Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yachiลตiri ya padziko lonse, ulamuliro wa demokalase waufulu unayamba kufalikira mโmaiko ambiri a Kumadzulo, ndipo mabungwe ake ndi makhalidwe ake anakhumbitsidwa ndi magulu ndi anthu paokha pansi pa maulamuliro ankhanza ndi opondereza. Komabe, ndi kukwera kwa neoliberalism, mabungwe onse ndi zikhalidwe za demokalase yamakono zidabwera mwachangu komanso mosalekeza poyesa kukulitsa malingaliro okweza phindu ndi machitidwe a capitalism m'mbali zonse zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kuyambikanso kwa ndale zaulamuliro m'madera amasiku ano akumadzulo, kuphatikizapo kukwera kwa magulu a anthu akumanja omwe otsatira awo akuwopsezedwa ndi ndondomeko zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi ndondomeko zachuma za neoliberal. M'mayiko omwe kale anali achikomyunizimu komanso m'mayiko omwe si a Azungu, panthawiyi, ulamuliro wa authoritarianism ukukulanso, mwa zina monga zotsalira za malamulo olamulira, ndipo mwina chifukwa cha ziopsezo zomwe zimawopseza chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi capitalism yapadziko lonse.
Kodi ndizotheka kuthana ndi kukwera kwa anthu ambiri? M'mafunso apadera a Truthout awa, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zilankhulo komanso aluntha wapagulu Noam Chomsky - wolemba mabuku oposa 100 ndi masauzande a zolemba zamaphunziro ndi zolemba zotchuka - amapereka chidziwitso chake chapadera pa izi ndi zina, kubweretsa kusanthula nkhani ndi mafunso omwe samakonda kuyankhidwa m'mikangano yomwe ikuchitika masiku ano yokhudza kuyambiranso kwa ulamuliro wandale. .
CJ Polychroniou: Mu 1992, Francis Fukuyama adafalitsa buku lochititsa manyazi kwambiri lotchedwa Mapeto a Mbiri ndi Munthu Wotsiriza, mโmene analosera za โmapeto a mbiri yakaleโ pambuyo pa kugwa kwa gulu la chikomyunizimu, akumatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wademokrase waufulu udzakhala โmpangidwe womalizira wa boma la anthuโ padziko lapansi. Komabe, zomwe zachitika makamaka m'zaka khumizi ndikuti mabungwe ndi zikhulupiriro za demokalase yaufulu zatsutsidwa ndi atsogoleri ambiri aulamuliro padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kukonda kwambiri dziko, kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso zikhalidwe "zofewa" zayamba kukonzanso ndale. ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Kodi mumalongosola bwanji kuyambiranso kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wandale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21?
Noam Chomski: "Makhalidwe a ndale" ndi owopsadi. Ngakhale kuti masiku ano ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu nโchochepa kwambiri, amakumbukirabe chenjezo la Antonio Gramsci kuchokera ku ndende za Mussolini ponena za vuto lalikulu la mโtsiku lake, limene โlikunena ndendende mfundo yakuti zakale zikufa ndipo zatsopano sizingabadwe. [ndipo] mu interregnum iyi pali zizindikiro zambiri zakudwala.โ
Chizindikiro chimodzi chodetsa nkhawa ndi kuyambiranso kwa ulamuliro waulamuliro wandale, nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikulandira chidwi chachikulu pamakangano a anthu. Koma โkuchuluka kwa chidwi cha anthuโ nthawi zonse kuyenera kukhala chizindikiro chochenjeza: Kodi kupangidwa kwa nkhanizi kumasonyeza zofuna zamphamvu, zomwe zimapatutsa chidwi pazifukwa zomwe zingayambitse nkhawa? Pakali pano, ndikuganiza kuti zili choncho, ndipo ndisanatembenukire ku funso lofunika kwambiri la kuyambiranso kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa ndale, ndikufuna kuti ndifotokoze nkhani zokhudzana ndi izi zomwe sindikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kuziganizira, komanso Zowona zatsala pang'ono kuchotsedwa ku chidwi cha anthu.
Ndizowona kuti "mabungwe ndi zikhalidwe za demokalase yaufulu zikuwukiridwa" kumlingo wachilendo, koma osati ndi atsogoleri olamulira okha, osati kwa nthawi yoyamba. Ndikulingalira kuti onse angavomereze kuti choyambirira pakati pa zikhalidwe za demokalase yaufulu ndikuti maboma ayenera kumvera ovota. Ngati sichoncho, "demokalase yaulere" ndi nthabwala.
Zatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti sizili choncho. Ntchito yokwanira mu sayansi yandale yodziwika bwino ikuwonetsa kuti ambiri mwa ovota sayimiridwa ndi oyimira awo omwe adasankhidwa, omwe amamvera mawu osiyanasiyana - mawu a gulu la opereka, chuma chambiri komanso gawo lamakampani (Martin Gilens, Kulemera ndi Chikoka: Kusafanana Kwachuma ndi Mphamvu Zandale ku America, Princeton University Press, 2014; Benjamin Page ndi Martin Gilens, Demokalase ku America? Zomwe Zalakwika Ndi Zomwe Tingachite pa Izi, University of Chicago press, 2017; Larry Bartels, Demokalase Yosafanana: Economy ya Ndale ya M'badwo Watsopano, 2nd ed., Princeton University Press, 2018, pakati pa ena). Komanso, ntchito yolowera ya Thomas Ferguson zikuwonetsa kuti kwa nthawi yayitali, zisankho zagulidwa kwambiri, kuphatikiza Congress, zikupitilizabe mpaka pano, 2016.
