistan monga mkulu wa asilikali olipidwa. 'Lero, gulu lake lankhondo la asilikali a 60 a Afghanistani alonda Camp Nathan Smith, malo a gulu lomanganso dera la Canada (PRT) ku Kandahar, ndipo amatsogolera asilikali a ku Canada poyendera kunja kwa malo.' Toorjan ndi amuna ake okhala ndi zida 'amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chitetezo chachitetezo cha Kandahar', zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala mnzake wofunika kwambiri, ngakhale isanafike 9/11 anali 'mtsogoleri wankhondo', watero wachiwiri kwa woyang'anira Gulu Lomanganso Zachigawo ku Canada.[xvi]
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma mercenaries, ziyenera kuzindikirika, kumatsutsana ndi Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse Wokhudza Ma Mercenaries (1989). Canada, komabe, pamodzi ndi USA, UK ndi ena ambiri, siwosaina mgwirizanowu.
Kumenyedwa kwa ndege
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma mercenaries sizomwe zikuwonetsa kuti asitikali a NATO/US alibe zida zankhondoyi. Kudalira mphamvu zamlengalenga, komwe kwakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakulimbanaku kuyambira pomwe kuukira kotsogozedwa ndi US kudayamba mu Okutobala 2001, kwadzetsa kutsutsidwa kwakukulu pakuwopsa kwa anthu wamba komwe kumakhudza. Anthu zikwizikwi aphedwa ndi mabomba aku US ndi NATO kuyambira 2001, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Purezidenti wa Afghanistan a Karzai apemphe kuchenjeza za asitikali akumadzulo.
Pakalipano, ndi ndege zaku America zomwe zimawombera ndege. (A British, French, Germany ndi ena apanganso ndege, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyendetsa kapena kuyang'anira.) Zotchedwa 'close air support' (CAS), ndege zankhondozi zimatchedwa nthawi zonse ndi asilikali apansi akapeza omenyana ndi zigawenga. CAS ikhoza kupereka mabomba, zoponya, zipolopolo kapena 'chiwonetsero champhamvu' kuti chiwononge kapena kulepheretsa omenyerawo. Koma ziwawazi sizimamveka bwino, ndipo kupha anthu wamba kumachitika kawirikawiri. '[P] kuthamangira kumadera omwe ali ndi zigawenga', akulemba Terri Judd wa Independent, 'kumawonjezera ngozi ya anthu wamba ovulala, makamaka pamene asilikali ochuluka akuitana kuti aziwombera ndege'.[xvii]
Zotsatira za nkhanza zamtunduwu zakhala tsoka lothandizira anthu komanso ubale wapagulu kwa NATO ndi asitikali aku US. "Njira za NATO zikuyika pachiwopsezo anthu wamba omwe akuyenera kuwateteza, ndikupangitsa anthu amderali kuti asawatsutse," adatero Sam Zia-Zarifi, wofufuza ku Afghanistan wa Human Rights Watch.[xviii] Komabe magulu ankhondo akunja akuwoneka kuti sanachitepo kanthu kuti athetse vutoli, monga momwe ziwonetsero zakuukira kwa ndege m'chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007 zikuwonetsa: Mishoni zapafupi ndi ndege zakhazikitsidwa pamlingo wokhazikika pafupifupi 40 patsiku.
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa ntchito zamlengalengazi sikunatayike kwa owonera padziko lonse lapansi. Katswiri wa za ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso mkulu wa bungwe la UN ku Afghanistan a Javier Leon Diaz, poyankha nkhawa za kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba omwe aphedwa, adafotokoza malingaliro ake kuti kuwukira kwa ndege ku NATO / US kungakhale 'kuphwanya kwakukulu' kwa Misonkhano ya Geneva.[xix] Apa, Diaz mosakayikira akutanthauza Article 51 ya Protocols ya 1977, yomwe imaletsa kuukira 'kopanda tsankho', komwe kumatanthauzidwa ngati kuukira komwe kumavulaza anthu wamba ndi / kapena zinthu za anthu wamba 'zomwe zingakhale mopambanitsa pokhudzana ndi konkriti komanso mwayi wachindunji wankhondo womwe ukuyembekezeredwa.'
Taliban (omwe akuwakayikira).
Ngakhale akuluakulu ankhondo akumadzulo amatsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti akufuna kuteteza anthu a ku Afghanistan, nkhani imodzi imasonyeza kuti NATO yoyesetsa kupewa kuvulaza anthu ndi yochepa kwambiri. Wolemba mbiri wankhondo waku Canada Sean Maloney, akulemba m'magazini ya Maclean's, akufotokoza za kuukira kwausiku kwa Canadian Forces m'chigawo cha Kandahar: 'Zankhondo zaku Canada zidagunda kuti zidule ndikuwononga mdani wothawa. Palibe chomwe chinasiyidwa mwangozi: asilikali ankadziwa kuti adani achotsa anthu m'deralo kotero kuti panalibe mantha oti anthu wamba aphedwa.'[xx] Dziwani kuti ngati nkhani ya Maloney ndi yolondola, asitikali aku Canada adadalira omenyera a Taliban kuti awonetsetse kuti bwalo lankhondo lilibe anthu wamba.
