Pazisankho zaposachedwa za Purezidenti ku Iran, Mahmood Ahmadinejad, wamkulu wankhondo wodziwikiratu wosadziwika, adapambana. Kupambana kwake kunali kodabwitsa chifukwa ambiri adaneneratu kuti Hashemi Rafsanjani adzakhala Purezidenti wotsatira wa Iran. Rafsanjani, mwina munthu wachiwiri wamphamvu kwambiri ku Islamic Republic, adathandizidwa ndi mgwirizano waukulu wa osintha zinthu komanso osankhika a pragmatist. Kudzidzimuka kwa chipambano chodzidzimutsaku kukhoza kufotokozera mwa zina mkhalidwe wankhanza wa zowunikira zina zomwe zidatsatira. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikulephera kuthana ndi zozama ndi maziko a chochitikachi, ndikusanthula zotsatira zake. Nkhaniyi ndi yoyesetsa kuthana ndi mavutowa. Pachiyambi choyamba, zizindikiro zingapo zingakhale zothandiza:
Background
Ku Islamic Republic, zisankho, kuphatikiza zapurezidenti, ndizopanda demokalase, njira zoyendetsedwa mwamphamvu. Lamuloli likulepheretsa nzika zambiri monga amayi, zipembedzo zazing'ono (kuphatikiza Asilamu omwe si Asilamu) ndi otsutsa boma pandale, ndi zina zotere kuti asayimire Purezidenti. Izi zimalimbikitsidwa pochita ndi mphamvu zopanda malire za Council of Guardian [1]. Bungweli lakana mosalekeza aliyense lomwe likuwona kuti ndi wosayenera kumagulu olamulira. Chifukwa chake, pochita zisankho ku Islamic Republic si kanthu koma '.mtengo'[chisonyezero cha kukhulupirika] ndi m'modzi mwa ochepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu yekhayo, Bungwe la Guardian lamulowetsa muukonde wake [2]. M'mikhalidwe yotereyi kusachita nawo zisankho, m'malo mowonetsa kusasamala kwa ovota, ndi njira imodzi yowonetsera 'kutsutsa' , njira yotsutsa boma ndikukayikira kuvomerezeka kwake [3].
Magawo a maboma omwe akuyembekezeka kuchita zisankho zanthawi ndi nthawi, kuphatikiza utsogoleri, ndizofunika kwambiri pazaulamuliro. Dongosololi limazungulira pachimake chosasankhidwa, motsogozedwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wapamwamba, vali-e- faqih, ndi mphamvu zopanda malire zenizeni. Apa ndipamene zisankho zazikulu zonse zimapangidwira, makamaka pambuyo pa imfa ya Ayatollah Khomeini ndikulowa m'malo mwa Ayatollah Khamenei'. Utsogoleri ndi utsogoleri uli ndi udindo waukulu ' kapena monga Purezidenti wotuluka Mohammad Khatami amanenera kuti 'amasewera ngati munthu woyenda pansi' . Koma chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa magulu olamulira, munthu amene amayang'anira utsogoleri amakhala wofunikira chifukwa kusankhidwaku kungathe kugawa chuma chaboma komanso kukulitsa luso la bungwe lonse la boma kuti ligwire ntchito. Choncho, ulamuliro wa mabungwe osankhidwa, makamaka utsogoleri, ulinso ndi mkangano waukulu, ndipo pamakhala kukambirana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zisankho ku Islamic Republic ili ndendende apa: kugawanso mphamvu pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana olamulira. Mpikisanowu umakhala wovuta kwambiri nthawi zina pomwe zovuta zapakati paulamuliro zikuchulukirachulukira komanso pomwe njira zokambitsirana sizingathe 'kuvomerezana'. 'Zisankho' m'mikhalidwe yotereyi imakhala njira yogawiranso mphamvu, pomwe magulu amayesa mphamvu zawo motsutsana ndi kuvomerezeka kwa chisankho. Mpaka zisankho zaposachedwa, zomwe zimachitika mu Islamic Republic zidali kuti magulu onse azitsatira malamulo amasewera a demokalase m'nyumba. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko yopalira koyambirira ndi Council of Guardian, malo opangira mphamvu sanalowererepo mokomera wina kapena phungu kunja kwa 'malamulo chimango' , kapena molondola, sanafooketse kuwonekera momveka bwino malamulo [4].
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa zisankho zaposachedwa kwambiri ku Islamic Republic ndi onse omwe adatsogolera ndikuti kwa nthawi yoyamba malamulo amasewera a demokalase pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a boma adanyozedwa poyera. Kubera, popanga mavoti kwakhala kofala nthawi zonse, kaya kudzera m'mabokosi oponya voti, kapena kuwerengera molakwika izi kapena malo oponya voti mokomera ofuna kuvotera. Bungwe la Council of Guardian lakhala likulengeza kuti mavoti opanda kanthu kwa anthu ena omwe asankhidwa. Pomaliza mavoti onse omwe amaponyedwa pachisankho nthawi zonse amatsitsimutsidwa. Izi, pambuyo pa zonse, njira yodzinenera kukhala yovomerezeka pakati pa anthu ovota pa dongosolo lonse. Chinyengo choterechi, komabe, chinkachitika nthawi zonse mwa mgwirizano pakati pa magulu, zomwe zimati sizingawononge chiyembekezo cha chisankho cha m'modzi kapena wina aliyense.
Zomwe sizinachitikepo ndi zomwe zidachitika mu June. Dziko lapansi lidawona chinyengo chokhazikika, chapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mwadongosolo kwambiri, chotsogozedwa pachimake cha piramidi yamphamvu mokomera munthu m'modzi yemwe sanatenge dziko lapansi, koma gawo lalikulu la olamulira aku Iran modzidzimutsa. Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa chiwembuchi kunali kotero kuti sikungakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti Ahmadinejad, mkulu wa gulu la Revolutionary Guards Corps, adalanda nyumba ya pulezidenti pogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu chopanda magazi kapena monga mkulu wa asilikali achitetezo Zolqadr adanena pambuyo pake " njira yovuta 'ยฆ komanso [kudzera] mapulani amitundu yambiri'[5].
Chisankhochi chinachitikanso panthawi yomwe zinthu sizinachitikepo mโderali. Ponena za Middle East, Iran ili pamalo amphamvu kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa asilikali kwa nthawi yaitali 'adani' , United States ndi Britain. Kum'mawa, boma la Taliban (limene lidatsala pang'ono kupita nawo kunkhondo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990) lagonjetsedwa, ndipo ambiri mwa ogwirizana ndi Iran abwereranso pamphamvu ngati omenyera nkhondo amchigawo, monga kazembe wachigawo cha Herat kumadzulo kwa Afghanistan motsogozedwa ndi pro- Mtsogoleri wankhondo waku Iran Haji Ismail Khan. Komabe kupambana kwakukulu kwa Iran padziko lonse lapansi kwachitika ku Iraq. Popanda kuwombera ngakhale kamodzi, iwo awona osati kuchotsedwa kwa boma la Saddam la Ba'thist "oyandikana nawo omwe amamuda kwambiri kuposa Israeli ndi US" a 'Islamic Daawa'(chipani cha Prime Minister waku Iraq) ndi zipani zina zazikulu mu Shiite United Iraqi Alliance monga Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), kugawana mphamvu ndi Kurdish PUK ndi KDP. Onse ndi mabungwe omwe amadziwika bwino chifukwa cholandira thandizo lankhondo, lazachuma komanso ndale kuchokera ku Iran kuyambira 1980s. Izi, pamodzi ndi chipwirikiti chomwe chinabwera chifukwa cha usilikali ku Iraq ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe boma la Chisilamu ku Iran lidakhala ndi chidaliro chokwanira kuti lichitepo zoopsa zomwe sizinachitikepo pazisankhozi.