Izi zokha zikuwonetsa kuti mkangano wokhudza kusokoneza kwa Russia panjira yathu yademokalase ikuwonetsa kuphunzitsidwa kwakukulu - mu zikhalidwe za capitalist, osati demokalase.
Komanso, anthu amene amaona kuti kulowerera kwa mayiko ena nโkovuta kwambiri ngakhale kuti nโkopanda malire, ayenera kuyangโana kwina. Sizikukayikiranso kuti Israeli imasokoneza kwambiri zisankho za US ndi utsogoleri, monyadira komanso monyadira. Mlandu wina waposachedwa womwe udali wachisoni kwambiri unali mu 2015, pomwe Prime Minister Netanyahu adalankhula ndi Congress popanda kudziwitsa Purezidenti Obama kuti awononge pulogalamu yake ya Iran, kachigawo kakang'ono kakuyesa kwa Israeli kosalekeza komanso kozama kwambiri kuti asinthe ndale za US.
Kupatula nkhani zachiwiri izi, kuwukira kwakukulu kwa mabungwe ndi zikhalidwe za demokalase yaufulu ndi magulu abizinesi amphamvu, akuchulukirachulukira kuyambira pomwe Reagan pomwe zipani zonse zandale zasokonekera kugonjera zofuna zawo - ma Republican mpaka kufika pano. sangatchulidwe kuti ndi chipani cha ndale. Aliyense amene apeza zodabwitsa izi ayenera kukhala osadziwa za anthu aku America komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Pakalipano, pamene mphamvu zamabizinesi zatulutsidwa ndi antchito ake mu Republican Party, kuukira kwachikhalidwe kwa bizinesi pa "mabungwe ndi mfundo za demokalase yaufulu" kwafika pamlingo womwe sunawonekere kuyambira M'badwo Wokhazikika, ngakhale pamenepo.
Zoonadi, ndizovomerezeka kugula zisankho, kutumiza olimbikitsa anthu ku maofesi a congressional kuti alembe malamulo, komanso m'njira zina "kukonza ndondomeko za boma m'njira yomwe imathandizira zofuna zawo" - ndithudi, izi ndi "zofunika kwambiri". , gawo lopanda ngozi la ... njira zamabizinesi," Zephyr Teachout akulemba mu phunziro lofunika. Kafukufuku wasonyeza, akuwonjezera, kuti kugulitsa kwa CEO posintha malamulo kuti achepetse misonkho yamakampani kumabweretsa phindu lalikulu kuposa ndalama zochepetsera mtengo wopangira. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti zonsezi ndi njira yabwinobwino yamabizinesi.
A Teachout atchula chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 1874 chomwe chinati, "Ngati mabungwe akuluakulu adzikolo angabwereke anthu ochita malonda omwe amadzipangira okha [kuti] apititse patsogolo zofuna zawo, malingaliro abwino a munthu aliyense wamaganizo abwino. mwachibadwa angadzudzule owalemba ntchito ndiponso amene amalembedwa ntchito kuti achita katangale.โ Izi zinali, ndithudi, malingaliro a ukulu wa bizinesi asanakwere mpaka pamlingo wa "hegemonic common sense," m'mawu a Gramscian. Kusintha kwakuthwa kukuwonetsa bwino mphamvu yakuphunzitsidwa m'gulu lomwe lili ndi mabizinesi amphamvu komanso osamala kwambiri.
Pulojekiti ya Reagan-Thatcher yopititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamabizinesi osakhazikika, yopititsidwa patsogolo ndi kukulitsidwa ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwawo, yakhala chiwonetsero chandale chodzipereka komanso chogwirizana ndi magulu abizinesi kuti asinthe "vuto la demokalase" lazaka za m'ma 1960 lomwe lidasokoneza kwambiri ufulu wadziko lonse lapansi. osankhika, omwe adapereka buku loyamba la Trilateral Commission pazovuta zazikuluzi. Chodetsa nkhaลตa chawo chachikulu chinali kuchulukirachulukira kwa magulu otchuka m'bwalo landale kuti akakamize zofuna zawo, zonse zomwe zimadzetsa chitsenderezo chambiri komanso boma, kuwopseza (ngakhale izi zikadali zowonekera) kutsogola kwabizinesi. Monga momwe mtolankhani wa ku America, pulofesa wa boma wa Harvard, Samuel Huntington, anaonera modandaula kuti, โTruman anali wokhoza kulamulira dziko mothandizidwa ndi oลตerengeka ochepa chabe a maloya ndi mabanki aku Wall Street,โ koma masiku osangalatsa amenewo anali kutha chifukwa cha chiukiro cha anthu. ambiri, omwe udindo wawo mu demokalase yaufulu ndi kungokhala chete ndi kuvomereza, chiphunzitso chokhala ndi mibadwo yolemera, chomwe ndachipendanso kwina.
Kumeneko kunali mapeto a ufulu wa ndale. Chakumapeto kwanthawi yayitali, panthawi imodzimodziyo, "Memorandum ya Powell," yopita ku Chamber of Commerce ndi loya wamakampani Lewis Powell (kenako adasankhidwa kukhala Khothi Lalikulu ndi Richard Nixon), adayitanitsa kuti mabungwe azamalonda aziteteza. lokha kuchokera pakulanda dzikolo ndi magulu amphamvu omwe anali kuwononga "mabizinesi aulere" motsogozedwa ndi Ralph Nader, Herbert Marcuse ndi "oopsa" ena.
