Dongosolo lazachuma lomwe lilipo pano ndilomwe limayambitsa kusokonekera kwa nyengo, akutero Herman Daly, katswiri wotsogola pankhani yazachuma komanso zachilengedwe yemwe kwazaka zambiri wakhala patsogolo pankhondo yolimbana ndi kuwongolera chuma kuti chiteteze chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha zopereka zake pazachuma ndi chilengedwe, Daly walandira mphoto zambiri zapamwamba, kuphatikizapo Honorary Right Livelihood Award ya Sweden, Mphotho ya Heineken ya Environmental Science yoperekedwa ndi Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Leontief Prize chifukwa cha zopereka zamaganizo a zachuma, ndi Mendulo ya Purezidenti wa Republic of Italy. Mu kuyankhulana kwapadera kwa Wopanda, Daly - yemwe tsopano ndi pulofesa wotuluka ku yunivesite ya Maryland School of Public Policy ndipo adagwirapo ntchito monga katswiri wa zachuma pa World Bank - akufotokoza chifukwa chake dongosolo la zachuma likuwononga chilengedwe ndikufotokozera ndondomeko zomwe dziko liyenera kuchita. kuti tikwaniritse tsogolo lokhazikika.
CJ Polychroniou: Mwakhala mukukangana kwa zaka zambiri tsopano kuti dongosolo lazachuma lomwe lilipo pano, lomwe limapangidwa motsatira mfundo za neoclassical economics, limanyalanyaza malire a mapulaneti, motero, likuwononga chilengedwe padziko lapansi ndikuyika chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo kwa anthu. . Komabe, ndi posachedwapa pamene uthengawu wakhala ukufalikira kwa anthu ambiri chifukwa cha chidziwitso chowonjezeka cha mgwirizano pakati pa mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi vuto la nyengo. Kodi mungafotokoze mwachidule momwe dongosolo lazachuma lamakono limakhudzira zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zanyengo?
Herman Daly: Chuma chamasiku ano chimakhudza chilengedwe chathu monga momwe phazi la 12 limakhudzira kukula kwa nsapato 10 - imatambasula nsapato ndikufinya phazi mopweteka. Mawu oti chilengedwe-chuma amatanthauza "kupitirira," ophatikiza mopambanitsa pitiliza nthaka yomwe ingathe kuthandizira kugwidwa kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi photosynthesis, komanso mopitirira muyeso kuchoka mafuta opangira mafuta (zosungirako zosungirako mphamvu za dzuwa za nyengo yachilimwe ya Paleolithic), komanso ma deposits ena amchere. Ndi zinthu zakuthupi izi zomwe ntchito yaumunthu imasintha kukhala chidziwitso cha kusangalala ndi moyo, ndikukhala zinyalala zakuthupi. Mlingo wa masinthidwe ndi wochulukirachulukira ngati ukupitilira kuchuluka kwa kusinthikanso kwa zinthu zongowonjezwdwa, mphamvu ya kuyamwa kwa chilengedwe pazinyalala, kapena kuwongolera kwaukadaulo wopulumutsa zinthu.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwathu kwa zinthu zomwe zasinthidwa kukhala zinyalala, "kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya," kumayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, kuyerekeza ndi malo omwe tikukhalamo omwe ali ndi malire komanso ovuta. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chizindikiro chimodzi chokha cha kupitirira, ngakhale chachikulu. Zizindikiro zina za overshoot ndi kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, kusokonezeka kwa biosphere ndi zinthu zatsopano (tetraethyl lead, endocrine disruptors, radioactive materials, etc.) zomwe biosphere sizinakhalepo ndi chidziwitso cha chisinthiko, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa kusalingana ndi umphawi, nthawi zina kumayambitsa chiwawa.
Ngakhale pali umboni wonse wosonyeza kuti kutentha kwa zinthu zakale zokwiririka pansi pa nyengo kumawononga kwambiri nyengo, dzikoli likupitirizabe kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon mumlengalenga. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kovuta kupeza lamulo lololera limene limaletsa kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta otsalira pansi pa nthaka?