Chifukwa cha chisankhochi, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wa Islamic Republic, pafupifupi chiwalo chilichonse ndi mabungwe amphamvu, osankhidwa kapena ayi, aperekedwa ku ulamuliro wonse wa osunga malamulo. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu zandale tsopano ndizofanana ndipo zakhazikika pachimake chaulamuliro, m'manja mwa Mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei '. Komabe, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kulanda boma komwe kunachitika kuseri kwa zinsalu za zisankho sikunangoyang'anizana ndi ofuna kusintha, kapena mtsogoleri wamkulu Hashemi Rafsanjani, koma motsutsana ndi magulu ambiri omwe alipo mu oligarchy yolamulira [6].
Palibe kukaikira kuti, Ahmadinejad ndi omutsatira ake ali mgulu lachipani cholamula. Komabe, pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana osamala, Ahmadinejad , makamaka ndi magulu omwe atchulidwa kwakukulu atsopano-osamala. Iye anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa magulu otchedwa Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran.abadegaran) ndi Odzipereka (ndi-garan). Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, molimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wapamwamba, maguluwa akhala akuzika mizu, makamaka m'magulu achitetezo-apolisi ndi asilikali. Amalimbikitsa ma populist-Islamist komanso mawu ozikidwa pamtengo omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi ena osunga malamulo. Zikuwonekeranso kuti pokambirana za chisankho chisanadze magulu osiyanasiyana a ultra-conservative, Ahmadinejad sanali wovomerezeka kwa onse ndipo anthu odziletsa adalowa nawo zisankho ndi anthu anayi.
Chifukwa cha June chisankho kwa nthawi yoyamba mu kotala la zaka zana msilikali, osati mullah, amatenga udindo wa mtsogoleri wamkulu. Izi zatsala pang'ono kumaliza njira yoyendetsera chitetezo chamagulu akuluakulu aboma, yomwe idayamba kumapeto kwa Nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq, ndipo idakula kwambiri pazaka 8 zapitazi. Izi zidayamba pazisankho zamakhansala a ma municipalities pamene a abadgaran adalanda mizinda ndi mizinda yambiri zaka ziwiri zapitazo ndipo adaphatikizidwa pamene adapitiliza kulamulira Majles (nyumba yamalamulo). Mfundoyi siingagogomezedwe mopambanitsa kuti uku ndi kusintha kwatsopano kotheratu komanso kwabwino, komwe kungathe kukhala ndi chikoka champhamvu pa ubale wapakati pa nyumba zankhondo ndi mzikiti muteokrase.
Kusokonezedwa kowonekera kwa zida za utsogoleri [otsatira a Khamenei] mu 'zisankho' , udindo wofunikira wa zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo pakukonza ndi kukonza mavoti, ndipo pamapeto pake kubwera kwamphamvu kwa anthu atsopano okonda zisankho kunali koyenera. kuchita zomwe zinali zosemphana ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale. Nโzosadabwitsa kuti zinayambitsa zionetsero zomwe sizinachitikepo pakati pa akuluakulu olamulira. Mchitidwe woterewu mosakayikira ukhoza kusokoneza anthu omwe ali muulamuliro ndikuyika zida za utsogoleri, ndikupatulanso Ali Khamenei'. Kukhoza kufooketsa udindo wake pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo oligarchy, amene kwa pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu akhala akugwira mphamvu zenizeni mโmanja mwake. Sizopitirira malire a malingaliro kuti Msonkhano wa Akatswiri [7], ngakhale kuti akulamulidwa ndi odziletsa, adzakayikira kuyenerera kwake kuti apitirize kukhala mtsogoleri. Malingaliro aposachedwa a Rafsanjani kuti alowe m'malo mwa Wapamwamba mtsogoleri (Khamenei) ndi Cbungwe la Utsogoleri zikhoza kuganiziridwa mozama mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri ena otchuka. Nanga nโcifukwa ciani kudziika pangozi yotelo? Kodi munthu angafotokoze bwanji kuyeretsedwa kwa ndale kumeneku komwe kunachitika mobisa zisankho? Zotsatira zake ndi zotani?
Nโchifukwa chiyani anachita kulanda boma?
Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha nambala 9 chinali nthawi yomwe mavuto omwe adakumana nawo muulamuliro komanso mayankho omwe atha kuthana ndi mavutowa adaseweredwa nthawi imodzi ngati kulimbirana mphamvu mwamphamvu. Zinachitika panthawi yomwe kukhalapo kwa boma kunaopsezedwa kwambiri kuchokera kumbali zitatu: Kunyumba boma likuyandikira kwambiri vuto la kulamulira, lodzipatula komanso kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi kutsutsa. Pakadali pano madera ndi padziko lonse lapansi akukulirakulira kutsata projekiti ya Bush ya 'kusintha kwaulamuliro' . Potsirizira pake mkati mwaulamuliro kugawanika kwamagulu ndi mikangano kwapangitsa kuti akuluakulu olamulira asakhale ndi zisankho zazikulu ndikuchita mogwirizana.
Zovuta izi, zachidziwikire, zili ndi zoyambitsa [8] zokwatirana muzotsutsana zamphamvu mu Republic of Islamic. Iwo anabadwa ndi ulamuliro, ndipo achulukirachulukira pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, makamaka pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo za neo-liberal ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu osintha machitidwe. Zakulitsidwa, posachedwa ndi ndondomeko za Bush pa September 11, mpaka lero boma likukumana ndi zoopsa zenizeni.
Pazaka izi, komanso poyankha zovuta za maulamuliro, olamulirawo adalumikizana pang'onopang'ono, adalowa m'misasa iwiri yosiyana ya ndale. Odzitcha okha 'osintha zinthu' adakumana ndi osunga malamulo. Oyamba amakhulupirira kuti popanda 'kusintha' dongosolo silingakhalepo, ngakhale ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa zomwe 'kukonzanso' kumatanthauza. Ena amaika malire ku ndondomeko ndipo pamapeto pake machitidwe a boma pokhudzana ndi anthu, makamaka pazochitika za anthu ndi ndale. Ena amapita ku kusintha kwa mabungwe mu dongosolo la mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo akufuna kusintha kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino kuti awonjezere mphamvu za mabungwe osankhidwa molingana ndi omwe asankhidwa [9]. Akufunanso kukhazikika ndi 'kuchepetsa mikangano' mu ubale wakunja, ndikutsatira miyambo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi, akukhulupirira kuti zidzatsimikizira kupulumuka kwa dongosololi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo.
