Kukaniza kwa Gezi Park ku Turkey: Zifukwa, Maphunziro ndi Zotsatira zotheka
Taylan Tosun
Ndikuganiza kuti pofika pano owerenga ambiri a ZNet amadziwa bwino za Gezi Park Resistance ku Turkey. Masiku khumi ndi atatu apitawo gulu laling'ono la otsutsa omwe amayesa kuteteza malo amodzi obiriwira ku Istanbul adazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi apolisi. Pambuyo pake gulu lalikulu kwambiri lachigawenga lomwe dziko la Turkey lidawonapo likuphulika, pamene anthu zikwi mazana ambiri adayenda m'misewu ku Istanbul ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, m'mizinda ina yambiri ngakhale kuti apolisi anali ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi ndi madzi. Pamene ziwonetsero za mumsewu sizinathe, apolisi adayenera kuchoka, poyamba pabwalo lalikulu la Istanbul, Taksim square - moyandikana ndi Gezi Park - kenako kuchokera ku paki ku Ankara, likulu la Turkey. Komabe izi sizikutanthauza kuti Prime Minister R. T. Erdogan adavomereza zomwe ochita ziwonetserozo. Iye akuumirirabe kumanga nyumba yomwe akufuna ku pakiyo ndipo akuti ziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu zakonzedwa ndi magulu osaloledwa omwe ali ndi zolinga zakuda zotsutsana ndi boma lake losankhidwa mwa demokalase. Tili ndi akufa atatu (ochita ziwonetsero m'modzi adaphedwa ndi apolisi motsimikizika, wapolisi adagwa kuchokera pamlatho ndi ngozi yapamsewu pomwe wochita ziwonetsero adamwalira), pomaliza anthu theka la anthu khumi ndi awiri omwe adataya diso limodzi chifukwa cha utsi wokhetsa misozi womwe adawomberedwa mwachindunji. nkhope ndi anthu ambiri ovulala kwambiri.
Zifukwa Zamsanga za Kusuntha kwa Misa
Ndikuganiza kuti wotsutsa aliyense angavomereze kuti gulu lalikulu kwambiri la kusamvera kwa anthu m'mbiri ya Turkey linali zotsatira zachindunji za ndondomeko zopondereza za boma m'zaka zaposachedwa. Titha kuyika mfundo zopondereza izi pamitu ingapo:
- M'zaka zaposachedwa, boma la AKP [Chipani Chachilungamo ndi Chitukuko] linakana mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe ndi kusiyana kwa zomwe amakonda pakati pa anthu aku Turkey. Choncho, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za ziwonetsero zazikuluzikuluzi chinali kuletsa kugulitsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa pambuyo pa 10:00 p.m.
- Tawona kukana uku kwa chikhalidwe komanso kusiyana kwa zipembedzo pomwe Purezidenti wa Republic adapatsa dzina la mfumu ya Ottoman pa mlatho wachitatu ku Bosphorus ku Istanbul. Mfumu ya ku Ottoman imeneyi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha kupha anthu zikwizikwi a Alawite [gulu lalikulu lachipembedzo lalingโono ku Turkey limene zikhulupiriro zina zinachokera ku zipembedzo zina osati Chisilamu] ndipo amadedwabe ndi Alawiti pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi ndi asanu.
- Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chapitacho, boma lidayesa kuletsa kuchotsa mimba ndipo ngakhale silinapambane, lidasungabe ndemanga za atsikana omwe ali ndi pakati omwe amafunsira kuchipatala, adayimbira mabanja awo ndikuwachenjeza za mimba zakunja.
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Boma la AKP lidafulumizitsa kukonzanso mizinda ikuluikulu - makamaka ya Istanbul, umodzi mwamizinda ikuluikulu padziko lapansi - molingana ndi zolinga zake zofunitsitsa komanso zosalekeza za neo-liberal. Chifukwa chake boma lidayamba kukhazikitsa mapulojekiti akuluakulu osintha malo a anthu akumatauni omwe nzika wamba zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kukhala magawo amalo omwe amamangidwa mahotela apamwamba, nyumba zogona, malo ogulitsira ndi zina.
Ngakhale izi ndi zina mwazifukwa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu aziyenda modzidzimutsa ku Turkey, mwina titha kukhala ndi chithunzithunzi chomveka bwino cha zomwe zikuchitika ngati titafotokoza momwe mphamvu zimadyetsedwa ndikutetezedwa ndi boma la AKP.