Mauthenga ndi ofanana kwambiri, koma mawu ake ndi osiyana kwambiri. Zolankhula zaufulu zimasungidwa, pomwe zolankhula zamabizinesi zimafika pachimake cha mwana wazaka zitatu yemwe ali ndi zoseweretsa zonse ndikudandaula kuti wina atha kuchotsedwa.
Mabizinesi, ndithudi, sanafunikire zikumbutso izi kuti apereke chuma chake kuti athetse kupita patsogolo kwa demokalase ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu pa nthawi ya nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo yomwe inali kuphwanya mphamvu zamabizinesi, ndikuwopseza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa phindu, monga katswiri wazandale Robert. Brenner wawonetsa. Kuukira kwa neoliberal kudabweza kwambiri ziwopsezozi, kukulitsa mphamvu zachinsinsi komanso chuma cha anthu ochepa pomwe anthu ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto azachuma kapena kuchepa, miyoyo yowopsa kwambiri, komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachikoka chandale monga mphamvu zazachuma zokhazikika. amapeza ulamuliro waukulu kuposa kale.
Zonsezi zikupitirirabe pansi pa chitsitsimutso kuchokera ku mavuto a zachuma-zachuma omwe akuchitika pansi pa Obama ndi Trump. Zaposachedwa lipoti a Dipatimenti Yantchito apeza kuti, "Kuyambira Meyi 2017 mpaka Meyi 2018, ndalama zomwe amapeza pa ola limodzi zidatsika ndi 0.1 peresenti, zosinthidwa nyengo. Kutsika kwa avareji ya ndalama zomwe amapeza pa ola limodzi ndi chiwonjezeko cha 0.6 peresenti pa avareji ya mlungu wa ntchito zinachititsa chiwonjezeko cha 0.5 peresenti cha malipiro enieni apakati pa mlungu panthaลตi imeneyi.โ Pakadali pano, phindu lamakampani likuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha chinyengo chamisonkho chomwe ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali wa Trump's Republican Party, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogula ndi zida zina zolemeretsa olemera m'malo mopanga ndalama zopindulitsa zomwe zingapindulitse anthu ndikukweza malipiro.
Mbali ina ya ndalamayi ndi kuukira kwa Reagan-Thatcher pa mabungwe, komwe tsopano kwatsogozedwa ndi chilolezo cha malamulo olondola (m'mawu a Orwellian, "malamulo oyenerera kugwira ntchito") ndi Khothi Lalikulu lomwe lidachitapo kanthu mopitilira muyeso. zaka zana. Chiphunzitso chotsogolera ndikukhazikitsa dziko la anthu odzipatula mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu zachinsinsi mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha a Thatcherite chakuti "palibe gulu," mosadziwika bwino a Thatcher pofotokoza za kudzudzula kowawa kwa Marx kwa atsogoleri aulamuliro omwe amafuna kusandutsa anthu kukhala " thumba la mbatata."
Palinso magwero ena a malaise wa anthu wamba. Kukhazikika kwachuma kwachuma m'zaka za neoliberal komanso kuyika patsogolo kwa masheya, mofulumizitsidwa ndi Reagan "Ana a Chicago, "asintha machitidwe amakampani kwambiri kuchoka ku njira yosungira ndi kuyika ndalama yazaka zazikulu zakukula kwa capitalism yokhazikika kupita ku "buyback economic" ya neoliberal reaction, nkhani. kufufuza ndi chidziwitso chochuluka ndi William Lazonick.
Apple, kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pamtengo wamsika, idadzipereka kale pakupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso chitukuko. Pansi pa CEO wawo watsopano, Tim Cook, yakhala "mfumu yogula," yolemeretsa eni ake (ndi oyang'anira). Ena akuchitanso chimodzimodzi. Lazonick akuyerekeza kuti โmadola mabiliyoni ambiri omwe akanatha kuwononga ndalama zopindulitsa mโmalo mwake agwiritsidwa ntchito kugulira masheya kuti akweze mitengo ya magawo,โ kulemeretsa olemera koma osapereka ntchito yatanthauzo ndi yokhazikika kapena katundu wothandiza. Chinyengo chamisonkho cha Republican cha 2018 chili ndi zotsatira zofanana, zonse zikuwononga anthu ogwira ntchito komanso anthu wamba. Kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa kulingalira kwakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mavuto azachuma omwe amabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa, kuvulaza kwambiri anthu osauka ndi ogwira ntchito, ngakhale kuti salinso olakwa mu makampani a zachuma, omwe amathandizidwa ndi anthu ndikutuluka olemera kuposa kale.
Pali zochizira, koma owalimbikitsa akadali m'malire azachuma. Ngakhale mwina osati motalika.
Izi, ndithudi, ndizo zonse. Mofanana ndi njira zambiri zovuta, kukwera kwa atsogoleri aulamuliro ndi zizolowezi zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimatsimikiziridwa mopitirira malire. Pali zinthu zambiri zenizeni koma zenizeni, ndikuganiza, zili m'mizere yomwe tafotokozazi.
Atsogoleri amphamvu kwambiri masiku ano - mwachitsanzo, Vladimir Putin ku Russia, Viktor Orbรกn ku Hungary, Recep Tayyip Erdoฤan ku Turkey, Bibi Netanyahu ku Israel ndi Donald Trump ku US, kutchula ochepa chabe - akusangalala kutchuka kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri ndipo zikuchitika. , m'malo mwake, adakwera pampando pogwiritsa ntchito njira zademokalase. Chikuchitika ndi chiani? Kodi pali cholakwika ndi demokalase yamasiku ano?
Apa zifukwa zenizeni zimalowa.