Munthawi ya 1999-2001, "okonda kusintha" adakopa anthu ambiri kuti awathandize ndipo adapeza zipambano zambiri pazisankho zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi mabungwe onse kuti achite zisankho. Komabe pa mphindi yomwe ya chigonjetso maloto awo anasanduka maloto oipa. Zinakhala zoonekeratu kwa onse koma akhungu kwambiri kuti ulamuliro wopondereza ndi wotsutsawu ndi wosasinthika, koma dongosolo la mphamvu za bungwe limagwirizana ndi zofuna za magulu olamulira monga kupanga kusintha kulikonse kosatheka. Kuonjezera apo, zotsatira zowopsya za ndondomeko zachuma za osintha kusintha pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa mamiliyoni ambiri, sizinangopangitsa kuti zikhale zokhumudwitsa kwambiri, koma zapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha zionetsero chikule.
Zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi sizinali bwino, ndipo Seputembara 11 idathetsa mwadzidzidzi zoyesayesa za Iran kuti zikhazikitse ubale wakunja. Khatami's 'dialogue of civilizations' idakhazikitsidwa pomwe Bush adayika Iran pakati mayiko ankhanza ndipo adalengeza mwalamulo ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa boma. Kenako zinaonekeratu kuti, mosiyana ndi ziyembekezo za Khatami kukhazikitsidwa zaka 8 m'mbuyomo, mu dziko kusintha chikhalidwe cha ndale nkhani zake ndi ndondomeko zakunja sangathe kupereka boma chitetezo chilichonse kuopseza kunja. Zotsatira za zolepheretsazi zinali, kumbali ina, kufooketsa udindo wa gulu lofuna kusintha zinthu m'magulu onse olamulira, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukakamizidwa kwambiri ndi osunga malamulo. Ndipo, kumbali ina, inawononga mgwirizano wamkati wamagulu osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga 'reformist'alliance. Chotsatira chinali kugawanika mobwerezabwereza ndi kugawanika.
Bungwe la Conservative bloc lili ndi njira ina yothanirana ndi zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira: Khazikitsani mphamvu kwambiri pamwamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito kupondereza maliseche ndi uchigawenga kudzera m'magulu ankhondo ndi apolisi. Magulu onse omwe ali mubungweli amatsutsa kusintha kulikonse kwa dongosolo la mphamvu, makamaka ngati izi zikutanthauza kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa zida za utsogoleri [10], zomwe kwa iwo zimatsimikizira 'chisilamu' maziko a dongosolo lonse. Iwo ali otsimikiza kuti kusinthasintha kulikonse mu 'mfundo ndi mfundo' kumabweretsa kuiwalika, ndipo kuyenera kukanidwa mopanda chifundo. Zowonadi, akufuna kufewetsa mbali zosokoneza komanso zotsutsana zaulamuliro pochotsa dziko lomwe lidasankhidwa kuti likhale lodziyimira pawokha, lomwe lili ndi dongosolo lapakati [11]. Conservatives ankawonanso kutseguka kulikonse mu ndale kapena kupangidwa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa mabungwe odziyimira pawokha kapena andale monga chiwopsezo chowopsa ku ulamuliro wawo wonse pagulu. Poyang'anizana ndi kusokonekera kwa chithandizo cha ndale cha Islamic Republic, adatembenukira kwa asitikali olembedwa ganyu ngati chida chawo chokha chowongolera.
Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu odziletsa amakonda kusewera khadi lachisilamu, zigawenga komanso mikangano yandale ndi zipembedzo. Amayesanso kutsegula malo aliwonse opuma omwe angathe poyendetsa mipata ndi zokonda zopikisana pakati pa maulamuliro akuluakulu, makamaka kuyang'ana ku China, Russia ndi Japan. Kuti akwaniritse izi chida chawo chachikulu ndi malonda ndi zachuma. Ngakhale zili choncho, iwo sanazengereze kupanga mapangano ndi kuvomereza komwe kunachitika pambuyo pake, ngati zidathandizira kuphatikiza mphamvu zawo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito khadi la zida za nyukiliya.
Bungwe la Conservative bloc, makamaka kuyambira imfa ya Ayatollah Khomeini, lidatenga maudindo onse akuluakulu. Izi zikuphatikizapo mabungwe onse omwe anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu ' gulu lankhondo, zida za intelligence za apolisi ndi makhothi. Komanso kuyang'anira Bungwe la Guardian, pojambula mizere yofiira yomwe singadutse, imalola kulamulira nthambi iliyonse ya boma, kuphatikizapo maofesi a boma ndi akuluakulu.
Komabe mkhalidwe wopondereza komanso wokhudzidwa kwambiri wamagulu osiyanasiyana omwe ali mu ultra-conservative bloc amalepheretsa kwambiri kuthekera kwawo kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zikubwera. Zowonadi mkati mwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 1979 iwo eniwo adakhala choyambitsa chachikulu cha zovuta zandale ndi zachikhalidwe, ndikukankhira chotsiriziracho mpaka pachimake. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chomwe m'moyo wake wonse gululi silingathe kuwonjezera thandizo lawo kupitilira magulu ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo komanso anthu omwe ali pansi pa maambulera achindunji a mabungwe othandizira omwe amayendetsedwa ndi iwo. Mbiri yawo pothana ndi vuto la kuvomerezeka komanso kudzipatula kosalekeza kwa boma kwakhala kokhumudwitsa. Izi zitha kuwoneka pa kuchuluka kwa mavoti a omwe akufuna kukhala nawo ' osapitilira 25% ya mavoti omwe adaponyedwa. Adakhala osankhidwa pomwe ena onse adanyanyala zisankho [12]. Izi zinali chifukwa chimodzi chomwe, kwa zaka 10 zapitazi, anali okhutira kulekerera kuwongolera kwa opikisana nawo pamakina akuluakulu ndi a Majles azamalamulo, kwinaku akugwira mwamphamvu chishango chachitetezo cha magulu achitetezo.
Ndi kulephera kwa osintha kusintha kuti asunge maziko awo othandizira, kulephera kwawo kukhala ngati valavu yachitetezo cha boma lonse, kulephera kwa mfundo zawo zakunja kuti apereke chitetezo chokwanira polimbana ndi ziwopsezo zaku US, osunga malamulowo adakumana ndi vuto latsopano komanso movutikira. zovuta [13]. Iwo anali ndi zosankha ziลตiri zokha: kulolerana ndi kusiya dongosolo la ndale lolamulira mwapangโonopangโono ubwino wodzipatula, kapena kuyangโanizana ndi mkangano wakupha ndi kupirira zotulukapo zake. Poyang'anizana ndi chisankho cha Hobson, osunga malamulo adagawanika kukhala magulu osiyanasiyana: The Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (abadgaran), Principled Reformist (usul-garane eslah talab) ndi zina zotero.