Mbiri Yaposachedwa ya Boma la Turkey: The Turkey-Islamist Fascism
Chonde dziwani kuti anthu aku Turkey samangokhala a Turks ndi Asilamu achi Orthodox. Pali mafuko angapo angโonoangโono omwe si a ku Turkey, ndipo waukulu kwambiri ndi anthu aku Kurd, okwana 15-20 miliyoni [anthu onse a ku Turkey ali pafupifupi 72 miliyoni].
Nโchimodzimodzinso ndi zikhulupiriro ndi mipatuko yachipembedzo. Ngakhale ambiri amachokera ku gulu la "Hanafi" la Chisilamu cha Sunnite, ndi gawo lochepa chabe la iwo omwe angatchulidwe kuti "Chisilamu" [ndi ichi ndikutanthauza iwo omwe ali okonzeka kusintha moyo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu malinga ndi "chisilamu" chawo "cholingalira"] . Ndipo pali gulu laling'ono la Alawite, monga ndawonera, Akhristu ochepa komanso osakhulupirira.
Chifukwa chake m'zaka zaposachedwa tidawona kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wopondereza womwe utha kutchedwa "Turkey-Islamist fascism". Uwu ndi dongosolo lamphamvu lomwe limalimbikitsa kuphatikizika kwachidwi kwa dziko la Turkey komanso kukonda ndalama Chisilamu chopanda zikhalidwe zake zozikika mozama monga chilungamo, chifundo kwa osauka, kusadya mopitirira muyeso ndi zina.
Titha kunena kuti dongosolo lamphamvu la Turkey-Islamist lapanga ndikulimbitsa ndi kubwera ndikukhalabe mu mphamvu ya AK Party pambuyo pa zisankho zitatu zotsatizana. AK Party yapambana 50 peresenti ya mavoti onse mu zisankho za June 2011 ndipo idalengeza mphamvu zake zonse.
Chinsinsi cha chipambano chosaneneka chimenechi chagona pavuto lalikulu limene dziko la Turkey ladutsamo mโma 90 [โmโma 90 amdimaโ]. M'zaka za m'ma 90 kunali nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri pakati pa zigawenga za PKK [Kurdistan Workers Party] ndi gulu lankhondo la Turkey, zomwe zinachititsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu makamaka ndi asilikali, pafupifupi zikwi makumi anayi akufa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma cha dziko. 2001 - vuto lalikulu lomwe Turkey idawonapo.
Pamene zipani zapakati kumanja ndi kumanzere zidangowonjezera zida zachitetezo cha boma [monga "zofunikira" zankhondo zotsika kwambiri] ndipo adayimba mlandu pamavuto azachuma a 2001, adataya kukhulupirika kwawo konse pamaso pa gulu. Njira yokhayo yomveka inali yachisilamu yakale, yomwe tsopano ndi AK Party. Izi zinayamba kulamulira ndi ndondomeko yolonjeza demokalase ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndi chitukuko cha zachuma m'malo mwa anthu ambiri.
Pamene zaka zinkapita, tinayang'anizana ndi zenizeni zina: boma la AK Party, lomwe lakhala likulamulira kwa zaka khumi ndi theka, linachitadi ndondomeko yobwezeretsa pofuna kuteteza zofuna za dziko la Turkey lonse. Zinakhala ngati zikuvomereza zofuna za demokalase zodziwika bwino zamagulu akulu amtundu wa anthu ndipo pamapeto pake zidapezanso kuvomerezeka kwa dziko la Turkey popanda kukhalabe mfumu ku pulogalamu yake yademokalase.
Iyi inali njira yosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo zochitika ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zinapereka maziko otetezeka a chipambano cha boma la AK Party.
Choyamba, boma la AKP linamenya nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri ndi asilikali. Mutu waukulu unali wakuti โNdani adzalamulire dziko?โ Zochitika zandale ku Turkey nthawi zambiri zakhala zikupangidwa ndi zigawenga zankhondo kwazaka zambiri. Chomaliza, chofotokozedwa ndi ambiri kukhala โkuukira kwankhondo komwe kwachitika pambuyo pamasiku ano,โ kunachitika mu 1998 kugwetsa boma la Islamic Welfare Party.
Mu theka loyamba la nthawi ya boma la AK Party (2002-2008), akuluakulu ena adayesanso kukonza chiwembu m'dzina lopeza "ulamuliro wadziko". Patatha zaka zingapo kuchokera pamene anthu ayesa kumenya nkhondo, onse anamangidwa ndi kubweretsedwa kukhoti.