Chifukwa mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale amaika mphamvu zambiri m'mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono komanso osavuta poyerekeza ndi njira zina. Komanso, mafuta opangira mafuta amasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa nthaka, ndipo mosiyana ndi mphamvu zina za nkhuni kapena chakudya cha nyama zokoka, musapikisane ndi nthaka yaulimi kuti mupeze chakudya cha anthu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta opangira zinthu zakale, takhala ndi moyo zaka zambiri kuchokera ku "malipiro" omwe tinali nawo m'malo motengera "ndalama" zamasiku ano. Izi zinapangitsa kuti chuma cha anthu chikuchuluke kwambiri, chiwonongeko chomwe tsopano chikufika kumapeto mokakamiza chifukwa cha ndalama zophatikizana zowonongeka ndi kuipitsa zomwe tingathe kuzinyalanyaza m'dziko lopanda kanthu tisanadzaze ndi katundu, "zoipa" ndi anthu.
Titha ndipo tiyenera kusintha kupita kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso, koma izi zidzafuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma cha anthu kupita ku gawo laling'ono lomwe lingasungidwe mochulukirapo kapena pang'ono pokhazikika. Zida zongowonjezedwanso zimakhala zosawonjezedwanso ngati zitagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira zokolola zokhazikika. Mfundo zokhuza kukula ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi kukwanira, kugawana ndi chitukuko m'malo mwa kukula kochulukira. Makampani opanga mafuta opangira mafuta amatsutsa mwamphamvu kusinthaku pofuna kuyesetsa kuti asagwiritse ntchito ndalama zambiri zobwereketsa komanso mapindu awo okha. Kusintha kwa mphamvu zowonjezera kuyenera kulimbikitsidwa, koma pali chiyembekezo chopanda maziko chakuti zongowonjezedwanso zidzakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zochulukirapo zokwanira kuti zilowe m'malo mwa mafuta opangira zinthu zakale popanda kuchepetsa kukula kwachuma, kapena ngakhale kukula kwake. Kufunika kochepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikofunikira. Mwachidule, titha kukulitsa luso la kugawira ndalama polowetsa ndalama zakunja, ndikuwongolera chilungamo pogawanso. Koma pokhapokha titachepetsanso kukula kwa chuma chambiri kukhala chokhazikika, tikhala tikuchita bwino kwambiri momwe zinthu zikuipiraipira, chifukwa kukula komweko kwakhala kopanda chuma.
Kukula kwachuma ndi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Inki zambiri zamalingaliro zimangowonongeka kukangana kuti mwina ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amamwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwambiri. Izi zili ngati kukangana ngati ndi kutalika kapena m'lifupi komwe kumatsimikizira dera la rectangle. M’moyo wanga, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chawonjezeka kuwirikiza kanayi (kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 8 biliyoni), pamene [kusinthasintha kwambiri ndi kosafanana] pa munthu aliyense kumwa kwakula kwambiri, mwina kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi malinga ndi mmene kuyezedwera. Palibe chilichonse chomwe chinganyalanyazidwe.
Mwapereka lingaliro la kukula kwachuma kusonyeza kuti "kukula sikungayende bwino pamene kumawonjezera mtengo wa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuposa kumawonjezera phindu la kupanga." Zowonadi, mwakana lingaliro lakuti kukula kwachuma ndi muyeso wabwino wa ubwino waumunthu, ndipo, mosiyana, mumayitanitsa kusintha kwachuma chokhazikika.
Kukula kunali kwachuma pamene dziko linalibe ife ndi zinthu zathu. Tsopano yadzaza, ndipo kukula kwachuma chathu kukufika kumalo ocheperako kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yotsika mtengo ya chithandizo chamoyo chomwe sichinachitikepo kuti tikwaniritse kuchepa kwa phindu lazakudya zazing'ono zomwe ziyenera kulengezedwa mwamphamvu kuti zigulitsidwe. Kukula m’maiko olemera tsopano kumawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa mmene kulili koyenera, sikuli kopanda chuma, ngakhale pamene kukula m’maiko osauka kumakhalabe kwachuma mpaka kufika pamlingo wokwanira wofananawo wa kukwanira. Osauka sangapeze zokwanira pokhapokha olemera atawapezera malo okhala ndi chilengedwe.
Choyamba, ndi mfundo ziti zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chuma chokhazikika? Chachiwiri, kodi chuma chokhazikika ndi chuma chobiriwira? Ndipo, chachitatu, kodi chuma chokhazikika chimagwirizanitsa bwanji kasamalidwe ndi zosowa za anthu zomwe zikukula?
