Seputembala wapitawu kunachitikira zomwe kale zinali zachilendo kwenikweni: mphepo yamkuntho ya ku Mediterranean, kapena “mankhwala.” Kalekale, Nyanja ya Mediterranean sinatenthe mokwanira kuti ipange mphepo zamkuntho kuposa zaka mazana angapo (inde, mazana ochepa!) Komabe, pamenepa, Storm Daniel anaukira Libya ndi chigumula chofanana ndi Baibulo kwa masiku anayi owongoka. Zinali zokwanira kugubuduza madamu a al-Bilad ndi Abu Mansour pafupi ndi mzinda wa Derna, omwe adamangidwa m'ma 1970 mpaka kuzinthu zakale zapadziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi anawononga pafupifupi nyumba 1,000, kusambitsa anthu masauzande ambiri m'nyanja, ndi kusamutsidwa ena masauzande ambiri.
Saliha Abu Bakr, loya, adanena nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya momwe madzi amapitirizira kukwera mnyumba yake asanafike padenga ndikusambitsa anthu ambiri okhalamo. Anakangamira pampando wamatabwa kwa maola atatu m’madzimo. “Ndikhoza kusambira,” iye adauza mtolankhani pambuyo pake, “koma pamene ndinayesa kupulumutsa banja langa, sindinathe kuchita kanthu.” Kusintha kwanyengo kochititsidwa ndi anthu, kukwiyitsidwa ndi momwe timalavulira 37 biliyoni matani owopsa a mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide m'mlengalenga wathu chaka chilichonse, adayambitsa tsoka la Libyan nthawi 50 zothekera kuposa kale. Ndipo choyipa kwambiri, ku Middle East, komanso padziko lonse lapansi, zoopsazi mosakayikira ndi chiyambi chabe cha masoka amtundu uliwonse omwe akubwera (ndikubwera ndi kubwera) omwe mosakayikira adzapangitsa mamiliyoni a anthu kukhala opanda pokhala kapena oipitsitsa.
Maphunziro Olephera
Pampikisano woteteza dzikoli kuti lisatenthedwe kupitirira 2.7° Fahrenheit (1.5° Sentigrade) kuposa avareji ya avereji isanakwane mafakitale, dziko lonse layamba kale kupeza magiredi onyansa. Kupitilira chizindikiro chimenecho, asayansi akuwopa kuti nyengo yonse ya padziko lapansi ikhoza kugwera m'chipwirikiti, zomwe zingatsutse kwambiri chitukuko chokha. The Mlozera wa Zochitika za Kusintha kwa Nyengo (CCPI), yomwe imayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wanyengo wa Paris, idapereka mfundo zake zochititsa mantha mu lipoti lakumapeto kwa Marichi. Ogwira ntchito ku CCPI adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi zomwe adapeza - palibe dziko lomwe latsala pang'ono kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mumgwirizanowu - kotero kuti idasiya mipata itatu yapamwamba pamakina ake opanda kanthu.
Kwa mbali zambiri, mayiko a ku Middle East adawonetsa kusauka kwambiri pankhani ya kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera pakuwotchedwa kwamafuta omwe akutenthetsa kale dziko lapansi kwambiri. Zowona, Morocco, yokhala ndi zolinga zazitali komanso zolakalaka zobiriwira, idabwera pachisanu ndi chinayi, ndipo Egypt, yomwe imadalira kwambiri mphamvu yamagetsi amadzi ndipo ili ndi ntchito zina zoyendera dzuwa, ili pa nambala 22. Komabe, mayiko ena aku Middle East monga Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates adagunda pansi pa tchati cha CCPI. Izi ndizofunikira popeza mosakayikira simungadabwe kumva kuti derali amatulutsa mwina 27% ya mafuta padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse ndipo imaphatikizapo asanu mwa 10 omwe amapanga mafuta ambiri padziko lapansi.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, Middle East ali pachiwopsezo chapadera ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Asayansi atero apezeka kuti ikuwotha kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo, posachedwapa, akuchenjeza kuti ivutika, monga momwe zakhalira posachedwa. phunziro kuchokera ku bungwe la Carnegie Institute for International Peace linati, kuyambira “kutentha kwamphamvu, mvula yochepa, chilala chokulirapo, mvula yamkuntho yamchenga ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi kukwera kwa madzi a m’nyanja.” Ndipo maiko ena omwe akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la nyengo akuwoneka kuti akufuna kupangitsa kuti izi ziipire kwambiri.