Zachidziwikire kuti boma la AK Party lidalimbana ndi kulowererapo kwakukulu kwa asitikali aku Turkey, kuthandizidwa ndikuyamikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndikulimbitsa mphamvu zake.
Koma funso lomwe linali lofunika panthawiyi linali ili: Kodi kupambana kwa boma la AK Party motsutsana ndi asilikali kubweretsa demokalase yeniyeni ku Turkey?
Pamene Boma la AK Party, pambuyo pa chigonjetso chachikulu cha chisankho mu 2011, lidakulitsa mfundo zotsutsana ndi demokalase motsutsana ndi zigawo zonse za anthu omwe ankafuna ufulu wawo (Akurds, Alawites, ogwira ntchito, olemba anzawo ntchito, akazi, ophunzira), yankho ku funso limakhala lomveka: Ayi.
Chimene chinatsatira kuletsedwa kwa mphamvu zandale za asilikali chinali malo ena, ofanana ndi a demokalase. Ili ndi gawo lomaliza la boma la AKP lomwe ndimalifotokoza kuti ndi fascism ya Turkey-Islamist.
Ndiye tingafotokoze bwanji malo atsopano amagetsiwa? Chabwino, choyamba chipani cholamulira cha AK Party ndi woimira boma latsopano la Conservative-Islamist bourgeoisie, makamaka lopangidwa ndi otchedwa "Anatolian akambuku", eni ake apakati komanso, mocheperapo, makampani akuluakulu omangamanga. Gulu latsopano lamphamvu lopangidwa ndi anthu osankhika andale atsopano komanso ma bourgeoisie omwe akungotsatira achisilamu sanazengereze kulanda zida zopondereza za boma la Turkey ndipo akufuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito nthawi ino pazolinga zawo.
Tinawona zotsatira za fascism iyi ya Turkey-Islamist m'madera angapo: Mpaka mtendere ndi zokambirana zomwe zinayamba kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2013 pakati pa mtsogoleri wandende wa PKK, Abdullah Ocalan ndi akuluakulu a boma la Turkey pansi pa aegis a US, zikwi zikwi za omenyera nkhondo aku Kurdish. kuikidwa m'ndende [iwo akadali kumeneko ngakhale "ndondomeko yamtendere"], Turkey inakhala ndende yaikulu kwambiri ya atolankhani, maloya ndi ophunzira otsutsa makamaka achifundo ndi gulu la Kurdish komanso kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana otsutsa. Ufulu wofunikira wamagulu achipembedzo monga a Alawites unakanidwa, ufulu wa amayi wosankha kukhala ndi mwana kapena ayi unakanidwanso ndi kuyesa kwa boma kuti aletse kuchotsa mimba ndipo ngakhale atolankhani omasuka ndi olemba ndemanga pa TV omwe amatsutsa ndondomeko za boma adachotsedwa pawailesi wamba. Chifukwa chake, media media monolithic komanso imodzi yomwe imamveka bwino idapangidwa.
Ndondomeko Yazachuma Imene Inachirikiza New Power Bloc
Chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chinapangitsa kuti chipani cha AK chipambane pazaka khumi zapitazi chinali "ndondomeko yapopulist neo-liberal". Uku kunali kutukuka kwangongole komanso makamaka kuchuluka kwangongole kwa ogula monga momwe tawonera m'maiko ambiri otchedwa "emerging economies". Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu azimwa mowa mwauchidakwa, makamaka omwe amadzutsidwa pakati pa magulu apakati komanso apakati, adapangitsa kumverera kuti moyo wawo ukukwera ndipo atha kukhala ndi nyumba, galimoto ndi zina.
