Kupereka kwa Reimagining Society Project yolembedwa ndi ZCommunications…
Malcolm X (1968) adanenapo kuti omenyera ufulu wachizungu omwe amalowa m'magulu akuda omwe amalimbana ndi kuponderezedwa ndi kuchotsera anthu akuda akutenga njira yopulumukira kuti apulumutse chikumbumtima chawo cholakwa. Iye adaganiza kuti omenyera ufulu wachizungu adzakhala othandiza kwambiri, ndipo kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yolimbana ndi kusintha kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri, ngati kuyambika m'madera mwawo, m'malo momangokhalira kuyendayenda pafupi ndi magulu akuda. Anthu ena akhoza kutsutsa mkangano wa Malcolm X kuti ndi wongokonda dziko; komabe, ndikuganiza kuti Malcolm X anali kudzutsa mafunso ozama kwambiri okhudzana ndi mgwirizano komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamayendedwe.
Anthu ambiri amitundu kumanzere amayenera kulimbana ndi mafunso awa nthawi ina m'miyoyo yawo. Pofotokoza za mabungwe olimbana ndi tsankho ku South Africa, Biko (2004) adawona kuti, mwamalingaliro, mabungwe ambiri akuda anali pansi paulamuliro wa azungu chifukwa azungu omasuka nthawi zonse amadziwa zomwe zili zabwino kwa anthu akuda ndipo amawauza choncho. Kulankhula za kayendedwe ka akazi ku US, ma belu mbedza (2000) akunena kuti kusankhana mitundu kumaphunzitsa azimayi achikazi apakati kuti akhulupirire kuti amatha kutsogolera magulu omenyera ufulu wachikazi. Ndipo, ndi chifukwa cha tsankho lokhazikitsidwa kuti omenyera ufulu wachikazi azitha kulowa m'mabungwe ambiri monga mayunivesite, nyumba zosindikizira ndi ma media ambiri, zomwe zimalimbitsa malingaliro atsankho kuti omenyera ufulu wachikazi okha ndi omwe amatha kulemba, kufufuza komanso kufotokoza mayendedwe a azimayi.
Azimayi akuda ophunzira omwe angayerekeze kunena izi nthawi zambiri amakhala osasankhidwa, osalankhula komanso osankhidwa, amatsutsa mbedza. Izi zimakhala pulojekiti yosavuta kuchita m'gulu la anthu atsankho lomwe limapanga mdima weniweni kutanthauza 'kulankhula patois ya anthu akuda osauka, osaphunzira, amisewu ndi zina zosiyanasiyana'. Anthu akuda ophunzira omwe amapatsidwa mawonekedwe komanso omwe amatengedwa mozama mkati mwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi akuda omwe amavomereza malingaliro a nkhani yaikulu, akulemba mbedza.
Nkhaniyi ikunena kuti kumanga mayendedwe amphamvu omwe sangawonongeke, omwe amavomereza zosiyana, zomwe zimawopseza kukhazikitsidwa, choyamba, mayendedwe athu ayenera kumangidwa pamalingaliro odana ndi tsankho. Kachiwiri, magulu amagulu amayenera kupangidwa m'njira yomwe simayenderana ndi maudindo a utsogoleri omwe ali ndi mwayi wamagulu ndi mwayi wina kumbali yawo. Zoyenda ziyenera kukhala chithunzithunzi cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chomwe tikufuna. Sitikufuna kuti anthu azichita zinthu mongotsatira mfundo za m'Baibulo. Monga adawonera Alinsky (1969), 'mayendedwe okhazikitsidwa ndi pulogalamu yochepa yokhudzana ndi anthu ochepa amakhala ndi moyo wochepera'. Chimene tikufuna kuposa china chirichonse ndi kayendetsedwe kake kakukula; gulu lokhala ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, komabe kutengera zomwe anthu amakumana nazo komanso zokhumba zawo. Chilichonse kupatula izi ndi 'kudzigonjetsera, kukhumudwitsa komanso kopanda chiyembekezo'.
Kusuntha kungakhale chiwonetsero cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chomwe timafuna pamene chimachokera pazikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zolinga zathu. Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kupeza anthu opanda magulu; anthu ogwirizana potengera mgwirizano, kusiyanasiyana, komanso kudzilamulira. Chimene tikufuna ndi gulu losakhala la hierarchical momwe mamembala amatha kutenga nawo mbali momasuka popanga zisankho zomwe zimakhudza miyoyo yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, tikufuna gulu lomwe limalimbikitsa kusagwirizana, gulu lomwe limalimbikitsa malingaliro abwino pankhani yofunsa mafunso.
Gawo lomwe likutsatira likufufuza chilichonse mwa mfundozi mozama ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, likuwonetsa momwe zikhalidwezi zingathandizire mayendedwe kukula mu manambala ndi mphamvu zandale.