Magulu atsopanowa, omwe angatchulidwe kuti achisilamu atsopano, adayika malo awo pazandale zadzikolo podzudzula ndikukana magulu ena onse: osintha (otsatira a Mohammad Khatami), pragmatists (othandizira Rafsanjani) [14] ] ndi osunga mwambo. M'malingaliro awo onse atatu, adalephera kuchitapo kanthu, ndipo adakulitsa vutolo kotero kuti kukhalapo kwa boma kunali kowopsa. Kwa okonda zatsopano, kutengera njira yanthawi yomweyo, yolimba mtima komanso yokhazikika idawoneka ngati yosapeweka. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe adachita ' kuphatikiza pang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu kutsatiridwa ndi kulanda mwakachetechete.
Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, ma conservatives atsopano adakwanitsa kulowetsa mwakachetechete ziwalo zambiri, kugonjetsa adani awo kuti azitha kulamulira makhonsolo ambiri a tawuni, Majles ndipo tsopano pulezidenti.
Zatsopano-zosunga malamulo
Magulu atsopano-odziletsa, omwe amachokera makamaka m'magulu ankhondo ndikugwira ntchito pansi pa ambulera ya zida za utsogoleri, akufuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano watsopano. Izi ndizofanana zomwe zidzachepetse zovuta zamkati ndi zakunja ndikuwonetsetsa kupulumuka kwa dongosolo. Cholinga chake ndi kupanga dziko lamphamvu, lokhazikika, lokhazikika, loyeretsedwa ku ziphuphu, lomwe lingathe kudalira chithandizo chatsopano kuchokera kumagulu apansi a anthu, asilikali ndi magulu ankhondo, okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, zonse zothandizidwa ndi petro-dollar. . Ndi zida izi amakhulupirira kuti angathe kulimbana ndi zovuta zamkati ndi kunja popanda kusintha kusintha kwapangidwe, ndikusunga chikhalidwe chaulamuliro chaulamuliro.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ma-conservatives atsopano ndi omwe amatsatira chikhalidwe chagona mu: Choyamba, kuika patsogolo anthu ovutika kuti athandizenso boma. Chachiwiri, pa tanthauzo lawo la boma. Dziko lawo lidzakhala dziko lolowererapo, dziko lomwe lidzalamulire mbali zonse za moyo wa dziko, mosiyana ndi 'zachinsinsi' zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu osunga mwambo. Chachitatu, poyang'ana kwambiri mawu awo ndi nkhani zawo za chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ubwino wa anthu osauka osati pa zikhalidwe za Chisilamu ndi funso la ayi ndithu [chabwino ndi cholakwika pazachipembedzo]. Gululi, komabe, likadali m'kati mwachitukuko, ndipo ndondomeko zake zenizeni sizikufotokozedwa bwino, zomwe zikuchitika. Ma autilaini otakata, komabe, atha kuwoneka kuchokera ku ziganizo ndi zolankhula za omwe amamulankhula. Pali njira ziwiri zapakati.
a. Kuyika mphamvu pakati pachimake ndikuyamba ndale, mabungwe ndi zachuma ku bungwe lalikulu la boma. Zomwe akuyembekeza kuchita ndikukhazikitsa mikangano yamkati ndikuletsa zoyesayesa zilizonse za otsutsa kuti agwiritse ntchito magawano amkati kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Zimenezi zikuonekera mโmawu monga olimbana ndi katangale wa akuluakulu a boma, olemekezeka mโboma, ndi olembedwa ntchito yobwereka.
b. Kuyesera kupanga gulu latsopano la ndale pofuna kubwezeretsa chikhalidwe cha boma, makamaka pakati pa osauka akumidzi ndi akumidzi 'chinthu chomwe chinawonongeka pang'onopang'ono pazaka 15 zapitazi. Ndipotu akuyesera kukwera kusakhutira kotchuka kwa ozunzidwa ndi ndondomeko zachuma za boma. Pano akuyembekeza kulima zinthu zoyenera kuti ziwathandize kumanganso mipanda yogumuka ya boma. Komanso, angafunike chakudya cha mizinga ngati mkangano ndi US ndi Israel ukukula. Udindo wa mawu otere monga chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, kulimbana ndi kusagwirizana, kutsutsa umphawi, 'kutenga ndalama za mafuta ku tebulo la anthu' , njira yothetsera vuto la nyumba, ntchito ndi ukwati wa achinyamata ndi zina zotero. kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi.
Otsatira ena a Ahmadinejad anenapo izi ngati 'third revolution' yomwe m'malo mwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kapena ophunzira amakhala ndi utsogoleri mu usilikali [15]. Izi revolution amabadwira m'nyumba zankhondo osati mzikiti kapena kuyunivesite. Ena amawona uku ndikubadwanso kwa malingaliro azaka zoyambirira zachisinthiko ndikuyambiranso kwachisilamu populism [16].
Zinali motsatira njira yotereyi kuti mgwirizano wosalengezedwa pakati pa magulu angapo atsopano odziletsa motsogozedwa ndi gulu la Khamenei adatha kutsogolera zisankho zaposachedwa, kudzera mu dongosolo lokonzekera bwino komanso lopangidwa ndi 'nyali zoyatsira' mpaka madzulo achiwiri. kuvota, kupitiliza ndikukhala pamalo omaliza a osintha kusintha ndi ma pragmatists [17]. Pansi pano alimidwa kwa mtheradi ulamuliro wa velayate faqih ' zomwe malemu Ayatollah Khomeini adazipempha koma adalephera kuchita bwino - zolepheretsedwa ndi kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa boma lake [18].
Kodi dongosololi likudalira luso lenileni, maziko enieni ndi kuthekera kwenikweni? Ngati zikuyenda bwino zingathe kupulumutsa boma ku matope omwe likumira? Kapena kodi uku ndikungoyesa kopanda zotsatira zina koma kufooketsa kwambiri boma, kudzipatula kwake kwakukulu ndikufulumizitsa kuphulika kwake ndikugwa?
Kodi zatsopano zitha kuchita zosatheka?
Kuti tiyankhe mafunsowa tiwona mikhalidwe yeniyeni, kuthekera ndi zolephera zomwe Islamic Republic ikukumana nazo masiku ano. Komabe, ndikofunikira kufotokozera kaye zinthu zingapo:
1. Mavuto a Republic of Islamic ali ndi mizu yake. Iwo ali pamwamba pa mawonetseredwe onse a kusagwirizana kwa chipembedzo-ideological ultra-reactionary regime ndi malo ake enieni ndi mbiri yakale. N'zosadabwitsa kuti boma la Chisilamu lakhala likukumana ndi mavuto kuyambira pamene linabadwa, likuwonekera mobwerezabwereza pansi pa maonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso pamagulu ambiri. Kufunika kosalekeza kwa kusintha kwa ndale ndi kamangidwe kwakhala kofunika kosapeลตeka. Zabwino kwambiri izi, zomwe zidachitika ngati kutembenuka kwandale, zangosintha zomwe zidayambitsa zovuta zotere kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina - kupewa kuphulika popanda kuchotsa zomwe zidayambitsa. Nthawi zonse funso linali lofanana: Kodi mphamvu za boma ndi zotani, ma U-turns akupita kuti ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani za kusintha kulikonse kwa ndondomeko? Kwa ma mullah omwe akulamulira Iran, zovuta zotere zinali zachilendo. Choncho tawona kuchoka ku 'principles' kupita ku 'expediency' , kuchoka ku elitism kupita ku populism, kuchoka ku decentralization kupita ku reverse ndi kubwereranso ' nthawi zonse kufunafuna bata! [19].