Kusokonekera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneku - limodzi ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa katundu wogulitsidwa ku Turkey makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito zotsika mtengo zapakhomo komanso misika yatsopano ku Middle East - zidapangitsa kuti chuma chichuluke kwambiri panthawi yomwe chipani cha AK chinkalamulira. Chifukwa chake Turkey idayambitsidwa ndi US ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ngati "nkhani yopambana", komanso dziko lachitsanzo kwa dziko lachi Muslim. Polimbana ndi chiwopsezo cha chisilamu chokhazikika chomwe chimadyetsedwa ndikuchitapo kanthu kwaumphawi komanso kulowererapo kwa America mderali, Turkey ingakhale njira yabwino. Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo linali โdziko lachisilamu, lademokalase ndi lotukuka.โ
Komabe nkhani yopambana iyi pazachuma, yomwe idalimbikitsa boma la AK Party kwazaka khumi, idatha. Pofika mโchaka cha 2012, chuma cha dziko chinayamba kuchepa mofulumira. Chifukwa chake chinali chosavuta: magulu apakati ndi apakati omwe ndalama zawo zinali zotsika kale adakhala ndi ngongole zambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ngongole za ogula mopitilira muyeso ndipo sanathenso kuwononga. Kutsika kwakukulu kumeneku kwachuma cha Turkey kunapitirirabe mu 2013 - kusowa kwa ntchito kumawonjezeka pamene anthu ambiri (pafupifupi 70%) amakhala pansi pa umphawi.
Chifukwa chake tinali, kumbali ina, olamulira atsopano a ndale ndi azachuma omwe akuchita ndondomeko yopondereza kwambiri kuti aphwanye otsutsa aliyense kuti ateteze zofuna zake ndipo mbali inayi "nkhani yopambana" pazachuma yomwe inatha kupereka malo kwa otsutsa. kukulitsa umphawi.
Ndale Zophatikizana ndi The Gezi Park Resistance
Kukana kwa Gezi Park, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la kusamvera kwa anthu m'mbiri ya Turkey, linali zotsatira za zomwe zachitika posachedwa pa ndale. Boma lolamulira la AK Party lidapeza yankho lomwe lidagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kuti likhalebe pampando. Ngakhale kuti wakhala akutsata ndondomeko zopondereza pa otsutsa obalalika, chithandizo chachikulu cha kulimbikira kwa ulamuliro wake chinali nkhani yopambana pachuma. Kuti mukhalebe paulamuliro, simuyenera kukweza moyo wa anthu ambiri, ndikokwanira kuti muzikhala ndi chikhalidwe chambiri komanso kukwera masitepe. Mwanjira imeneyi mutha kufotokozera nkhani yopambana ndikupangitsa ena onse kulota kuti posachedwa adzakhalanso ndi moyo wabwino. Tsoka ilo, nkhani yopambana pazachuma yatha.
Chifukwa chake yankho lomaliza lomwe boma la AK Party lidatengerapo, linali lamulo lokhazikitsa kusagwirizana kosalekeza pakati pa chigawo chake chodziyimira pawokha ndi zigawo zadziko. Mfundo za polarization izi zidapangitsa kuti boma la AK Party liphatikize mavoti awo. Polimbana ndi kugawanikana kofulumira kwa magulu pakati pa madera ake (anthu ena omwe anali ndi ubale wabwino ndi chipani cholamula anali kupezera ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo motero anali kukhala olemera mโkanthaลตi kochepa kwambiri pamene otsalawo sanali kusunga udindo wawo kapena kusauka kwambiri) motsutsana ndi zotsutsa zomwe anthu ambiri angatsutse potsutsa anthu onse otsutsa, kuti agawanitse anthu ozungulira Turkey-Islamist motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha ufulu wadziko, inali yankho logwira ntchito. Ntchito zotsutsana ndi demokalase zomwe ndidazitchula pamwambapa, monga kuyesa kuletsa kuchotsa mimba kapena kuletsa kugulitsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa usiku kwambiri, zonse zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma la AK Party kuti liphatikize malo ake ovota.
Kodi Kukaniza kwa Gezi Park Kunapambana Chiyani?
Ndikhulupilira kuti kupambana kwa Gezi Park kunali kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta ndondomeko ya kugawanika pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu a ku Turkey omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe, moyo, zikhulupiriro ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Zoonadi kuyambira pano, boma la AK Party lidzagwiritsabe ntchito ndondomekoyi yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti ateteze kukambirana kwakukulu kwa mavuto akuluakulu a Turkey ndi anthu ambiri. Koma ikudziwa kuti idzayenera kulipira mtengo wina pobwezera izi chifukwa chanzeru.
Ziwonetsero zazikulu zomwe zidagwedeza dziko la Turkey pafupifupi sabata imodzi zinali zotsutsana ndi ntchito zaboma zotsutsana ndi demokalase, zatsankho zomwe cholinga chake ndi kugawanitsa anthu. Kumbali inanso iwo analinso chitsutso chachikulu chopanga mwayi wodzikundikira phindu latsopano mosalekeza kwa ma bourgeoisie atsopano powononga malo okhala m'matauni ndi chilengedwe popanda kutenga ululu woganizira malingaliro ndi zotsutsa za nzika wamba.