Pankhani ya ma demokalase aku Western - Trump, Western Europe - chomwe chalakwika ndi demokalase yamasiku ano ndikutsika kwake, ndikuwukira kwachiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wabwino pomwe ndale zikugwa kuposa masiku onse pansi paulamuliro waulamuliro wachinsinsi. osalabadira zosowa za anthu. Izi ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe cha kuchuluka kwa chuma pansi pa chiwembu cha neoliberal motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha demokalase chazaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa nkhondo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Kupsinjika Kwakukulu ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse zidatulutsa mphamvu zademokalase padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ngakhale zomwe dziko lazamalonda lidabwera mwachangu (mwachitsanzo, Taft-Hartley mu 1947), idasinthidwa mpaka zachuma. Zosokoneza za m'ma 1970, zomwe zinapereka mwayi kwa nkhondo yamagulu yamphamvu.
Ndikoyeneranso kukumbukira kuzindikirika kochedwa mu 1978 ndi Purezidenti wa United Auto Workers Doug Fraser kuti mabizinesi "adasankha kumenya nkhondo ya mbali imodzi mdziko muno, nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, omwe alibe ntchito, osauka, ochepera, ochepera, achichepere ndi achikulire kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale ambiri apakati pa chitaganya chathuโ ndipo โanaswa ndi kutaya zinthu zosalimba, zosalembedwa zomwe zinalipo kale mโnyengo ya kukula ndi kupita patsogolo.โ M'malo mwake, nkhondo ya m'kalasi inali kupitilira m'masiku otsiriza a Nkhondo Yatsopano Yatsopano isanachitike, koma inali isanakhale mbali imodzi, popeza gulu lamphamvu lantchito linalipo - chandamale chankhondo yowawa komanso yowonjezereka ya gulu limodzi munkhondo. zaka pambuyo pa nkhondo.
Ku Europe, kuwukira kwa demokalase kumakulitsidwa ndi mabungwe opanda demokalase a European Union. Zosankha zazikulu pa ndondomeko zimapangidwa ndi Troika yosasankhidwa - European Commission, International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Central Bank - ndi mabanki akumpoto pamapewa awo. Chiwerengero cha anthu chilibe chonena, ndipo amadziwa - chifukwa chachikulu cha kugwa kwa zipani zapakati zomwe zalamulira maiko kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.
Mu kuwulula kwambiri kufufuza, katswiri wazachuma a Mark Weisbrot akuwunikanso malipoti a zokambirana zanthawi zonse za IMF ndi maboma omwe ali mamembala a European Union. Anapeza "chizoloลตezi chokhazikika komanso chosokoneza." Mavuto azachuma adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mwayi wotsekereza kusintha kwa neoliberal: kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama m'boma m'malo mokweza misonkho, kuchepetsedwa kwa phindu ndi ntchito zapagulu, kuchepetsa chisamaliro chaumoyo, kufooketsa mgwirizano wapagulu, ndipo makamaka, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano. anthu "okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zogulitsira ntchito ndi malipiro ochepa, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi umphawi, boma laling'ono ndi chitetezo cha anthu, ndi njira zomwe zimachepetsa kukula ndi ntchito."
"Mapepala a IMF," a Weisbrot akumaliza, "amafotokoza tsatanetsatane wa omwe amapanga zisankho ku Europe, ndipo akwaniritsa zambiri pazaka zisanu zapitazi." Zokambiranazi ndizodziwika bwino ku US ndipo kwenikweni, kulikonse komwe kuwukira kwa neoliberal kwachitika.
Ku England, Thatcher-Major ndi Blair's New Labor, yotsatiridwa ndi Tory austerity, anali ndi zotsatira zofanana. Gulu la Corbyn ndilolimbikitsa, lotsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe a Labor ndi ma TV ambiri.
Milandu ina yomwe yatchulidwa ili ndi mawonekedwe awoawo.
Putin akuwoneka kuti anali weniweni wotchuka pa nthawi yonse ya ulamuliro wake. Crimea, zikuwoneka, thandizo kulandidwa kwa Russia. Zikuwoneka kuti pali mwayi woti pakhale chitukuko cha demokalase ku Russia pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, mwina ngakhale kulumikizana kogwirizana ndi demokalase ya ku Europe. Ziyembekezo zotere zidathetsedwa ndi zovuta zakusintha kwamisika komwe kudali kothandizidwa ndi US, zomwe zidawononga chuma ndikupangitsa kuti mamiliyoni ambiri aphedwe, ndikutsegula njira yachiphuphu chachikulu pomwe oligarch adalanda chuma chaboma. Putin adawonedwa ndi anthu ngati njira yothetsera vuto la neoliberal komanso kuchepa kwa Russia padziko lonse lapansi. Authoritarian mosakayikira, nthawi zambiri ankhanza, koma, zikuwoneka, otchuka.
Ku Israeli, nawonso, mgwirizano wachipembedzo wamtundu wakumanja ndi wodziwika kwambiri. Zowopseza Netanyahu ndizochokera kumanja kwake. Uku ndikusintha kwambiri kuyambira nthawi yomwe Israeli idalanda madera aku Palestina mu 1967, ndipo posakhalitsa idayambanso kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ake osaloledwa. Kusinthaku kunanenedweratu koyambirira ndi iwo omwe amamvetsetsa zochitika zachilengedwe zophwanya anthu pansi pa jackboot yanu. Wothirira ndemanga m'modzi yemwe adalankhula mosapita m'mbali anali wanzeru wolemekezeka wa Israeli Yeshayahu Leibowitz. Iye anadzudzula mwamphamvu ntchitoyo, osati chifukwa chodera nkhaลตa anthu a ku Palestine, amene tsogolo lawo anangowanyoza, koma chifukwa cha zotsatira zodziลตika bwino za Ayuda, amene, anachenjeza, kuti adzakhala โAyuda-Naziโ pamene akugwira ntchito zachiyuda. kuponderezedwa ndi kusamutsidwa.
