Anthu a Yezidi akuphedwa
Yezidi anthu onse fuko Kurdish; amatchedwa "Yezidi" chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo chokhala ndi dzina lomwelo. Chipembedzo cha Yezidi ndi chikhulupiliro cha syncretic ndi heterodox chomwe chimachokera ku Zoroastrianism, Islam, Chikhristu ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika cha Kurdish. Amakhulupirira kuti chipembedzo cha Yezidi chidabadwa ndikupangidwa pafupifupi 12th-13th zaka mazana AD kumpoto kwa Iraq (kapena Iraqi Kurdistan) kumene akukhalabe ndi malo opatulika olambirira. Chipembedzo chotsutsanachi chinali chitafalikira kwambiri pakati pa mafuko a Kurdish pakati pa 13th-15th zaka mazana ambiri. Komabe kukula kwa maufumu a Safavid ndi Ottoman ku dziko la Yezidi kunapangitsa kuti mafuko ambiri aku Kurd atembenukire kumagulu osiyanasiyana achisilamu ndipo Yezidis adakhalabe ochepa. Pofika theka lachiwiri la 19th m'zaka za zana, Ufumu wa Ottoman umafuna kulamulira madera a Yezidi mwachindunji kuti atolere misonkho ndikuwalembetsa ku usilikali. Kumapeto kwa 19th m'zaka za zana lino ndondomeko ya centralization yaphatikizidwa ndi lingaliro lovomerezeka lachi Islamist. Madera a Yezidi adakana kuyesa kutembenukira ku Chisilamu ndipo adaphedwa kangapo ndi magulu ankhondo a Ottoman. Pambuyo pa mphindi 20thzaka zambiri Yezidis anathawira ku mayiko a ku Ulaya ndipo anakhazikitsa diaspora. Mpaka posachedwa, anthu otsalawo anali kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) ku Iraq m'mikhalidwe yotetezeka. Tsopano akuphedwa ndi gulu la zigawenga la Islamic State (IS) (lomwe kale limadziwika kuti "Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham -ISIS).
Ndipo tsopano tikubwera ku zomwe zachitika posachedwa ku Iraqi Kurdistan. Atalanda dera lolemera la mafuta la Mosul, IS inasintha cholinga chake ndikuukira ku tawuni ya Sinjar ndi midzi, dziko la anthu a Yezidi. Gulu la zigawenga linagwira Sinjar ndi midzi yozungulira, kupha mazana a Yezidis omwe anakana kutembenukira ku Chisilamu. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu wamba omwe anaphedwa sichikudziwika. Kupatula apo, mamembala a IS adalandanso atsikana ambiri a Yezidi kuti awagulitse ngati akapolo achikazi ku Saudi Arabia komanso kwina ku Mideast.
Koma choyipa kwambiri ndikuti zikwi za Yezidis adathawira ku Phiri la Sinjar monga adachitira kangapo m'mbiri kuti athawe kupha anthu. Asilikali ankhondo a KRG ("Pesmerghe") omwe akuyenera kuteteza nzika zomwe zikukhala m'madera aku Iraq aku Kurdish adathawa asitikali a IS asanabwere popanda kuchenjeza Yezidis za ngoziyo. Zoonadi chochitikachi chimapereka lingaliro lomveka bwino la chikhalidwe cha ndale cha KRG. Atsogoleri a KRG, mamembala apamwamba a zipani ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zakhala zikulamulira kuyambira pomwe US idalanda dziko la United States (Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP] ndi Patriotic Union of Kurdistan [PUK]), omwe ndi olamulira ndi magulu ankhondo akhala akulamulira. analowerera kwambiri m’zakatangale moti analephera kumenya nkhondo pofuna kuteteza anthu awo.
Kuyambira masabata angapo a Yezidis omwe adathawira kumapiri amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kufa mwachangu. Zowonadi, ana makumi khumi ndi okalamba amwalira kale chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri (50 degrees celcius) komanso kusowa kwa madzi ndi chakudya.
Pambuyo pa kuphana ndi imfa zonsezi m'mapiri aatali, dziko la United States linaganiza zophulitsa asilikali a IS kuti aletse kuukira kwina. Chifukwa chiyani mochedwa chonchi? US sanasamale za moyo wa mazana masauzande Yezidis. Panali pomwe IS idayamba kuwopseza KRG ndikuyandikira likulu la KRG Erbil pomwe boma la US lidalowererapo. Opanga zisankho aku US ndiye adawona kufunika koteteza m'modzi mwa anzawo apamtima ku Mideast.