Kuyambira masiku khumi pamene apolisi anachoka ku Taksim square ndi Gezi Park, anthu zikwizikwi ochokera mโzikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zandale apanga malo omasuka a anthu onse kumene osakhulupirira amalemekeza miyambo yachipembedzo ya magulu achisilamu a demokalase [mmodzi wa iwo amadzitcha โAsilamu odana ndi ukapitalisti. โ, kunena kuti katundu ndi wa Mulungu, osati wa mabungwe akulu]. Anthu ankathandizana wina ndi mzake, anakwaniritsa zosowa za wina ndi mzake ndipo zinthu zonse zofunika, monga chakudya, madzi ndi zina zaperekedwa kwaulere.
Ndikuganiza kuti ngati magulu osiyanasiyana otsutsa chikhalidwe cha anthu [magulu akumanzere, NGO'S, mabungwe ogwira ntchito, mabungwe a Alawite, magulu achisilamu otsutsana ndi boma, gulu la Kurdish] atha kutenga maphunziro oyenera kuchokera ku kukana kwakukulu uku, ndiko kuti, ngati otsutsa anthu osiyanasiyana ku Turkey amaphunzira kulemekeza chikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi zina. za magawo osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Turkey ndi kuyika zofuna zawo mkati mwawo, ngati ayesa kukhazikitsa nkhani zomveka bwino ndi machitidwe a bungwe, kusiyana ndi zionetsero za Gezi Park zomwe zingasiyire anthu ambiri. zochitika. Ngati kumveka bwino, chochitika ichi chikhoza kusokoneza ndondomeko yamakono ya polarization ["kugawa ndi kulamulira ndondomeko"] ya boma. Zingathenso kuthandizira kutsegula njira kuti kulimbana kuchitidwe mbali ndi mbali zosiyana, koma zoponderezedwa mofanana motsutsana ndi ndondomeko za boma zotsutsana ndi demokalase ndi zankhanza za neo-liberal zomwe zimawononga anthu onse, mizinda ya anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Kusintha Mwachidule
Otsutsa a Gezi Park adakonza msonkhano waukulu kwambiri ku Taksim square pa June 9. Mazana a zikwi za anthu adatenga nawo mbali. Komiti Yogwirizana idalengeza zomwe anthu otsutsa amafunikira:
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Gezi Park iyenera kusiyidwa momwe ilili ndipo nyumba iliyonse sayenera kumangidwa pamenepo.
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Onse ochita ziwonetsero omwe adamangidwa kapena kutsekeredwa akuyenera kumasulidwa ndipo asazengedwe mlandu mwanjira ina iliyonse.
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Abwanamkubwa ndi akuluakulu apolisi a mโmizinda ikuluikulu kumene apolisi anaukira anthu ochita zionetserozi akuyenera kusiya ntchito nโkuimbidwa mlandu.
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Mabwalo onse ozungulira dziko la Turkey omwe anali atatsekedwa ku misonkhano yodziwika bwino ndi ziwonetsero ayenera kutsegulidwanso kuti ateteze ufulu wa demokalase wa nzika.
Ngakhale zili zofunika kwambiri izi, Prime Minister R. T. Erdogan adalengeza kuti boma lake silidzakambirana nawo, atsimikiza mtima kukonzanso Gezi Park (adanenanso kuti nthawi ino amange "myuziyamu yamzinda" m'malo mwa malo ogulitsira), ochita zionetsero amayendetsedwa ndi magulu osaloledwa omwe akufuna kulanda boma komanso kuti achoke ku Gezi Park ndi Taksim Square.
Kumbali inayi, AK Party ikonza misonkhano yayikulu kumapeto kwa sabata yamawa ku Istanbul ndi Ankara. Cholinga chake ndikukonza chiwonetsero champhamvu ndikuwopseza anthu otsutsa.
Choncho nโzachidziลตikire kuti kulimbanaku kupitirirabe mpaka boma livomereza pomalizira pake zina mwazofuna. Popeza Prime Minister akukulitsa kusamvana, zomwe zichitike m'masiku akubwera (kapena masabata) ndizongoganiza za aliyense.
Chonde pitilizani kuwerenga nkhani zokhudzana ndi kukana kwa Gezi Park ndikuwonetsa mgwirizano wanu padziko lonse lapansi.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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