Malingaliro odana ndi tsankho komanso Kusiyanasiyana
Nkhaniyi ikunena kuti nkhani yomanga mayendedwe otakata komanso ophatikiza ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Mayendedwe ambiri samakula kapena sangathe kukopa ndi kusunga mawu osiyanasiyana chifukwa cholephera kuthana ndi zikhalidwe zaulamuliro wa azungu zomwe zimawalepheretsa kapena kuwapangitsa kukhala opanda mphamvu. Lingaliro la ulamuliro wa azungu lagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani ino ponena za chizoloŵezi cha anthu kuyamikira mopambanitsa chopereka cha azungu; pamene, nthawi yomweyo, devaluing khama ndi zinachitikira akuda. Mfundo zoyera zapamwamba siziyenera kuwonekera mumayendedwe oyera a Ku Klux Klan, m'malo mwake, zomwe zimafunika ndikuti mayendedwe mosadziwa akhazikitse mkhalidwe wosagwirizana womwe umapangitsa anthu amtundu kukhala osamasuka kapena opanda mphamvu.
Zomwe ambiri akumanzere sakuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa ndikuti ndizotheka kuti kukomera mtima kukhaleko limodzi ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro za azungu. bell hooks (1992) akulemba kuti ambiri opita patsogolo akuda amakhumudwitsidwa ndi kupita patsogolo koyera chifukwa nthawi zambiri, zomwe takumana nazo ndi iwo zimasonyeza kuti opita patsogolo oyera amafuna kukhala nafe popanda kusokoneza maganizo a white supremacist okhudza anthu amtundu. "Tinawona kuti nthawi zambiri amalephera kusiya lingaliro lakuti azungu ali abwinoko, anzeru, okhoza kukhala aluntha ...."
Mosakayikira, iyi ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi omwe anthu ambiri amatsatira. Kuphatikiza apo, ichi ndi lingaliro lomwelo lomwe limalola kupititsa patsogolo koyera kuma media ndi nyumba zosindikizira. Ndipo, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wawo woyera komanso mwayi wawo wopita ku media ndi nyumba zosindikizira kuti ziwonekere ku ntchito zanzeru za anthu amitundu, opita patsogolo oyera nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati amatha kuweruza bwino lomwe mawu akuda akuyenera kumveka, akuwonetsa. mbedza.
Pali njira zambiri zomwe gulu lodana ndi tsankho lingathe kuthana ndi chikhalidwe chodzigonjetsa ichi. Poyamba, magulu akuyenera kuvomereza kuti mwayi wa azungu ndi maudindo ena omwe anthu ambiri amathandizira kuti azungu azipita patsogolo, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo zolinga za gululi, komanso kupanga mipata yoti mawu akuda amvedwe ndikuwonetseredwa m'magulu ambiri. ndipo anasiyanso mabuku. Momwe izi zingatengere zenizeni zimatengera zomwe azungu omwe akupita patsogolo kapena mabungwe azungu omwe akupita patsogolo ali okonzeka kusiya. Gulu lomwe limafotokoza momasuka nkhaniyi lingakhale losangalatsa kwa anthu amitundu yambiri.
Njira ina yomwe mayendedwe angatsutse zikhulupiriro zoyera ndi kupanga chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi tsankho. Njira imodzi yochitira izi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magawo opatsa mphamvu akuyenda mozungulira m'njira yomwe idapangidwa kuti ilimbikitse kusiyanasiyana. Kachiwiri, titha kupanga mayendedwe ndi mapulojekiti omwe atsala omwe titha kupanga m'njira yolimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa kutengapo mbali ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa anthu amitundu. Chofunika koposa, machitidwe aliwonse omwe tili nawo othana ndi malingaliro oti azungu amayang'ana kwambiri m'mayendedwe athu, amayenera kuunika nthawi zonse ndikuwongolera kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zomwe tadzipangira tokha.
Classless Society
Nkhaniyi ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Parecon kuti ngati tiwona mayendedwe athu ngati olimbikitsa anthu opanda magulu, tiyenera kudziwa magulu atatu osati awiri. Choncho, ikukana mtsutso umene umati pali magulu awiri okha, omwe ndi: ogwira ntchito ndi makapitalist. Mtsutsowu umakanidwa chifukwa chakuti kulingalira koteroko kumakakamiza munthu kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a umwini wa katundu; zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu apakati kapena ang'onoang'ono a bourgeoisie ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa koma osati zambiri, akufotokoza Albert (2002). Chifukwa chake, lingaliro lakuti china chake kupatula kusiyana kwa umwini kungakhale gwero la kugawikana kwa magulu ndipo ngakhale ulamuliro wamagulu sangaganizidwe mumalingaliro awa. Ndicho chifukwa chake chimango chanzeru ichi sichifufuza mozama za kukhalapo kwa gulu lachitatu - gulu la ogwirizanitsa.
Anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri amatanthawuza gulu la ogwirizanitsa ngati 'gulu la akatswiri'. Zilipo pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi ndalama, komabe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zonsezi makamaka chifukwa zimagwirizana ndi makapitalist monga antchito aluntha. Lingaliro la gulu la ogwirizanitsa limachokera ku lingaliro lakuti mtundu wa ntchito yomwe timachita ukhoza kutilekanitsa m'makalasi.
Kumvetsetsa kwa gulu la ogwirizanitsa kuli ndi zotsatira ziwiri pa ndondomeko ya kayendedwe. Choyamba, kusanthula kwamagulu komwe kumaganizira za kukhalapo kwa magulu atatu kumatikakamiza kuti tifune kuchotsa umwini wazinthu zopangira. Kachiwiri, kusanthula kwa kalasi kumatengera lingaliro lakuti mtundu wa ntchito zomwe timachita ukhoza kutigawa m'makalasi, udzafunanso kugwetsa magawo a ntchito omwe amapereka mphamvu kwa mamembala a gulu la ogwirizanitsa, ndikuletsa ogwira ntchito ku zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. ndi ntchito zomwe zimafuna kumvera m'malo mopanga nzeru (Albert, 2003).
Zomwe zikutanthawuza pamagulu opita patsogolo ndikuti m'malo motsogozedwa ndi anthu omwe ali mgulu la otsogolera - kutanthauza mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi 'kukhazikitsa mitundu yamaphunziro', tiyenera kuyesetsa kupanga magulu ozikidwa pa 'pulogalamu ya anthu'. Mayendedwe athu akuyenera kukhala olimbikira ntchito momwe timawapangira, komanso mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chomwe amakulitsa. Alinsky (1969) akufotokoza kuti tiyenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse kuti "gulu lenileni la anthu, lomwe amakhulupirira kwathunthu ndi lomwe amadziona kuti ndilo lawo, liyenera kuzikidwa pazochitika za anthu okha." tsamba 78). Ndi malingaliro a nkhaniyi kuti gulu monga Zapatista liri ndi mzimu uwu. Ndipo, monga Zapatista, nkhaniyi sikutsutsana ndi aluntha. Nkhaniyi imakonda mayendedwe a anthu ''anthu aluntha', ndipo imakana malingaliro ndi malingaliro a anthu anzeru omwe adakhazikitsidwa. Mwa zina, kuyanjana ndi kuphunzitsidwa mwaukadaulo kwa akatswiri azamalamulo kumawapangitsa kufuna kutchuka ndi mphamvu. Zomwe mayendedwe amafunikira mosiyana ndi aluntha omwe amatha kufotokoza ndi kuteteza zomwe gululo likufuna popanda chiyembekezo chilichonse cha mphotho zapagulu kapena zakuthupi. Kuyesera kupanga mayendedwe a aluntha organic kuyenera kutsagana ndi dongosolo lotheka kapena njira yodzitetezera ku malingaliro a mineard.
Pofuna kuthana ndi malingaliro agulu la otsogolera kapena otsogolera, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuti mayendedwe akuyenera kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa njira zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ndikupanga njira zofalitsira chidziwitso ndi luso lokonzekera kwa mamembala onse, m'malo mongoika luso lawo ndi anthu ochepa. pamwamba kapena ndi anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Dongosolo lomwe munthu m'modzi amapitako ndikulankhula za kayendetsedwe ka misonkhano yakumanzere yapadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zonse sizigwirizana ndi zikhumbo zathu zopanga gulu losagwirizana komanso lophatikizana. Cholinga chake ndikumanga anthu aluntha omwe ali ndi mayendedwe, osati kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za akatswiri azamaphunziro. Zolinga zoyambitsa anthu aluntha zamagulu ndikuti mayendedwe amayenera kutenga nawo gawo popanga malingaliro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe cholinga chake ndi kufotokoza zenizeni zawo ndi zokhumba zawo. Ndipo, malingaliro amenewo ayenera kudziwitsidwa ndikuwumbidwa ndi zomwe anthu amakumana nazo komanso nkhawa zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yayikulu ya aluntha organic ndikupangitsa kumvetsetsa kwina kwa zenizeni ndi machitidwe pochotsa ndi kusokoneza nkhani zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, kutanthauzira Cornel West (1991).
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mayendedwe alibe ntchito pa kafukufuku kapena chidziwitso chomwe akatswiri amaphunziro amapanga. Ngati mayendedwe apeza kuti kafukufukuyu ndi wothandiza, ayenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito mopanda manyazi, osati izi zokha, koma molimba mtima azigwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho pazolinga zawo. Momwemonso, akatswiri akamaphunzira akafuna kutenga nawo mbali pama projekiti amagulu ayenera kutero potengera zomwe zachitika.