Ndipo mukuganiza kuti ndi gulu liti la Kurdish lomwe lidathandizira anthu a Yezidi omwe adabisala ku Phiri la Sinjar? Gulu lankhondo la Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) lomwe lili ndi ubale wapamtima kwambiri ndi PKK (Kurdish Workers Party), gulu lalikulu lachi Kurd lomwe likumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Kurds ku Turkey. Ndipo PKK ili pa "mndandanda wa mabungwe azigawenga" a US ndi European Union (EU). Gulu lankhondo la PYD, phwando lomwe lili ndi chithandizo chodziwika bwino ku Southwestern Kurdistan (Rojava) linatsegula njira yothandiza anthu ndikunyamula zikwi za Yezidis kumadera otetezeka. Kenako magulu a zigawenga a PKK anabwera kudzateteza Yezidis ku "Islamic State".
Atsogoleri a Yezidi akufunsa ku United Nations (UN) ndi mabungwe othandiza anthu kuti akhazikitse misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ku Sexan dera la Iraq kwa Yezidis onse omwe tsopano amwazikana kudera lalikulu. Dera la Sexan kumpoto kwa Iraq komwe kuli "Lales", malo oyendayenda a Yezidis, ndi malo otetezeka kwa iwo.
Osati Yezidis okha koma zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono ku Iraq ndi Syria zikuyang'aniridwa ndi IS
Gulu la IS, mothandizidwa ndi mafuko a Sunnite komanso akuluakulu a chipani cha Baath, omwe amatsutsana ndi boma la Iraq lapakati pa ulamuliro wa Shiite, akufuna kulamulira kumpoto kwa Syria ndi dera lonse kuyambira pakati mpaka kumpoto kwa Iraq. Dera lalikululi lomwe makamaka ndi la Sunnite, limaphatikizapo nkhokwe zamafuta olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (Mosul ndi Kirkuk ku Iraq, A-Omer ku Syria), malo oyeretsera mafuta akuluakulu ndi madamu akulu. IS yalanda kale Mosul ndi dziwe lalikulu kwambiri kumpoto kwa Syria, lomwe linamangidwa pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Euphrates. Damu limeneli, lotchedwa “Euphrates”, limapereka madzi onse a Aleppo (mzinda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri ku Syria). IS ikuwopseza anthu a ku Syria potenga madzi ochulukirapo kuchokera ku damuli, motero akuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe damulo lingapereke. Kulanda mphamvu komanso makamaka madera operekera madzi ndikuwopseza anthu wamba kuti awakakamize kugonjera ulamuliro wake ndi njira yomwe gulu la zigawenga limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, IS idalengeza kuti yagwira dambo la Mosul, lalikulu kwambiri ku Iraq lomwe limapereka zosowa zamadzi ku Northern Iraq. Komabe pali nkhani zotsutsana ngati damulo likuyendetsedwa kwenikweni ndi IS kapena ndi Kurdish Pesmerghe yomwe posachedwapa yakonza zotsutsana.
Njira iyi, yotsatiridwa ndi IS ku Iraq ndi Syria, yoyang'anira malo osungiramo mafuta ndi madamu akuluakulu ikuwonetsa kuti cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti moyo ukhalepo mpaka kalekale komanso kukhazikitsa dziko lalikulu la "Islamic". Njirayi imathandizidwa ndi mayiko monga Saudi Arabia, Qatar ndi Turkey. Dziko lachisilamu lamtsogolo lidzagwirizana ndi madera onse a Sunnite ku Iraq ndi Syria ndipo anthu ake adzakhala a Sunnite Asilamu okha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake IS ikugwira ntchito yoyeretsa chipembedzo. Ena onse ochepa omwe si a Sunni, monga Shiite Turkemen, midzi ya Shabak komanso Akhristu (Aarmeniya, Asuri ndi ena) amakakamizika kusankha pakati pa njira zitatu zotsatirazi: "Kutembenukira ku gulu lachisilamu la Sunnite, kusiya kapena kufa" mawu a Donatella Rovera, Mlangizi wamkulu wa Amnesty International wa Crisis Response. [1]
Tsopano osati Yezidis okha, koma mazana masauzande othawa kwawo ochokera m'zipembedzo zazing'ono akupita kumpoto kwa Iraq. Akuthawa zigawenga za IS. Donatella Rovera apempha anthu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti "akhazikitse mwachangu chithandizo chogwirizana" pa tsoka lomwe likuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Ananenanso kuti "kuyankha kwapadziko lonse pakuthawitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri m'madera omwe adagwidwa ndi ISIS sikunakwaniritsidwe mpaka pano."
Tikukumana ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri lothandizira anthu. Koma pambali pake, tikukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la chikhalidwe, nafenso. Ngati njira zoyenera sizingatengedwe, sipadzakhalanso Akhristu, Yezidis, ShiiteTurkemen, Shabak kapena ena ochepa m'madera ambiri a Sunnite ku Iraq ndi Syria.
[1] "Ntchito zothandiza anthu zomwe zikulephera mazana masauzande omwe anakakamizika kuthawa kuyeretsa mafuko kumpoto kwa Iraq", AI, 12 ya August, 2014. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iraq-mass-displacement-northern-iraq-2014-08-11
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