Engler, Y. (2015). Canada ku Africa: Zaka 300 Zothandizira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ntchito. Ofalitsa a Fernbook
Buku laposachedwa la Yves Engler, lomwe lili ndi mutu Canada ku Africa: Zaka 300 Zothandizira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ntchito, limafotokoza bwino lomwe udindo wa Canada podyera masuku pamutu Africa. Engler akuyamba mutu woyamba ndi deconstructing nthano ponseponse kuti Canada kuyanjana kokha ndi ukapolo African anali ngati dziko wachifundo kumapeto kwa Underground Railroad amene analandira kuthawa akapolo American monga anthu ufulu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Engler, kwa zaka zoposa 200, madera olamulidwa ndi New France ndi British North America anatsekereza Afirika muukapolo.
Ngakhale Engler akuvomereza kuti Canada idachita nawo gawo laling'ono pakugulitsa akapolo kumtunda wa Atlantic, akuwona kuti ndikofunikira kuti anthu aku Canada ayang'anire mbiri yawo yonse. Mbali ina ya mbiriyo imaphunzitsa kuti Canada idapindula ndikuchita nawo mwachangu dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi lomwe linapundula, kuzunza ndi kupha mamiliyoni. Dongosolo lomweli linadzetsa kusakhazikika kwa ndale ndi kusatukuka m’madera ambiri a mu Afirika pamene kumalimbikitsa malonda ndi kupanga chuma ku Canada.
Engler akupereka umboni wosonyeza mmene, kuchokera ku Kenya mpaka ku Congo, anthu a ku Canada anathandizira kugonjetsa Africa. Mwachitsanzo, Engler akusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri m’gulu la amishonale mu Afirika, mazanamazana a anthu a ku Canada anapita ku Afirika kukagonjetsa kukana ulamuliro wa atsamunda ku Sudan, pamene ena zikwi zambiri anamenyera nkhondo kutetezera zifuno za ufumu wa Britain kum’mwera kwa dzikolo. kontinenti.
Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi zomwe Canada idaganiza kuti ndi ubale waufulu wanthawi yayitali ndi Africa, Canada idatsutsana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa Africa muzaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960. Malinga ndi Engler, Ottawa adatsutsa zigamulo zambiri zotsutsana ndi atsamunda ku UN ndipo m'malo mwake adapempha mabungwe omasula ufulu waku Africa kuti akhale "oleza mtima". Akuluakulu aku Canada adadzudzula magulu omenyera ufulu wawo chifukwa chomenya nawo nkhondo, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amapereka zida kwa atsamunda.
Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo phindu lililonse lomwe Africa idapambana pambuyo pautsamunda, mabungwe othandizira aku Canada monga Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), adagwirizanitsa mfundo zawo ndi IMF ndi World Bank, "kupangitsa kuti thandizo likhazikitsidwe pakukhazikitsidwa kwakutali- kufikira kusintha kotchedwa Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)” (p. 128). Mfundo yakuti kusintha kwa kamangidwe kameneka inali kuwononga moyo umene unachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto aakulu azachuma komanso okhalitsa m’dziko lonselo. Engler akulemba kuti kwa maiko ambiri a ku Africa, nthawi yosintha mawonekedwe inali yoipa kuposa Kuvutika Kwakukulu.
Bukuli lathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya kuzama ndi kuzama kwa mbiri imene limafotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, Engler amalongosola mwaluso njira zomwe Canada idachita nawo pakugwiritsa ntchito Africa panthawi yaukapolo, kudzera muutsamunda, kudzera m'makampani amigodi aku Canada omwe adagwira ntchito ku Africa ndipo pambuyo pake kudzera muthandizo ndi Madongosolo Osintha Mapangidwe, komanso potsatira mfundo zadziko lonse lapansi za neoliberal.
Malinga ndi Engler, makampani oyendetsa migodi ku Canada atulutsa ndikupitilizabe kutulutsa zinthu ku Africa m'njira zomwe sizingaloledwe ku Canada. Engler (tsamba 151) akugwira mawu a Clive Newall – pulezidenti wa imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu a migodi ku Canada, yemwe ananena mu 2008 kuyankhulana, “sitingafune kukhala ku US, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa zololeza zofunikira ndizovuta kwambiri. Zimatenga zaka 10 mpaka 20 kuti mgodi ukhale wopangidwa. Sitimagwira ntchito choncho.”
Kuphatikiza apo, makampani amigodi aku Canada omwe amagwira ntchito ku Africa nthawi zambiri amapewa msonkho komanso/kapena kuzemba msonkho. Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chuma cha ku Africa sichikuyenda bwino chifukwa cha ndale zachinyengo za ku Africa, Africa imataya zambiri chifukwa cha kuzemba msonkho kwamakampani. Engler agwira mawu kafukufuku wa Global Financial Integrity Forum omwe adapeza kuti pakati pa 1970 ndi 2008, ndalama zosaloledwa zotuluka kuchokera ku Africa zinali pafupifupi $854 biliyoni. Malinga ndi Engler (tsamba 256),
Atatu peresenti ya chiwonkhetsochi ankalingaliridwa kukhala chiphuphu kwa akuluakulu a boma kapena kuba kwa ndalama za boma. XNUMX peresenti ya ndalama zonse zosamutsidwa popanda chilolezo zinapezeka kuti ndi ndalama zotengedwa kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, katundu wabodza, kuchita chinyengo ndi zigawenga zina zofala. Unyinji wa ndalama zosaloleka, zofika pa magawo awiri pa atatu a ndalama zonse, zinali zamalonda zodutsa malire zolinganizidwa kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa misonkho. Zambiri mwa ndalamazi zinkakhala ndi mabungwe omwe amasuntha katundu ndi phindu pakati pa madera kuti achepetse kapena kuthetsa msonkho wawo.
The Mail & Guardian, nyuzipepala ya mlungu ndi mlungu ya ku South Africa, posachedwapa inanena kuti ndalama zambiri zachoka mu Afirika mosaloledwa mwalamulo m’zaka 50 zapitazi kuposa zimene kontinentiyo lalandira. Nyuzipepalayi inanena kuti makampani ang’onoang’ono ndiwo amayambitsa vuto lalikulu. Kupyolera mu kuzemba misonkho, kupeŵa misonkho, kusintha phindu ndi machitidwe monga kubweza ndalama molakwika kapena kubweza ngongole, mabungwe akusuntha mabiliyoni a madola pachaka kuchoka ku Africa. Malinga ndi lipoti la Mail & Guardian, Africa sidzafunikanso thandizo lachitukuko ngati makampani amitundu yambiri apereka gawo lawo lamisonkho m'mayiko omwe akukhala nawo.
Malinga ndi a Sol Picciotto, misonkho ndi yofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe a boma, chuma ndi anthu onse. Njira zopewera misonkho komanso zopewera misonkho zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma zapadziko lonse lapansi zimasokoneza ufulu wa mayiko a ku Africa. Engler (tsamba 257) ananena kuti “Canada yathandiza kuti pakhale ndondomeko ya zachuma padziko lonse.”
Pamapeto pake, buku la Engler limapereka umboni wokwanira wosonyeza zimene Charles Mills ananena zoti “ulamuliro wa azungu ndiwo dongosolo la ndale losatchulidwa dzina limene lapangitsa dziko lamakono kukhala mmene lilili masiku ano.” Canada adatenga nawo gawo ndipo motero adapindula ndi ukapolo wa anthu aku Africa komanso utsamunda wa Africa. Canada ikupitiriza kupindula ndi chuma cha neoliberal padziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimathandiza kwambiri chuma cha mayiko a Kumadzulo.
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