Mfundo khumi zoyendetsera chuma chokhazikika zalembedwa pansipa. Ambiri amatha kutengedwa mwaokha komanso pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kuti amalumikizana m'lingaliro lakuti ena amabwezera zophophonya za ena. Zowonadi, funso la momwe chuma chomwe chikufunidwira ndichofunika kwambiri, ndipo malire amderalo, madera komanso padziko lonse lapansi ayenera kuganiziridwa popanga mfundo zogwira mtima. Khumi ndi nambala yosasinthika kuti ikhale yeniyeni komanso yolunjika. Owerenga akuitanidwa kuti awonjezere, kuchepetsa kapena kuphatikiza.
- Kupanga makina a Cap-Auction-Trade pazida zoyambira (makamaka mafuta oyaka): Khazikitsani zidziwitso zazinthu zachilengedwe molingana ndi malamulo atatu ofunikira: (1) zinthu zongowonjezedwanso siziyenera kutha mwachangu kuposa momwe zimapangidwiranso; (2) zinthu zosasinthika siziyenera kuthetsedwa mwachangu kuposa momwe zida zongowonjezwda zimapangidwira; ndi (3) zinyalala zochokera ku zinthu zonse zogwiritsidwa ntchito siziyenera kubwezeredwa ku chilengedwe mofulumira kuposa momwe zingatengedwere ndi kukonzedwanso ndi machitidwe achilengedwe. Njirayi imakwaniritsa zokhazikika komanso magwiridwe antchito amsika, amapewa Jevons rebound effect momwe kuchulukitsitsa kwazinthu kumapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthuzo, ndikukweza ndalama zogulitsira kuti zigawidwenso pang'onopang'ono.
- Kusintha msonkho: Sinthani misonkho kuchokera ku "mtengo wowonjezera" (ntchito ndi ndalama) kupita kuzomwe zimawonjezedwa, zomwe ndi kutulutsa kwachilengedwe, zomwe zakhala zolepheretsa. Misonkho yotereyi idzakweza mtengo wa chinthu chochepetsera, kupititsa patsogolo kagayidwe kake ndikupangitsa ukadaulo wopulumutsa zinthu, komanso kupereka ndalama za boma.
- Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusalingana: Khazikitsani malire ochepera komanso ochulukirapo, kusunga kusiyana kwakukulu kokwanira kuti musunge zolimbikitsa, koma kung'onozing'ono mokwanira kulepheretsa makonda achuma amisika omwe afika poipa kwambiri. Chotsaninso katundu ndi mautumiki omwe akupikisana nawo pazinthu zopezeka poyera (mwachitsanzo, kuyamwa zinyalala zam'mlengalenga) ndikuzipereka msonkho kuti zithandizire anthu, ndikumamasula zinthu zomwe sizili zopikisana (mwachitsanzo, chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso) ku kusowa kopanga kofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi mtengo dongosolo. Ndiko kuti, lekani kuchitira chosowa ngati kuti ndi chaulere, ndipo lekani kuchita chaulere ngati chosowa.
- Kusintha gawo la banki: Chotsani pamabanki osungitsa magawo ang'onoang'ono kupita ku 100 peresenti zofunika zosungira pamadipoziti ofunikira. Ndalama sizingakhalenso ngongole yokhala ndi chiwongoladzanja yopangidwa ndi mabanki apadera, koma ngongole yaboma yopanda chiwongola dzanja yoperekedwa ndi Treasury. Dola iliyonse yobwereketsa ndalama ingakhale dola yomwe inapulumutsidwa kale ndi wina, kubwezeretsa ndalama zomwe zimakhalapo pakati pa ndalama ndi kudziletsa kudya, ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwachangu, komanso kukwera kwa mitengo.
- Kuyang'anira malonda apadziko lonse kuti athandize anthu: Chokani kuchoka pa malonda aulere ndi kuyenda kwa ndalama zaulere kupita ku malonda ogwirizana ndi oyendetsedwa ndi mayiko ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti kudalirana kwa chuma cha mayiko n’kosapeŵeka, kugwirizana kwawo ndi chuma chimodzi chapadziko lonse sichoncho. Malonda aulere amachepetsa ndondomeko zogulitsira ndalama zapakhomo, komanso kulimbikitsa ndondomeko zotsika mtengo, zomwe zimatsogolera ku mpikisano wothamanga mpaka pansi pochepetsa chuma ndi ntchito. Kusuntha kwachuma kwaulere kumalepheretsanso mfundo zofananira za phindu la malonda aulere pazamalonda.