Little Sparta
CCPI index, yoperekedwa ndi Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute, ndi Climate Action Network (CAN), tithe maiko poyesetsa kukwaniritsa zolinga za Pangano la Paris malinga ndi njira zinayi: kutulutsa kwawo mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezereka, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamafuta oyaka, ndi ndondomeko zanyengo za boma lawo. Olembawo adalemba United Arab Emirates (UAE) pamalo a 65, akumayitcha "imodzi mwamayiko omwe akuchita bwino kwambiri." Lipotilo linadzudzula boma la Purezidenti Mohammed Bin Zayed, kuti: "Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa UAE kwa munthu aliyense (GHG) ndi m'gulu lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe zilili ndi chuma cha munthu aliyense, pamene zolinga za nyengo za dziko ndizosakwanira. UAE ikupitiriza kupanga ndi kupereka ndalama zatsopano zamafuta ndi gasi mkati ndi kunja. " Pagombe lakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Arabia Peninsula, UAE ili ndi nzika pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi (komanso antchito ochezera pafupifupi XNUMX miliyoni). Komabe ndi mphamvu ya geopolitical ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa dongosolo loyamba.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, kapena ADNOC, yomwe ili ku likulu la dzikolo ndipo motsogozedwa ndi wabizinesi Sultan Ahmed al-Jaber (yemwenso ndi nduna ya zamakampani ndiukadaulo mdzikolo), ili ndi zina mwazambiri. zofuna akukonzekera kukulitsa kupanga mafuta padziko lonse lapansi. ADNOC, kwenikweni, ikufuna kuwonjezera mafuta ake kuchokera ku migolo miliyoni zinayi mpaka 2027 miliyoni patsiku pofika chaka cha 57, ndikupititsa patsogolo malo ake ofunikira amafuta a al-Nouf, pafupi ndi pomwe UAE ikumanga chilumba chopanga kuti chithandizire zomwe zikuyembekezeka. kukulitsa kwamtsogolo. Kunena zowona, UAE ikuchita mosiyana pang'ono ndi United States, yomwe idakhala ndi malo ochepa chabe pa XNUMX. October watha, kwenikweni, American. kupanga mafuta, yomwe ikupitirizabe kuthandizidwa ndi boma kwambiri (monga momwe amachitira makampani ku Ulaya), amagunda kwambiri nthawi zonse.
UAE ndiyomwe imathandizira kwambiri njira yokayikitsa yolanda ndi kusunga mpweya, yomwe siinapezeke kuti imachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide (CO2) kwambiri kapena kutero mosamala komanso moyenera. Magazini Kusintha kwa Maiko a Mayiko akuwonetsa kuti ntchito yolanda mpweya wa dzikolo ku Emirates Steel Plant mwina sangapitirire 17% ya CO2 yomwe imapangidwa kumeneko ndikuti mpweya wosungidwa wosungidwa umayikidwa m'minda yakale, yosapanga mafuta kuti athandizire kutulutsa madontho omaliza a petroleum. iwo amagwira.
UAE, yomwe Pentagon imayitcha "Sparta yaying'ono" chifukwa chakuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kwa asitikali m'malo ngati Yemen ndi Sudan, imanyalanyaza mwamanyazi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wasayansi pazochitika zanyengo. Monga ADNOC al-Jaber anali ndi tsaya kuti Funsani m'dzinja lapitali: "Kulibe sayansi kunja uko, kapena palibe zochitika kunja uko, zomwe zimanena kuti kuchotsedwa kwa mafuta opangira mafuta ndi kumene kufikitsa 1.5C."
Kukana koyipa kotereku kumafikira kutalika kwa Trumpian mu ukulu wabodza wa mendacity wake. Panthawiyo, al-Jaber analinso, modabwitsa, wapampando wa msonkhano wapachaka wa UN Conference of Parties (COP). November 21 watha, iye molimba mtima anafunsidwa vuto ili: "Chonde ndithandizeni, ndiwonetseni njira yochotsera mafuta otsalira omwe angalole chitukuko chokhazikika cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kubwezeretsa dziko kumapanga." (M'dziko lapansi akuthandiza kulenga, ndithudi, ngakhale mapanga posakhalitsa adzatentha kwambiri kuti asawagwire.) Chaka chino International Energy Agency motsimikiza mtima. anayankha kufotokoza kuti mayiko olemera, makamaka aku Europe, adakulitsa zogulitsa zawo mu 2023 ngakhale adachepetsa mpweya wa CO2 ndi 4.5%. M’mawu ena, kuchoka ku zinthu zokwiririka pansi zakale kungapangitse anthu kukhala olemera ndi otetezereka ku masoka a mapulaneti m’malo motipangitsa kukhala opemphapempha ambiri.
“Ayi!
Ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale choyipa kuposa mfundo zamphamvu zamafuta amafuta a UAE mopanda manyazi? Iran, yomwe idakwatirana kwambiri ndi mafuta ndi gasi, ili pa 66, ili pamalo amodzi otsika kuposa dzikolo. Chodabwitsa, komabe, zilango zambiri zaku America pazogulitsa mafuta aku Iran zitha, pamapeto pake, zitha kukhala. kutembenukira ma ayatollah olamulira mdzikolo akupanga mapulojekiti amphamvu amphepo ndi dzuwa.
Koma ndikutsimikiza kuti simudzadabwitsidwa kudziwa kuti kufa komaliza - ndikugogomezera "akufa" - amabwera wokondedwa wa Donald ("kubowola, kubowola, kubowola") Trump, Saudi Arabia, yomwe, pa 67, "imakhala yotsika kwambiri m'magulu onse anayi a CCPI: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu, Ndondomeko ya Nyengo, Mphamvu Zowonjezereka, ndi Kutulutsa kwa GHG." Oonerera ena atero adatchulidwa kuti, kuyambira 1990, mpweya wa carbon dioxide wa ufumuwo wakwera ndi chiwopsezo cha pafupifupi 4% pachaka ndipo, mu 2019, dziko laling'onolo linali dziko la 10 padziko lonse lapansi la CO2.
Choyipa kwambiri, ngakhale simungadziwe momwe atsogoleri a United Arab Emirates ndi Saudi Arabia akuchitira, Arabia Peninsula (yomwe ili yowuma komanso yonyowa) ilibe chitetezo ku masoka omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Chaka cha 2023 chinali, chachitatu chotentha kwambiri pa mbiri ku Saudi Arabia. (2021 idatenga chizindikiro chotentha kwambiri mpaka pano.) Nyengo imakhala yosapiririka kale m'chilimwe. Pa Julayi 18, 2023, kutentha m'chigawo chakum'mawa kwa ufumuwo, al-Ahsa, adafika pafupifupi 122.9 ° F (50.5 ° C) yosatheka. Ngati, m'tsogolomu, kutentha kotereku kudzatsagana ndi chinyezi cha 50%, ofufuza ena akuganiza kuti akhoza kupha anthu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Pulofesa Lewis Halsey wa pa yunivesite ya Roehampton ku England ndi anzake, kutentha kwa mtundu umenewo akhoza kukweza kutentha kwa munthu ndi 1.8° F. M’mawu ena, kukakhala ngati akudwala malungo, ndipo choipitsitsa kuposa pamenepo, “kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya ka anthu kunakweranso ndi 56 peresenti, ndipo kugunda kwa mtima kwawo kunakwera ndi 64%.
Ngakhale kuti chilumba cha Arabia n’chouma ndithu, mizinda ya ku Nyanja Yofiira ndi ku Gulf of Aden nthawi zina imakhala yachinyezi komanso yamatope, kutanthauza kuti kukwera kwambiri kwa kutentha kungapangitse kuti mizindayo isathenso kukhalamo. Kutentha kotereku kumawononga ngakhale imodzi mwa “mizati isanu” ya Chisilamu. Chaka chathachi, ulendo wachipembedzo wachisilamu wopita ku Mecca, womwe umadziwika kuti Hajj, unachitika mu June, pamene kutentha kumafika pa 118° F (48° C) chakumadzulo kwa Saudi Arabia. Opitilira 2,000 apaulendo adagwa kupsinjika kwa kutentha, vuto limene liyenera kukulirakulirabe pamene dzikoli likutentha kwambiri.
Ngakhale zikuwopsezedwa kuti kusintha kwanyengo kumabweretsa moyo wa anthu okhala m'dzikolo, boma la Mfumu Salman ndi Kalonga Mohammed Bin Salman silikuchita chilichonse kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukula. Monga olemba a CCPI adanenera, "kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ku Saudi Arabia kukukwera pang'onopang'ono. Gawo lake la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso mu Total primary energy supply (TPES) lili pafupi ndi ziro. " Pakadali pano, pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa UN wa 2022 womwe unachitikira ku Egypt, "Saudi Arabia idachitapo kanthu mosalimbikitsa pazokambirana. Nthumwi zake zinaphatikizapo anthu ambiri olimbikitsa mafuta. Idayesanso kutsitsa chilankhulo chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chisankho cha COP. ”
Pamsonkhano wotsatira ku Dubai kugwa kotsiriza, COP28, chikalata chomaliza kuyitanidwa kokha "Kuchoka pamafuta oyambira pansi pamagetsi, mwachilungamo, mwadongosolo komanso mwachilungamo, ndikufulumizitsa kuchitapo kanthu m'zaka khumi zovutazi, kuti tikwaniritse ziro pofika 2050 mogwirizana ndi sayansi." Kupewa kunali mawu ofunikira kwambiri oti "gawo pansi" kapena "gawo lotuluka" pankhani yamafuta oyambira pansi komanso ngakhale "kusintha" kocheperako kumangophatikizidwa pazotsutsa za Riyadh, yemwe nduna yake yamagetsi, Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman, anati “ayi” ku chinenero chilichonse chotere. Ananenanso kuti, "Ndipo ndikukutsimikizirani kuti palibe munthu m'modzi - ndikunena za maboma - amakhulupirira izi." Zonena zake zinali zopanda pake. Ndipotu atsogoleri ena, monga a Pacific Island mayiko, lingalirani za kuthetsedwa kwaposachedwa kwa mafuta oyaka mafuta ofunikira kuti maiko awo akhale ndi moyo.