2. M'mikhalidwe yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso yapadziko lonse lapansi, dziko la Islamic Republic silingathe kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli popanda kutsutsa za kukhalapo kwake. Chisankho champhamvu chomwe akukumana nacho ndi kugonjera kwathunthu ku zikhalidwe zautsamunda (mwina kusunga mawonekedwe achipembedzo kapena chigoba chachikunja) monga momwe amachitira ena oyandikana nawo, ndikuthetsa dongosolo la Bush la 'Middle East yayikulu', kapena kudzipereka ku gawo lopita patsogolo. demokalase yotenga nawo mbali komanso yozama. Ngakhale kuli kulira konseko ndi zonena zofala zotsutsana ndi zimenezo, palibe njira yachitatu. Ziribe kanthu momwe machitidwewa akulimba mtima, kapena kusintha kosayembekezereka ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi ndondomeko, bomali lidzakumana ndi mavuto atsopano posachedwa m'malo mopangitsa kugwa kwake kukhala kosapeweka.
3. Islamic Republic yatuluka pachisankho chaposachedwa kwambiri kuposa kale, ndipo iyambanso kutembenukira kwandale, ndikupangitsa kusakhazikika kwakukulu. Pali zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu za izi. Choyamba, pofuna kukopa anthu kuti atenge nawo mbali pachisankho, idayenera kusiya zomwe nthawi zonse zinkaganiziridwa kuti mfundo zake ndi zofunika kwambiri. Olamulira anakakamizika kuzindikira, ndipo ngakhale kuganizira zina za ndale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe zofuna za anthu. Tidawawona akupepesa chifukwa cha mbiri yoyipa yazaka 3 zapitazi. Chodabwitsa kwambiri chinali momwe ofuna kusankhidwa onse adapewa nkhani zokhudzana ndi 'Chisilamu' ndi 'chisinthiko' ndikudzudzula mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika chikhalidwe chankhanza ndi kupondereza kwa ulamuliro wawo [20].
Komanso pachisankhochi, oimira mbali zonse za ndale ankalimbikitsa anthu kuti azivotera. Anthu adafunsidwa kuti avote kuti akane, m'malo mochirikiza munthu wina kapena slogan. Ofuna kusintha zinthu komanso pragmatists adalimbikitsa anthu kuti avote motsutsana ndi zomwe akuchita, nkhanza komanso kupewa ngozi ya fascism (kutanthauza Ahmadinejad). Conservatives adapempha anthu kuti avotere motsutsana ndi katangale, kusalingana, umphawi, ndi kubedwa kwa chuma chaboma (kutanthauza Rafsanjani) [21].
Komabe ngakhale zanyamuka komanso zinyengo zonse, komanso ngakhale ziwopsezo zanthawi zonse zobwera chifukwa chakusavota, magwero aboma amavomereza kuti 28 okha mwa oyenerera 48 miliyoni adakokeredwa kumalo oponya voti (chiwerengerochi chikuphatikiza mavoti obiridwa). M'mikhalidwe yomwe ambiri otsutsa, omwe akufuna kugwetsa ulamuliro wa Chisilamu, adapempha kuti anyalanyaze, kusowa kwa 40% ya ovota, osati chizindikiro cha kusakhulupirira kapena kusayanjanitsika, ndi chizindikiro chomveka bwino komanso chodziwika bwino. kutsutsa kofala kwa kukhalapo kwa dongosololi [22].
4. Pofunafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano pandale komanso kuti pakhale mgwirizano paulamuliro, boma linakakamizika kusokoneza mgwirizano womwe unakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 23, mgwirizano umene unathandiza kuti dongosololi likhalebe lokhazikika. Tsopano, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu kukhalapo kwake konse, dziko la Islamic Republic liyenera kuyankha ku zovuta zake zosiyanasiyana, zapakhomo ndi zakunja, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi osintha zinthu ndi odziwa bwino ntchito pa maudindo akuluakulu. Panthawi yomwe ilibe mwayi woyendetsa, boma lataya chimodzi mwa zida zazikulu zomwe wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri kuti abzale chisawawa pakati pa otsutsa ake apakhomo ndi akunja [XNUMX]. Kuyambira pano ikuyenera kuyang'anizana ndi zovuta zake, ndipo pochita izi kudalira gwero lake lomaliza, nyumba zankhondo, kuti lisungike bwino.
Dzikoli likuchulukirachulukira mโmanja mwa asilikali. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, panjira yopanga dziko lankhondo, udindo wapadera ndi msinkhu wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo wakhala akufunsidwa mwapadera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka 25 munthu yemwe si wansembe ndi purezidenti 'ndi msilikali kuti ayambe kuwombera. Lingaliro la gawo lapakati la velayate faqih - chiwonetsero cha ulamuliro wa atsogoleri achipembedzo ' komanso maziko enieni a masomphenya a Khomeini a boma lachisilamu ' zasiyidwa.
5. Komanso, posankha Mahmood Ahmadinejad, mkulu wa intelligence wa Revolutionary Guards, yemwe anali ndi mbiri yochita nawo zauchigawenga ndi kupha anthu [24], kukhala mtsogoleri wamkulu, ubale wa mayiko akunja, ngakhale kupezeka pamisonkhano ya mayiko kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri. kuposa kale. Makamaka ndi nkhani ya zida za nyukiliya US ndi Israel ali pamalo abwino olimbikitsa malingaliro a anthu padziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi Islamic Republic. Tsopano, woweruza aliyense kapena loya kulikonse atha kuyesa dzanja lawo pakuimba mlandu munthu wachiwiri m'boma la Iran.
Simunakonzekere kugwa?