Kulimbana ndi zida si nthawi yokhayo yomwe moyo wa anthu wamba umakhala pachiwopsezo, chifukwa 'nthawi zina zomwe zimafunika kuti zitchulidwe kuti wachigawenga ndi nduwira yanzeru komanso yodzaza ndi ndalama zaku Pakistan', anatero mtolankhani Richard Foot. Foot akulemba za kuchitira umboni chochitika chimodzi chotere pomwe munthu woganiziridwayo adafunsidwa mafunso popanda chifukwa ndipo pamapeto pake adamusiya. "Kwa maola awiri, anthu aku Canada adafunsa, kutemberera ndikuwopseza omwe akuwakayikira kuti akufuna mayankho," akulemba. "Anamanga manja ake ndikumupereka ku gulu laling'ono la asilikali a Afghanistan omwe adatsagana ndi anthu aku Canada."[xxi]
Nthawi zina asitikali aku Canada amapitilira matemberero ndi ziwopsezo, malinga ndi mtolankhani Graeme Smith wa Globe and Mail. Smith's April 2007 zotumiza, zokhala ndi maumboni angapo a akaidi a ku Afghanistan, zinayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa 'chiwonongeko chozunza' ndi atolankhani aku Canada; mawuwa akutanthauza kuzunzidwa kwa omwe akuganiziridwa kuti a Taliban ndi asitikali aku Afghanistan, zomwe zidadzetsa chipwirikiti. Koma palibe ndemanga iliyonse yomwe idatsatiridwa ndi malipoti ake yomwe idatchulapo za kuzunzidwa komwe kungachitike ndi asitikali aku Canada. Mmodzi mwa magwero a Smith akunenetsa izi, koma mopanda mantha: 'Tila Mohammed, 18, adati anthu aku Canada adamutsekera kunyumba yafamu komwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito kwa eni malo olemera. Ananenanso kuti anthu aku Canada adamukankha pang'ono pomwe adamangidwa, koma adawonjezeranso kuti pambuyo pake ankhondowo adamuthandiza kuti azikhala woziziritsa m'chilimwe chakumapeto kwa chilimwe pomupopera madzi.'[xxii]
Kupanda kulira kofananako kunalonjera zochitika ziwiri pafupifupi chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo. Pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa August 2006 mumzinda wa Kandahar komwe kunapha msilikali wina wa ku Canada, atolankhani a ku Afghanistan 'ananena kuti akuwomberedwa ndi anthu a ku Canada pamene anayesa kujambula kanema ndi zithunzi pamalo omwe anaphulitsa mabomba', malinga ndi Canadian Press. Koma atolankhani omwe anawukiridwawo ndiwo anali ndi mwayi tsiku lomwelo, pomwe mnyamata wa ku Afghanistan adawomberedwa ndi asitikali aku Canada omwe anali atangoyamba kumene ntchito yawo mdzikolo.[xxiii] Komabe, wachiลตiri kwa mkulu wa mishoni ya ku Canada anatsimikizira aliyense kuti chochitika chomvetsa chisonicho sichinangochitika chifukwa cha kusadziwa: โPoyamba kuganiza kuti asilikaliwo anachita zimene anayenera kuchita,โ anatero Col. Fred Lewis.[xxiv]
Dave Markland, membala wa Vancouver Parecon Collective, akukonzekera ndi StopWar.ca ndipo amathandizira ku blog yawo yofotokoza za nkhondo yaku Canada ku Afghanistan: www.stopwarblog.blogspot.com
[I]Independent (UK), Jun 3, 2007.
[Ii]onani BAAG Monthly, Feb 2007.
[III]Globe ndi Mail, Oct 17, 2006.
[Iv]Toronto Star, Jan 4, 2007.
[V]Toronto Star, Meyi 1, 2007.
[vi]Brookes Merritt, Edmonton Sun, Jan 29, 2007.
[vii]Onani Presse Canadienne, Jun 16, 2007.
[viii]Radio Free Europe (pa intaneti), Jun 19, 2007.
[ix]Globe ndi Mail, Sept 11, 2006.
[x]Globe ndi Mail, Feb 26, 2007.
[xi]Frontline (India), Dec 3, 2005.
[xii]Globe ndi Mail, May 19, 2007.
[xiii]IWPR, Jun 19, 2007.
[xiv]Onani John Cotter, Canadian Press, Jun 26, 2006.
[xv]The Times (London), October 8, 2006.
[xvi]National Post, Marichi 27, 2006.
[xvii]Independent, Jul 1, 2007. Pa anthu ovulala ku Afghanistan, onani Dave Markland, 'Media blind to civilian deaths', ZNet, Jan 1, 2007. Komanso, onani ntchito ya Mar W. Herold pa http://pubpages.unh .edu/~mherold/.
[xviii]Onani James Ingalls ndi Sonali Kolhatkar, Foreign Policy in Focus, Jun 13, 2007.
[xix]Onani ndemanga ya atolankhani ya UNAMA, May 28, 2007; komanso Pajhwok Afghan News, May 28, 2007.
[xx]Maclean's Sept 11, 2006.
[xxi]Nzika ya Ottawa, Apr 15, 2006.
[xxii]Graeme Smith, Globe ndi Mail, Apr 24, 2007.
[xxiii]Canadian Press, Aug 22, 2006.
[xxiv]Canadian Press, Aug 24/06.
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