Zizindikiro pakali pano ndizodabwitsa, pochita komanso m'malamulo, pokhudzana ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika m'madera omwe agwidwa ndi kusintha kwa tsankho losadziwika bwino kunyumba. Madera omwe adalandidwawo akuphatikizapo Gaza, ngakhale Israeli akunena mosiyana, zomwe sizikuvomerezedwa ndi wothandizira wake wokhulupirika ku US. Podziwa bwino kuti nyumba ya anthu 2 miliyoni ikhoza kukhala "yosakhazikika" m'zaka zochepa, monga momwe oyang'anira mayiko adaneneratu, Israeli ikupitirizabe kukhazikika, zomwe zinapangidwira kuti anthu azikhala ndi "zakudya" pamene amadzidyera okha. lofotokoza za โgulu lankhondo la makhalidwe abwino kwambiri padziko lapansiโ likuwonjezera nkhanza zimene zikuchititsa nkhanza padzikoli.
Dziko la Turkey, nalonso, ndilopadera, lomwe liri ndi mbiri yakale komanso yovuta kuyambira pamene dziko la Turkey panopa lidayamba nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha. pa nthawi ya zigawenga za boma zolimbana ndi a Kurds. Makumi masauzande anaphedwa, masauzande a matauni ndi midzi inawonongedwa, mazana masauzande - mwina mamiliyoni - anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo, ena tsopano akukhalabe m'nyumba zosiyidwa ku Istanbul. Thandizo lalikulu la milandu ya boma linali Washington: Clinton anapereka 90 peresenti ya zida zankhondo mowonjezereka pamene nkhanza zinkawonjezeka. Zochepa zomwe zidanenedwa ngakhale atolankhani akulu anali ndi maofesi ku Turkey, inde. Zambiri zomwe zilipo zimachokera ku malipoti atsatanetsatane a wofufuza wamkulu wa Human Rights Watch, Jonathan Sugden - wapamwamba kwambiri moti pomalizira pake adathamangitsidwa ndi boma. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali gulu lodabwitsa la anzeru aku Turkey - olemba otsogolera, ojambula, atolankhani, ofalitsa ndi ena - omwe sanangotsutsa zolakwazo, koma adachita kusamvera, kuyang'anizana ndi nthawi zina kupirira chilango chautali komanso choopsa. Sindikudziwa gulu lililonse ngati iwo kulikonse.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana, zinthu zidayamba kuyenda bwino, posakhalitsa, kuphatikiza zaka zoyambirira za Erdoฤan. Koma posakhalitsa kubwezeredwa kunayamba pansi pa utsogoleri wake, ndipo kwakula kwambiri. Dziko la Turkey linali ndi mbiri yoipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chozunza atolankhani, ndipo kuponderezanaku kwafikira akatswiri ophunzira ndi ena ambiri. Kuukira koopsa kwa madera aku Kurdish kwawonjezeka. Dzikoli lagawika pakati pa gulu la anthu omasuka kumanzere ndi lachipembedzo kwambiri, makamaka anthu akumidzi. Erdoฤan yemwe ndi wachisilamu wodzipatulira wathandizira gululi ndipo akudalira kuti apange dziko lankhanza komanso lopondereza lomwe lili ndi zigawo zamphamvu zachisilamu. Zomwe zikuchitika ndizopweteka kwambiri kuziwona, osati chifukwa cha milandu, koma chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chomwe chinali kutsogolo zaka zingapo zapitazo komanso kuti dziko la Turkey likhoza kukhala mlatho wamtengo wapatali, mwachikhalidwe komanso mwachuma, pakati pawo. Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa.
Hungary ndi mlandu wina wapadera. Ndi chilumba cha chikhalidwe / zilankhulo, chomwe chachita bwino kwambiri pachikhalidwe komanso mbiri yoyipa yachipani cha Nazi komanso mgwirizano ndi chipani cha Nazi. Kuchokera pa zomwe ndawerenga - ndilibe chidziwitso chapafupi - dziko lakhala likukhudzidwa ndi mantha a kuchepa, ngakhale kutayika - mantha owonjezereka ndi othawa kwawo kudutsa ku Hungary kupita ku Western Europe. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikuchepa, mwa zina kuchokera ku chonde chochepa, mwa zina kuchokera ku kusamuka kwakukulu kupita Kumadzulo. Orbรกn wagwiritsa ntchito manthawa kuti apange "demokalase yopanda ufulu" yodzipereka "kupulumutsa dziko la Hungary" ndi "zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe," mokhala ndi chizolowezi chodana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso kusankhana mitundu. zopempha zoterozo.
Pali zambiri zonena za kusankhana mitundu ku Europe, zomwe sizikuwoneka ngati anthu ali ofanana kwambiri, koma zimawonekera mwachangu pakangochitika "kuipitsidwa" kulikonse ndi omwe ali osiyana pang'ono. Ndipo palibe chifukwa chofotokozera mbiri ya Ayuda, ndi ya Aromani mpaka pano.
Spofika pachimake kwa atsogoleri aulamuliro, ndadabwitsidwa ndi zomwe bungwe la ndale la US likuchita pakuchita kwa Trump pa msonkhano wa Helsinki ndi Putin. Cholakwika ndi chiyani ndi lingaliro la US ndi Russia kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuthana ndi mavuto akulu apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akukumana nawo masiku ano, kuphatikiza kuwopseza kwa zida za nyukiliya? Kodi inuyo mukuganiza bwanji pankhaniyi? Kodi Trump analakwitsa? Kodi anali "anti-American"?