Ndiye kodi ulamuliro wakonzeka kugwa? Ngakhale kuti dziko la Islamic Republic latuluka pachisankholi lofooka komanso lofooka kuposa kale, sitinganene kuti latsala pang'ono kugwa ndikugwa. Zikuoneka kuti zipitirizabe kukhalapo kwa nthawi ndithu. Tsogolo laulamuliro likukhazikika pazifukwa zingapo komanso momwe amalumikizirana. Zina mwazinthu izi zitha kuloleza boma kukhala ndi mpweya pomwe ena angachite mosiyana:
Kodi olamulira aku Iran adzatha kukhazikitsa zosintha zatsopano zosinthira mwachangu kuti ayambitsenso kuthandizira gawo lalikulu la anthu ovutika [25]? Kodi boma lodana ndi anthu ambiri, lochita zinthu mwankhanza, lopondereza komanso lopondereza, lomwe nthawi ina linatha kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo lochokera kwa 'osowa cholowa' kuti likhalebe ndi mphamvu lingachitenso zimenezi? Kodi boma, lomwe pofuna kubweretsa kusintha kwawo kumayiko ena, lidatumiza otsatirawa kukachotsa migodi kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ndikulendewera m'khosi mwawo makiyi apulasitiki opita kumwamba, angathe kuyambiranso kudalira? Kodi anthu amene anaperekedwa adzavomeranso kuperekedwanso [26]?
Pali mayankho awiri a mafunso awa:
Zotsimikizira: Ngati itagwiritsa ntchito bwino mwayi womwe waperekedwa, makamaka zomwe zimabweretsa US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, boma la Chisilamu likhoza kusonkhanitsa anthu osauka kwambiri kuti liwathandize ndikupulumuka pamavuto omwe alipo. Mwayiwu ukuphatikizanso chipwirikiti cha Iraq (chomwe chingathandize Islamic Republic kusewera khadi la Shi'te), msika wamafuta waposachedwa komanso momwe mavuto atsopano ku Middle East angakhudzire mitengo yamafuta, nkhokwe zazikulu zakunja zomwe adapeza. ndi ndalama zotsalazo chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwamafuta komwe kulipo pano. Izi zitha kusinthidwa kuti zithandizire kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa komanso kuchepetsa kusakhutira pakati pawo.
Ndiye pali vuto lalikulu pakati pa magulu otsutsa omwe kuthekera kwawo kudzaza malo opanda ndale omwe alipo tsopano kwachepa. Palinso kufooka ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa mphamvu zazikulu ndi zopita patsogolo zomwe zikanathandiza kuyambitsa magawano omwe analipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukonza ndi kulimbikitsa mabungwe odziimira okha a ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito. Ndipo potsiriza ngati iwo bwinobwino ntchito basij ' bungwe ladziko lonse la ndale-zankhondo [27] lomwe limayang'anira, ndi maukonde ambiri a mizikiti ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo, monga njira zamphamvu zolankhulirana pakati pa boma ndi anthu osauka komanso oponderezedwa.
Wachisoni: Ngati magulu atsopano a ndale omwe ali ndi mphamvu sangathe kuthana ndi zotsutsana zawo zopinga zomwe amakumana nazo mkati ndi kunja kwa zida zolamulira. Zopinga izi ndi:
Kukhazikitsa mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa zokonda zachuma za obwereketsa ngati mafia pamwamba ndi zofuna za anthu othamangitsidwa [ie, chigawo chachikulu cha njira ya new-conservative]:[M3] Kutha kugawanso chuma chaboma (makamaka ndalama zamafuta) kuti muchepetse zolemetsa za moyo. Izi zidzafunika kudula mahema a chilombo chosakhutitsidwa kapena kudulidwa. Octopus yokhala ndi malekezero amkati ozungulira Khamenei 'ndi mabungwe ambiri omwe amamuyang'anira, ndi mahema mu Revolutionary Guards, zida zachitetezo, nyumba zachifumu zomwe zamangidwa kumene za mabanja apamwamba, ndi maofesi a ana awo (odziwika bwino kuti ndi aghazadeha = ana a azibusa). Mโmawu ena, kukhala wokhoza kusunga lonjezo lokhala ndi โndalama zamafuta patebulo la osaukaโ ndi kupanga chiyembekezo.
Neutralizing kukana msanga ndi wankhanza wa likulu ' zonse zapakhomo ndi akunja - amene kuona kupatuka pang'ono ku chitsanzo chake cha neo-liberal chuma ndi austerity monga anathema: Kutha kupeza chidaliro ndi kugulitsa iwo ndondomeko zachuma wodzaza ndi zotsutsana ndi zosadziwika bwino. Ndipo kuletsa ma capitalist akunyumba ndi akunja kugwiritsa ntchito chida chawo chothandiza kwambiri, kuthawira kumalo ena, potero kufinya chuma ndikuwonjezera ulova [28].
Kupondereza kapena kugonjetsa zofuna za anthu ogwira ntchito, othandizira kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa zofuna zotere ndi anthu ambiri, boma lidzafunika kuletsa zoyesayesa zokonzekera pamagulu osiyanasiyana; kukopa anthu ogwira ntchito kuti atsatire mwachimbulimbuli 'mpulumutsi' wina, ziyenera kugawanitsa anthu ogwira ntchito, ndikulekanitsa magawo okhwima kwambiri a gulu la ogwira ntchito [29].
Kulamulira ndondomeko ya ndale yomwe boma likugwira ntchito: Izi zikutanthauza kuti, choyamba, kuphwanya magulu otchuka a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ufulu wa chikhalidwe ndi ndale, ndi kudzilamulira. Kutha kupanga malo a mantha kotero kuti mayendedwe odana ndi despotic, makamaka amayi, achinyamata, aluntha, ndi mayiko omwe si a Fars ndi mafuko amawongoleredwa. Kukhala wokhoza kupondereza kukwera kwa mafunde a chikhalidwe ndi kusamvera anthu komanso zionetsero za ndale. Mwachidule, kubweretsa magawano pakati pa kufuna mkate ndi ufulu.
Kukhazikitsa ubale waulamuliro ndi mayiko amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi: Makamaka, kuletsa nkhani ya zida za nyukiliya kuti isaphulike, ndikutha kutembenuza ma dollar a petro ngati kale kupita ku bokosi la boma.
Ndipo pomaliza, kuletsa zovuta zakunja kuti zisakayikire mayendedwe amphamvu ndikuphwanya mgwirizano wandale ndi wamagulu omwe akwaniritsidwa ndi kulanda komwe kulipo: Ndiko kunena kuti, kuletsa kuphatikizika kwa zisankho kuwonongedwa, kuperekanso mwayi ku mikangano yamagulu, zopinga. ndi zina zotero, nthawi ino pakati pa magulu ankhondo ndi azachuma omwe alipo mu gulu lodziletsa.
Pali umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti anthu atsopano ku Iran adzakwezanso mbendera ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mu 'kusintha kwachitatu'. Ngati 'chisinthiko choyamba' chinali tsoka lenileni, 'kusintha kwachitatu' mwina sikungakhale koseketsa.
Komabe chinsinsi cha chithunzithunzi cha Ahmadinejad chili m'manja mwa ogwira ntchito. Kutuluka kwa gulu lopita patsogolo, lokhazikika komanso lochuluka la ogwira ntchito ndilo chitukuko chokhacho chomwe chitha kudzaza malingaliro ndi ndale omwe alipo omwe akutsutsa a Ahmadinejad akuyesera kuchitapo kanthu. Kalasi yomwe ndi mphamvu yokhayo yomwe imatha kuletsa demagogic populism [30].
Nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe Iran ikukumana nayo, si tsogolo la Ahmadinejad. Ndilo tsogolo la dziko. Sizofunikira kulingalira kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse kuti Islamic Republic ili ndi matenda omwe amafa. Mankhwala a Ahmadinejad ndi akanthawi. Imfa yosapeลตeka ikuyembekezera ulamuliro umenewu, motero mosagwirizana ndi nyengo yake . Zomwe Ahmadinejad ndi boma akuyesa kupulumutsa mwachabechabe zatheratu.
Koma tsogolo la dziko silingalephereke. Muzovuta zambiri zomwe Iran ikukumana nazo, kodi dzikolo lidzakumana ndi kugwa ndi kusweka, kuwukiridwa kapena tsogolo lenileni lomasula? Kusankha kumeneko, ndi tsogolo limenelo, zikupangidwa lero. Ndipo yankho silinakonzedweratu kapena kudalira m'mene, kapena m'manja mwa omwe, ulamuliro wa Chisilamu ukugwa.
Tsogolo ili lilinso m'manja mwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Iran. Kodi gulu la ogwira ntchito lidzatha kumangiriza luso lake lachidziwitso ku mphamvu ndi zojambulajambula zamagulu a anthu? Kodi ingathe kubereka wothandizira weniweni wa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kupyolera mu kuphatikiza bungwe ndi luso la bungwe? Ngati mayankho a mafunsowa ndi zabwino, ndiye osati dambo Ahmadinejads wa Iran akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kulenga gulu lina kopitilira muyeso-osamala ndi reactionary adzauma, koma dziko kupewa kuopseza kugwa, kusweka kapena kuwukira. Apo ayi padzakhala chete, ndipo kukhala chete ndi tchimo lathu!โ[31]
Zomwe zinachitikira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi zatsimikizira kuti chilango cholemera chikuyembekezera iwo omwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi womwe akukumana nawo kuti apange chinthu chatsopano ndikudzipereka ku lingaliro la kuyanjanitsa ndi zenizeni. Kubwera kwa ultra-reactionary new-conservatism, magulu omwe amalephera kutenga mwayi woperekedwa lero kuti asamukire kumoyo wabwinoko, ndi kudziko lina, mosakayikira adzayang'anizana ndi chilango chankhanza kwambiri.
Ardeshir Mehrdad, Mehdi Kia
July 2005
mawu amtsinde
1. Komiti yamphamvu zonse ya anthu khumi ndi awiri (12) yosankhidwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu ndi kupatsidwa ufulu wovomera zisankho ndi malamulo omwe m'malingaliro awo amatsutsana ndi 'Chisilamu' . Pachisankho chaposachedwa, 8 okha mwa ofuna 2000 omwe adavotera adavotera ndipo adaloledwa kupita papepala lovota ' ndipo ngakhale pano ofuna kusintha, Mostafa Moin (Minister of Higher Education m'boma lomwe likutuluka) ndi Mehralizadeh adangobwezeredwa pambuyo povuta kwambiri. zionetsero.
2. Onani Iran: Majles akunyanyala chisankho. Ndiyeno nchiyani? nkhani yaku Iran - Middle East Forum Series II no 1 p 2
3. Uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zisankho za mu Republic of Chisilamu ndi demokalase yanyumba yamalamulo. Osankhidwa aku Iran ali ndi ndale kwambiri ndipo awonetsa kuthekera kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito bokosi lovota mwaluso kwambiri kuti achite nawo ndale m'malo opanda demokalase okhudza dziko. Onani mwachitsanzo chisankho cha Purezidenti: Bwanji ngati matsenga alephera. nkhani yaku Iran 1993 ndi 2 p6; Majles masankho iran-bulletin nambala 25-26; Iran: Kunyanyala zisankho za Majors. Ndiyeno nchiyani? nkhani yaku Iran - Middle East Forum Series II no 1 p 2
4. Zomwe akatswiri ena akumadzulo atcha 'democracy Iranian-Islamic style'
5. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti ndondomeko ya kulanda boma, yosungidwa mosamalitsa mpaka maola 24 kuti chigamulo chachiwiri chichitike, chinayamba kugwira ntchito. Ahmadinejad, yemwe anali akutsata zisankho zoyambirira mpaka nthawi yowerengera ikuchitika, mwadzidzidzi adatulukira ngati wotsutsana ndi Hashemi Rafsanjani potsutsana ndi yemwe adalowa m'malo mwake, yemwe kale anali sipikala wa Majles, Mehdi Karrubi. Ntchito ya Ahmadinejad inagawa ma CD okwana 5 miliyoni, makamaka m'maboma ovutika m'dziko muno, zomwe zimasonyeza Rafsanjani ndi banja lake akukhala moyo wapamwamba pamene Ahmadinejad ankawonetsedwa kukhala moyo wosalira zambiri komanso kupereka malipiro ake ambiri kwa osauka. Kenako mu round yachiwiri Basij Asilikali (militia) adayambitsa njira yowunikira magetsi pomwe aliyense wa 1.5 miliyoni amphamvu. Basij adayenera kubweretsa anthu 10 kuti adzavote. Onani nyuzipepala ya Shargh (Farsi) 14 July 2005. Chief of Revolutionary Guards Corps, Zolqadr akuyankhula pamsonkhano waukulu wa Basij: 'muvuto la ndale pamene mayiko akunja ndi mafunde amphamvu mkati atsimikiziridwa, ndikukonzekera, kusintha zotsatira za zisankho mokomera iwo ndi kuteteza zikamera wa boma kothandiza ndi mfundo mfundo, tinayenera kuchita zinthu zovuta ndi mphamvu mfundo, zikomo Allah, mwa ndondomeko zolondola ndi Mipikisano wosanjikiza, anatha. kuti apeze chichirikizo cha anthu ambiri pampikisano wolimba komanso weniweni'ยฆ'Sharq, Tehran July 2005 (mu Farsi).
6. Panali osankhidwa asanu ndi atatu. Moin komanso pang'ono Mehralizadeh adayimira osintha. pragmatist Rafsanjani anali munthu wokondana kwambiri yemwe adabwera mphindi yomaliza ndipo amayembekezeredwa ndi onse omwe amayankha kuti apambane. Ena anali Karrubi yemwe ankaimira Society of Militant Clergy ' ndi maulalo ena olimbikitsa kusintha. Ena onse anali m'magulu osiyanasiyana osasintha. Awa anali mkulu wakale wa apolisi Gjalibaf, Ali Larijani woimira Mtsogoleri Wapamwamba ku National Security Council komanso Ahmadinejad.
7. Msonkhano wa akatswiri amasankhidwa ndi ovota zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zilizonse kuchokera pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo (otchedwa 'odziwa ndi nzeru'). Mwa ntchito yawo ndi kusankha a velayate faqih ' Mtsogoleri wamkulu ku Islamic Republic yemwenso ali ndi mphamvu zonse pazandale ndi zandale.