Kusiya Lingaliro la Masitepe Ang'onoang'ono
Ngakhale atsogoleri aku Saudi Arabia nthawi zina amachita nawo kutchikira, kuphatikizapo kupanga nthawi zilengezo ponena za mapulani amtsogolo okulitsa mphamvu zobiriwira, iwo sanachite chilichonse pankhaniyi, mosasamala kanthu za kuthekera kwakukulu kwa Ufumu wa mphamvu ya dzuŵa ndi mphepo. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kupambana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zobiriwira ku Saudi kwakhala kunja, chifukwa cha ACWA Mphamvu firm, mgwirizano wa boma ndi wabizinesi mu Ufumu. Boma la Morocco, lomwe ndi lokhalo ku Middle East lomwe likuchita bwino pothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, lidabweretsa ACWA ngati gawo limodzi lazachuma. Consortium kuti amange malo ake otchedwa epochal Noor okhazikika amphamvu yadzuwa pafupi ndi mzinda wakale wa Ouarzazate m'mphepete mwa chipululu cha Sahara. Yakhazikitsa cholinga chopeza 52% ya magetsi ake kuchokera ku zowonjezera pofika chaka cha 2030. Anayankha kuti, pofika kumapeto kwa 2022, 37% ya magetsi ku Morocco kale anachokera zongowonjezwdwa ndi, basi m'chaka chatha, izo analumpha kwa 40%, ndi okwana renewables kupanga 4.6 gigawatts mphamvu.
Komanso, Morocco ili ndi a zambiri Ntchito zopangira magetsi obiriwira zomwe zikuyembekezeka, kuphatikizanso kukhazikitsanso magetsi ena 20, minda 19 yamphepo, ndi mafamu 16 a solar. Zomera zoyendera dzuwa zokha zikuyembekezeka kupanga magigawati 13.5 m'zaka zingapo, kuchulukitsa katatu mphamvu zomwe dziko lino limatulutsa. Mafamu awiri akuluakulu amphepo, imodzi yokonzedwanso ndi m'badwo watsopano wama turbines akulu, ali kale bwera pa intaneti m’gawo loyamba la chaka chino. Kukula kwadziko lapansi kwakupanga magetsi obiriwira kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsa mapulani ake amasomphenya mu 2009 sikunangothandiza kuti lipite patsogolo kwambiri pakuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi koma kwathandizira magetsi kumidzi yake, kumene kupeza mphamvu tsopano kuli ponseponse. M’zaka makumi awiri ndi theka zapitazi, boma lapereka magetsi kwa mabanja 2.1 miliyoni. Morocco ili ndi ma hydrocarbon ake ochepa komanso mphamvu zobiriwira zakomweko zimathandiza boma kuti lipewe kuwononga kwambiri bajeti yake.
Mosiyana ndi zachabechabe zonyansa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalavula ndi akuluakulu a Saudi ndi Emirati, mfumu ya Morocco, a Mohammed VI, sakukayikira za mavuto aakulu omwe dziko lake laumphawi likukumana nawo. Iye adanena Msonkhano wa zanyengo wa UN COP28 kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Disembala, “Monga momwe kusintha kwanyengo kukuchulukirachulukira, ma COPs ayenera, kuyambira pano kupita m’tsogolo, atuluke m’lingaliro la ‘masitepe ang’onoang’ono,’ omwe akhala akudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali.”
Masitepe akuluakulu opita ku Middle East (komanso dziko) lamphamvu zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, kungakhale kusintha kwakukulu. Tsoka ilo, padziko lapansi akuthandiza kutentha modabwitsa, United Arab Emirates, Iran, ndi Saudi Arabia achitapo kanthu - zazikulu, makamaka - kutulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide. Choyipa kwambiri, iwo ali kudera ladziko lapansi komwe malamulo obwerera kumbuyo ali ngati kusewera roulette yaku Russia yokhala ndi mfuti yodzaza.
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