Palibe cholakwika chilichonse ndi US ndi Russia kufunafuna ubale ndi mgwirizano pazinthu zotere. N'kofunika kwambiri pa chiyembekezo cha tsogolo labwino, ngakhale kupulumuka. Russia sayenera kukana kuthana ndi US ndipo (zinali zotheka) kuyika zilango ku US ndi UK chifukwa adalanda ndikuwononga Iraq ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachigawo, kapena (ndi France) adawononga Libya ndi zoyipa kuchokera ku West Africa kupita. Levant, pamodzi ndi zolakwa zina zambiri zomwe sitingathe kuzitchula. Kapena mosiyana (kupatula kukula kwa milandu).
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe mayiko akuyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi, ndipo nthawi zina amachita, monga ku Syria kuti apewe mikangano yomwe ingayambitse nkhondo. Zosowa ndizokulirapo kumalire a Russia, komwe, chifukwa cha kukulitsa kwa NATO ndikumanga mphamvu, ngozi zokhala ndi zotsatira zosaneneka zitha kuchitika mosavuta. Pali zochitika zina zambiri pomwe kusinthana kwakukulu ndikofunikira. Pankhani za nyukiliya, zochulukirapo. Monga tafotokozera kwina, mapulogalamu a Obama opititsa patsogolo zida za nyukiliya anawonjezera "mphamvu yakupha" mokwanira kuti apange "ndendende zomwe munthu angayembekezere kuwona, ngati dziko la zida za nyukiliya likukonzekera kukhala ndi mphamvu zomenyera nkhondo ndi kupambana nkhondo ya nyukiliya. powachotsera zida adani ndi kumenya koyamba modzidzimutsa,โ monga tafotokozera mโnkhani yofunikira phunziro mu Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Mapulogalamu a nyukiliya a Trump amakulitsa chiwopsezo ngakhale kupitilira apo, ndi zida zatsopano komanso zowopsa kwambiri komanso kutsika kwakukulu kwankhondo yanyukiliya - chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo ku Russia, ndi dziko lonse lapansi; ngakhale woukirayo angawonongeke ndi kumenya koyamba. Pansi pa George W. Bush, US idachoka ku pangano la Anti-Ballistic Missile, vuto lina lalikulu ku Russia. Zoyeserera za zida zaku Russia ndi zomwe akuchita zimawonjezeranso chiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko.
Kutembenukira kwa Trump, zochita zake sizomveka ngati zikutsogozedwa ndi njira zina zadziko. Kumbali ina, akulankhula mwaulemu ndi Putin (ena amati genuflecting) ndipo akufuna kuchepetsa mikangano, pomwe mbali inayo, akukulitsa mikangano ndi ziwopsezo. Pulogalamu ya nyukiliya yomwe yangotchulidwa kumene ndi chitsanzo chimodzi choopsa kwambiri. Akutumizanso zida ku Ukraine ndikuwonjezera mphamvu za NATO ndi ntchito kumalire a Russia - zomwe mtsogoleri aliyense waku Russia angawone ngati zowopsa. Zilango zokhwima zaperekedwa ku Russia, zomwe sizikudziwa momwe ziwopsezo zikuchulukira - zikanakhala bwanji? Makampani osindikizira, akutchula malipoti a US Treasury, anati kuti dziko la Russia โlikuthetsa chuma cha dollar pamlingo wabwino kwambiri, likugulitsa magawo anayi mwa asanu a ngongole zake za boma la United States, zokwana madola 81 biliyoni, mโnyengo ya miyezi iลตiriโ kuti ateteze chuma chake ngati ubale ungapitirire kuipa.
Ngakhale kuti ndondomeko za Trump sizimveka bwino pamalingaliro a geostrategic, zimagwera m'malo poganiza kuti akupitiriza kuchita "Ine Choyamba"Zotsatira zadziko lapansi, nkhani zomwe tidakambirana kale. Ndondomekoyi imafuna kusunga kukhulupirika kwa maziko ake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti adzakhalabe okhulupirika ngati kafukufuku wa Mueller abwera ndi chinachake chomwe chimamuwononga. Cholinga chachikulu cha msonkhano wake wa atolankhani ndi a Putin, wotsutsidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro apamwamba, chinali kuyesetsa kwake kunyoza Mueller. Njirayi ikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Ambiri aku Republican amavomereza momwe Trump adachitira ndi Putin, ndi kafukufuku onetsani kuti chithunzi chapagulu cha Mueller ndichotsika kwambiri.
Pakalipano, kukwera kwakukulu ndi ziwopsezo zimakhutiritsa gulu lachitetezo cha dziko.
Zotsirizirazi zimapanga mitundu yotakata. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kukhulupirira, sitinganyalanyaze mfundo yakuti anthu olemekezeka kwambiri amatsatira ziphunzitso zomwe ziri, zenizeni, zachilendo kwambiri kuti tikambirane. Mwachitsanzo, Richard Haass, katswiri wolemekezeka komanso kazembe komanso pulezidenti wa nthawi yayitali wa Council on Foreign Relations, amatilangiza ndi nkhope yowongoka kuti โDongosolo la mayiko kwa zaka mazana anayi lakhazikika pa kusalowerera mโzochitika za mkati mwa ena ndi kulemekeza ulamuliro. Dziko la Russia laphwanya lamuloli polanda Crimea komanso kusokoneza chisankho cha 4 cha US. Tiyenera kuthana ndi [ndi] Russia ya Putin monga momwe ilili yovuta. "
Mawu amalephera.