- Kukulitsa nthawi yopuma: Chepetsani nthawi yogwira ntchito wamba chifukwa cha ntchito yanthawi yochepa, ntchito zaumwini komanso zosangalatsa, potero kukumbatira moyo wabwino ngati gawo lofunikira la chitukuko pomwe mumachepetsa kulimbikira kwa ntchito zopanda malire. Kuchokera pazaukhondo, m'dera lathu lino ufulu wosankha pakati pa njira zina zoyambira nthawi yantchito ndi nthawi yopumira ndizoletsedwa kwambiri, pomwe ufulu wosankha pakati pa mitundu chikwi cha phala la kadzutsa ndi wotsimikizika.
- Kukhazikika kwa anthu: Yesetsani kukhala ndi malire omwe obadwa ndi obwera kumayiko ena amafanana ndi imfa kuphatikiza osamukira kumayiko ena, komanso momwe kubadwa kulikonse kumabadwa kofunidwa, ndipo mlendo aliyense ali ndi zikalata zovomerezeka.
- Kusintha maakaunti adziko lonse: Phatikizani GDP mu akaunti yamtengo wapatali ndi akaunti yopindula kuti kukula kwa ndalama kuimitsidwe pamene kukwera kwa ndalama zotsika mtengo kumakhala kofanana ndi phindu laling'ono komanso kukula kwina kumakhala kopanda chuma. Kuyeza molondola mtengo ndi zopindulitsa ndizovuta, koma ngakhale miyeso yolakwika ndi kufananitsa kumakhala komveka bwino kuposa kungowaphatikiza pansi pa "ntchito zazachuma."
- Kubwezeretsa ntchito zonse: Bwezeretsani lamulo la US Full Employment Act la 1945 ndi zofanana zake m'mayiko ena kuti apange ntchito zonse kumapeto, ndikukweza chuma kukhala njira zosakhalitsa. Osagwira ntchito/osagwira ntchito ndi mtengo womwe timalipira kuti tikule kuchokera ku makina opangira, off-shoring, malonda oletsedwa komanso ndondomeko yotsika mtengo yolowa m'dziko la anthu ogwira ntchito. M'mikhalidwe yokhazikika, kuwongolera zokolola kungapangitse nthawi yowonjezera yopuma m'malo mopanda ntchito.
- Kupititsa patsogolo ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi: Fufuzani gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi monga mgwirizano wamagulu amitundu, osati kupasuka kwa mayiko kukhala “dziko lopanda malire” limodzi. Kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse ndi malonda aulere, kuyenda kwa ndalama zaulere komanso kusamuka [komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi mavuto ambiri] kumathetsa chigawo cha dziko, sikusiya chilichonse chochita mgwirizano. Kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kotereku ndikukonda anthu payekhapayekha - chigwirizano chamakampani chapadziko lonse lapansi. M'malo mwake, limbitsani masomphenya oyambirira a Bretton Woods a chuma cha mayiko odalirana, ndikutsutsa masomphenya a World Trade Organization a chuma chimodzi chophatikizana padziko lonse lapansi. Lemekezani mfundo ya subsidiarity: ngakhale kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwongolera zida kumafuna mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, kukhazikitsa malamulo oyambira ndi kukonza zomangamanga kumakhalabe nkhani zakomweko. Ganizirani za kuthekera kwathu kocheperako kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pazomwe zimafunikiradi.
Ndi njira zotani zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa kuti tisinthe kupita ku chuma chokhazikika, ndipo kodi mukuwona ntchito yolimbikitsa anthu kuchitapo kanthu kutithandiza kuti tisinthe kupita ku tsogolo lokhazikika?
Ndondomeko zabwino zozikidwa pakumvetsetsa bwino za sayansi ndi zamakhalidwe ndizofunika koma sizokwanira. Kuchita mwachidwi pochirikiza ndondomeko ndikofunikira, koma kosakwanira. Timafunikira zonse ziwiri - malingaliro ndi mzimu, kumvetsetsa kwaluntha ndi kudzoza kwamakhalidwe - ngati tikufuna kuchirikiza ndi chilungamo dziko lozizwitsa lomwe talandira, lomwe tsopano lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chodziwononga tokha.
Kuyankhulana uku sikusinthidwa pang'ono kuti kumveke bwino.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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