8. Onani Ardeshir Mehrdad. Njira yopitira ku chiwonongeko: njira zina zimagawanitsa anthu kumbali ina ngakhale kuti ali ogwirizana kumbali ina. nkhani yaku Iran 1995, nos11-12 p6
9. The velayate faqi amaika maudindo otchuka kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa Council of Guardian, amasankha atsogoleri ankhondo, oweruza, ndipo ali ndi 'oyimira a velayate faqih'pafupifupi chiwalo chilichonse.
10. Zomwe zilipo zoona faqih: Seyyed Ali Khamanei'.
11. Mapangidwe apawiri a Islamic Republic ndi mapiramidi awiri. Mmodzi wa piramidi yachipembedzo ndi ndale pamwamba pake ndi Mtsogoleri Wapamwamba 'Ali Khamenei'. Wina utsogoleli wadziko kutengera aphungu anyumba yamalamulo ndi utsogoleli wosankhidwa kupyolela mundondomeko zamasankho. Onani Ardeshir Mehrdad. Kodi ndale za Iran zitha kutenga anthu kapena kugonjetsedwa nazo. nkhani yaku Iran 1998 no 19-20 p10
12. Monga zidachitikira pa chisankho chapitachi kwa Majles ndi makhannsolo a matauni. Mwaona Iran Bulankhani-Middle East Forum Series II no 2 p
13 Mfundo zazikuluzikulu pavutoli zinali kulephereka kwa pulojekiti 'yokonzanso mabungwe a anthu' komanso kuchuluka kwa umphawi ndi kulephereka kwa ndondomeko ya zachuma.
14. Amadziwika ku Iran monga Kargozaran Sazandegi = othandizira zomangamanga
15. Khomeini adatcha kulanda ofesi ya kazembe wa US mu 1981 'kusintha kwachiwiri' .
16. Kaveh Afrasiabi. Ulamuliro wa Ayatollah, June28, 2005 www.atimes.com
17. Onani ibid mawu amtsinde 5 .
18. Onani Ardeshir Mehrdad. Velayate Faqih 'dongosolo lomwe lili pafupi kufa. nkhani yaku Iran 1998 ndime 17 p6
19. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mikangano inayamba kulemala Khomeini adapanga bungwe latsopano kuti liyime pamwamba pa ziwalo zina zonse: Assembly for Expediency. Onani komwe Assembly for Expediency ikukwanira. nkhani yaku Iran 1998 ndime 17 p9
20. Mosiyana ndi zochitika zam'mbuyomu panalibe kuyesetsa pang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ngati chida champhamvu cholowetsa ovota m'misasa. M'malo mwake wosankhidwa aliyense adayesetsa kudzipatula momwe angathere ndi zakale ndikudzipatula ku udindo uliwonse pa izo. Izi zinali zoonekeratu ndi Ahmadinejad yemwe, monga munthu wosadziwika, adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chinyengochi mopindulitsa. Komanso mabungwe otchuka monga Society of Teachers ku Qom Seminary, Tehran Society of Militant Clergy, Assembly of Militant Clergy, Islamic Coalition Party (Hey'at-haa-ye Mo'talefe), omwe adachitapo gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachisankho cham'mbuyomu, thandizo lawo lomwe linali lofunikira kuti anthu avote, adayikidwa pambali ndipo ndi ochepa okha omwe adakondwera kuti adalumikizidwa ndi aliyense waiwo.
21. Kuvotera kopanda kuvota sikukhala voti yotsutsa, kapenanso kunyanyala. Itha kukhalanso voti yoletsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire: kusankha pakati pa zoyipa ndi zoyipa.
22. Izi ndizosiyana ndendende ndi zomwe Ali Khamenei' adayesera kutanthauza, ndipo magulu ena otsutsa adabwerezabwereza. Kukhalapo m'malo oponya mavoti sikungadziwike kokha ku akaunti ya kuvomerezeka kwa boma. Kuvota kolakwika ku mbiri ya boma sikutanthauza voti yabwino pakukhalapo kwake.
23. Mpaka pachisankho chaposachedwa magulu ambiri otsutsa adagwiritsa ntchito kupezeka kwa anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu mu boma ngati mwayi wosinthira mwamtendere kupita kunthawi yachisilamu. Ziyembekezo zomwezo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwa ena, EU.
24: Onani mwachitsanzo Enghelabe Islami kuti mumve zambiri za kutengapo gawo kwa Ahmadinejad pakupha atsogoleri a Kurdistan Democratic Party ku Vienna (ku Farsi). Onaninso maumboni ena
25. Zomwe zinachitikira nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq ndi zothandiza pano. Kenako idagwiritsa ntchito chida ichi kuti athetse kuzungulira kwa adani a m'nyumba, kwinaku akulimbana ndi kuwukira kwakunja. Tsopano akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito chida chomwecho kuti achepetse mphamvu za otsutsa apakhomo kuti azitha kuyendetsa ndikuletsa mphamvu zakunja, makamaka USA, kuyesa kugonjetsa mwachindunji ' kaya ndi kusintha kwa velvet, kapena kuukira kochepa kapena kosawerengeka.
26. Kodi Chisilamu cha ndale, monga gulu la anthu ambiri, lingathe kudzimanganso ku Iran pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa koopsa, makamaka mu dongosolo la ndondomeko yomwe ndi njira yowonetsera kugonjetsedwa kumeneku? Zingakhale bwino kuyankha funsoli m'nkhani ina.
27. Phwando la 'barrack-based' , monga Mohammad-Reza Khatami adayika poyankhulana ndi HOMA TV, njira ya Satelight.
28. Patatha tsiku limodzi chisankho cha Ahmadinejad Tehran Bourse inataya 5% ya mtengo wake. Kutsika kwapitilira kuyambira pamenepo ndipo sikunasinthidwe kumapeto kwa Julayi. Iran State TV, Jaam-e jam, kuyankhulana ndi mkulu wa Iranian Bourse. July 28, 2005.
29. Palibe chikaiko kuti ma slogani odziwika bwino a Ahmadinejad apeza maunanso m'magulu ena osauka kwambiri. Izi zanenedwa ndi atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zatsimikiziridwa ndi magwero odziyimira pawokha. Choyiwalika, komabe, ndikuti ngakhale ambiri mwa magulu apakati adavotera Rafsanjani, ambiri mwa 20 miliyoni omwe sanavote anali a m'magulu osowawa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chikoka cha Ahmadinejad pakati pa zigawo zomwe walunjika chikhalabe chofooka. Izi sizikuyenda bwino pamalingaliro apakati atsopano-conservatives.
30. M'chaka cha 2000, 20-23% ya mabanja akumidzi ndi akumidzi amakhala pansi pa umphawi. See Nili et al, 'Barrasi-e tahavolaat-e faghr, tozi'e daramad, va refaah-e ejtemaa'ei; Sazeman-e modiriyat wa barnaameh-rizi-e keshvar; 1379 (Tehran, ku Farsi). Chiwerengero cha kusowa kwa ntchito ku Iran ndi 16 peresenti (Banki Yaikulu) ndipo kuyerekezera kosavomerezeka kuli pafupifupi 30%
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