Ku Israeli, chikalata chotsutsana chonena za "dziko lachiyuda" changoperekedwa kumene chomwe sichimatchula za ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Kodi pali china chatsopano kumbuyo kwa kuperekedwa kwa bilu iyi chomwe sichinali chenicheni nthawi zonse malinga ndi momwe Israeli amaonera?
Zachisoni, mkati mwa Israeli palokha, lamulo latsopano la Julayi 2018 silinali lotsutsana kwambiri, ngakhale lasokoneza malingaliro omasuka padziko lonse lapansi. M'malo mwake ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku US, komwe kuyambira nkhondo ya 1967, wakhala wothandizira wamkulu wa Israeli. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Israeli anali wokondedwa wa malingaliro omasuka komanso opita patsogolo. Pofika lero, izo zasintha kwambiri. "Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center mu Epulo [2018], anthu odzitcha okha a Democrats anali ndi mwayi womvera chisoni anthu aku Palestine ku Israeli kuposa momwe analili zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Anthu 2001 pa 33 aliwonse omasuka amamvera chisoni anthu aku Palestine, ambiri kuyambira XNUMX, pomwe XNUMX peresenti amamvera chisoni Israeli.
Thandizo la Israeli lasamukira ku ufulu wa ultranationalist ndi alaliki achikhristu - ambiri mwa iwo amaphatikiza kuthandizira kwa Israeli ndi chiphunzitso chakuti Kudza Kwachiwiri, mwina posachedwa, kudzapereka Ayuda onse ku mazunzo a chiwonongeko chamuyaya kupatula ochepa omwe adzatero. kupeza Khristu mu nthawi - mlingo wa anti-Semitism wosayerekezeka ngakhale mu Nazi Germany.
Israeli ikudziwa bwino kuti ikutaya thandizo pakati pa magulu amalingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi nkhawa paufulu wa anthu ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake ikufuna kukulitsa maziko ake othandizira ku East, makamaka ku China ndi India, omalizawa akukhala bwenzi lachilengedwe pazifukwa zingapo, kuphatikiza kusokonekera kwa madera onse kutsata ultranationalism, ndondomeko zamkati zamkati komanso chidani cha Chisilamu. Ikutsimikiziranso zomwe zakhala zikugwirizana ndi mayiko achiarabu omwe amachitira nkhanza kwambiri, Saudi Arabia ndi UAE, omwe tsopano aphatikizidwa ndi Egypt pansi paulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo.
Lamulo latsopano la dziko likuti Israeli ndi dziko lachiyuda, limatsitsa mbiri ya Chiarabu ndikuloleza madera a Ayuda okha. Zimaphwanya malo ena atsopano, koma osati kwambiri. Chatsopano ndi kukwera kwa mfundo za tsankho ku Basic Law - udindo walamulo. Kalekale, khothi lalikulu kwambiri ku Israeli lidatsimikiza kuti Israeli ndi "dziko lodziyimira pawokha la anthu achiyuda" ...
Mmodzi mwa otsutsa omveka bwino a lamulo latsopano, wolemba wabwino wa Israeli Yitzhak Laor, amatikumbutsa kuti pokambirana za Lamulo la Dziko la 1960, Zerach Warhaftig, yemwe anayambitsa National Religious Party komanso amene anasaina chikalata cha Declaration of Independence, ananena kuti, โTikufuna kuti zidziwike kuti dziko la Isiraeli ndi la mtundu wa Isiraeli.. Mtundu wa Israeli Ndi lingaliro lalikulu kuposa mtundu womwe umakhala ku Ziyoni, chifukwa mtundu wa Israeli umapezeka padziko lonse lapansiโฆ. [Mโlamulo latsopanoli] muli nkhani yachilendo kwambiri yachiweruzo: tikupereka chivundikiro chalamulo ku malamulo a Keren Kayemet leYisrael [Jewish National Fund, kapena JNF]โ (yotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Chihebri).
Malamulo a JNF nawonso amakakamiza bungwe kuti ligwire ntchito yopindulitsa "anthu amtundu wachiyuda, chipembedzo kapena chiyambi." Zitha kuonjezedwa kuti kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi okhometsa misonkho aku America chifukwa chakusalipira msonkho kwa JNF ngati bungwe lachifundo.
Warhaftig anali wolondola pafupifupi zaka 60 zapitazo. Malamulo angapo azamalamulo ndi oyang'anira adakhazikitsidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti JNF ikhala ndi ulamuliro pa madera onse aboma - 93 peresenti ya gawo la dzikolo - motero, mphamvu zowonetsetsa kuti madera azikhala Ayuda okha, kupatulapo zazing'ono komanso zonyozeka. . Zambiri zalembedwa ndikulembedwa mu wanga Ku Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira (1982).
Laor akutikumbutsa kuti chiyambire pamene lamulolo linakhazikitsidwa, โmidzi 700 inakhazikitsidwa, yonse ya Ayuda, kuwonjezera pa mizinda yoลตerengeka ya Abedouin [osamutsidwa] (omwe amayenera kunyozedwa).โ Pakali pano, anthu 20 pa 2 alionse amene sanali Ayuda angotsala 70 peresenti ya malo amene anapatsidwa pamene boma linakhazikitsidwa zaka XNUMX zapitazo.
Mโchaka cha 2000, makonzedwe a kasamalidwe ka malo osankhana mitundu anafika ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku Israel. Linapereka chigamulo chochepa chomwe chinapatsa opempha, banja lachiarabu la akatswiri, ufulu wosamukira ku tauni ya Katzir ya Ayuda onse. Posakhalitsa, makonzedwe anayamba kupangidwa kuti asokoneze lamuloli, koma tsopano sikufunikanso, chifukwa tsankho limaloledwa mwalamulo ndi Lamulo Loyamba.
Zambiri mwa izi ziyenera kukhala zodziwika kwa Achimereka. Ntchito za New Deal zomanga nyumba za anthu zinali zoletsedwa kwa azungu ndi malamulo omwe adagwirabe ntchito mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, pamene kunali kochedwa kwambiri kuti athandize anthu a ku Africa America chifukwa zaka zapambuyo pa nkhondo zakukula mofulumira komanso zofanana, zomwe zinawapatsa mwayi, zinali kutha. , ndipo nkhanza za andale zinali zitatsala pang'ono kubwera, zomwe zinayambitsa kuyimilira. Mutu wina womvetsa chisoni m'mbiri ya tsankho ku America.
Chodziwikanso kwa anthu aku America ndikudzipatula ku US kuthandizira njira zotere (kupatulapo zowoneka bwino zomwe tazitchula kale), tsopano zikufika pamiyeso yatsopano muulamuliro wa Trump. Mโmasiku otsiriza a ulamuliro wa tsankho ku South Africa, Reagan anali yekha padziko lapansi pochichirikiza, ngakhale kukana kukhalapo kwa tsankho, ngakhale Thatcher ndi Israel atasiya chombo chomiracho. Titha kukumbukiranso kuti panthawi yomaliza ya tsankho, mu 1988, boma la Reagan linanena kuti African National Congress ya Nelson Mandela ndi "gulu la zigawenga zodziwika bwino" padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti analemekezedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Mandela anakhalabe pa mndandanda wa zigawenga za US mpaka 2008, pamene pamapeto pake chigamulo cha congressional chinamulola kuti alowe mu "dziko la ufulu" popanda nthawi yapadera.
Nthawi zambiri, pali zatsopano pang'ono pansi pano.
TBanki Yadziko Lonse ikupitilizabe kuthandizira maulamuliro aulamuliro ku Global South popereka ndalama ndi bailouts. Kodi ndimotani mmene UN ndi maboma ademokalase akumadzulo angalolere mkhalidwe wotero wa Banki Yadziko Lonse?
Tsoka ilo, yankho ndilomveka bwino. Monga momwe machitidwe awo amasonyezera mosalekeza, โmaboma a demokalase akumadzuloโ amatsatira mfundo zofanana ndi zimenezi ndi changu. Ziyenera kukhala zopambanitsa kufotokoza, koma popeza tikukhala mโmalo odzisangalatsa, kungakhale kothandiza kulingalira chitsanzo chimodzi. Tengani dziko la Congo, lomwe liyenera kukhala limodzi mwa mayiko olemera kwambiri komanso apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi, omwe ali ndi chuma chachikulu komanso opanda zoopseza - kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo, ndiko. Pamene Ulaya ankasakaza Africa, dziko la Congo linali mโmanja mwa Mfumu Leopold ya ku Belgium, amene milandu yake yoopsa inali yoposa miyezo ya anthu onse a Kumadzulo โounikaโ. Sanapite popanda kutsutsidwa. Mu otchuka 11th kope la Britannica, nkhani yonena za mfumuyo imayamikira zimene wachita, koma pamapeto pake ikuwonjezera mawu akuti inachitira nkhanza anthu akeโkupha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kulamula kuti azunzidwe mwankhanza kuti apeze mphira wochuluka mโnkhokwe zake zosefukira.
"Zowopsya, zowopsya" pamapeto pake zinatha mu 1960, pamene dziko la Congo linalengeza ufulu wodzilamulira. Mtsogoleri wawo anali Patrice Lumumba wachinyamata wachikoka, yemwe mwina adachotsa dziko la Congo ku zovuta zautsamunda. Koma sizinali kutero. CIA idapatsidwa ntchito yomupha, koma a Belgian adafika koyamba, ndipo pamodzi ndi ma demokalase ena omasuka, adathandizira kugwetsa dziko la Congo ku mantha ndi chiwonongeko motsogozedwa ndi wokondedwa waku Western, wakupha kleptomaniac Mobutu, yemwe adawonetsetsa kuti chumacho chikuyenda bwino. ya ku Congo idzayenda mโnjira yoyenera. Kutumiza mwachangu mpaka lero, onse omwe amasangalala ndi mafoni anzeru ndi zosangalatsa zina zaukadaulo amapindula ndi mchere wolemera waku Eastern Congo, woperekedwa kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe akuzungulira pafupi ndi zigawenga zankhondo ndi achifwamba ochokera ku Rwanda mothandizidwa ndi US pomwe chiwopsezo chakufa chikufikira mamiliyoni ambiri. .
Kuti maulamuliro a demokalase a Kumadzulo ayenera kulekerera kuchirikiza maulamuliro aulamuliro si chinsinsi.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti chingatenge chiyani kuti aletse kufalikira kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wandale padziko lonse lapansi?
Malangizo odziwika bwino, osavuta kunena, ovuta kuwatsata, koma ngati pali njira ina, yasungidwa chinsinsi chakuda: kukhulupirika, kudzipereka, kulimba mtima komanso kulimbikira kuchitapo kanthu, kuyambira pamaphunziro ndi bungwe mpaka kuchita zolimbikitsa, kulemekezedwa mosamalitsa kuti zitheke pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe ilipo. . Kugwira ntchito molimbika, ntchito yofunikira, mtundu womwe wapambana m'mbuyomu ndipo ungathenso.
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