Kupanga zisankho motengerapo mbali ndi kupanga mayendedwe osakhala a hierarchy
Magulu a anthu asakhale malo omwe anthu ena amalamulira kapena kutsogola pomwe ena, omwe amati ali ndi chidziwitso chonama, amamvera. M'malo mwake, magulu ayenera kulimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali popanga zisankho, pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ambiri kapena kupanga zisankho mogwirizana. Anthu omwe ali m'magulu a anthu ayenera kukhala ndi maganizo pakupanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu m'magulu amagulu akuyenera kusankha momwe zisankho zimafikira komanso nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa pamaso pa aliyense. Mwachiwonekere, njira zopangira zisankho ziyenera kuwunikiridwa nthawi zonse, kuwunikiridwa ndikuwongoleredwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti tikukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe timakonda.
Ndi chifukwa chopanga zisankho zotenga nawo mbali pamene magulu anganene kuti akuyimira 'dongosolo la anthu'. Lingaliro ili likudziwitsidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti palibe mineard kapena 'olamulira abwino omwe angakhale ndi chidwi cha anthu pamtima monga momwe anthu eni amachitira' (Alinsky, 1969).
Mgwirizano
M’dzikoli muli chipwirikiti chandale ndi zachuma. Kunena zoona, dziko lakhala lili mumkhalidwe wotero kwa kanthawi. Mfundo yake, komabe, ndi iyi: ino ndi nthawi yoti tipange gulu lazinthu zambiri, zomwe 'zimayikira pambali mikangano kuti ikhale yogwirizana komanso yomwe imatsutsana ndi ziphunzitso za kuyankhula momveka bwino' (Albert, 2002). Kukankhira mmbuyo ndondomeko ya neo-liberal globalization ndi kulimbana ndi kupanda chilungamo kwina padziko lapansi, tiyenera kusiyanitsa ndi kukulitsa mayendedwe athu. Tiyenera kupanga ogwirizana ndi cholinga chokweza ndalama za ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu apamwamba padziko lapansi mpaka atavomereza kukwaniritsa zofuna zathu.
Kukulitsa mgwirizano kumatanthauza kuti tiyenera kuyandikira madera osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kulipo, osati ndi cholinga chowaphunzitsa kapena kuwaphunzitsa za 'zinthu zakuthupi' kapena 'dialectical materialism'. Misonkhano yotereyi imakhudzanso ubale wa abambo ndi anthu apamwamba. Mgwirizano umene ndili nawo m’maganizo umalemekeza ulemu, ndipo umamangidwa pa kulemekezana. Kuti tifanane ndi Subcommandante Marcos, mgwirizano ndi madera osiyanasiyana siyenera kuganiziridwa ngati mtundu wina wa maphunziro kwa anthu osaphunzira m'maganizo omwe samamvetsetsa njira zadziko. Komanso, mgwirizano umene umaona madera osiyanasiyana ngati ana amene ayenera kuuzidwa mabuku oti awerenge, zimene ayenera kuphunzira, ndi zimene ayenera kunena, n’ngodzigonjetsera.
Kusiya
Ziyenera kukhala zodziwikiratu kuti pakuyenda kulikonse padzakhala zovuta ndi zochitika zomwe zimafuna kusagwirizana (Albert, 2006). Chifukwa chake, m'malo moletsa kutsutsa pochotsa ndi kuchotsera otsutsa, gulu lachitukuko liyenera kukhala ndi njira zolola ndi kuthana ndi kusagwirizana. Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi kusamvana momangirira ndi yakuti mayendedwe azifuna umboni wolemetsa kwa otsutsa ndi omwe amatsutsa kusagwirizana kulikonse komwe kungabwere. Tsatanetsatane wa mmene mfundo imeneyi ingagwiritsidwire ntchito m'zochitika zenizeni za moyo zimadalira kwambiri chuma ndi nthawi ya gulu lililonse.
Kusagwirizana kungathe kuthandizira mayendedwe kukula mwamalingaliro, pomwe, nthawi imodzi, kukakamiza mayendedwe kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zingapo zoyambitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kusagwirizana kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati mwayi wofotokozera kusamvetsetsana kulikonse ndi zosokoneza, komanso mwayi wokulitsa kumvetsetsa kwa anthu pa nkhani.
Kutsiliza
Izi ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kuziganizira kuti tiphatikize mu njira yathu yopangira mayendedwe omwe amalimbikitsa 'chidwi chofala', pamene, panthawi imodzimodzi, kutulutsa mantha, kunjenjemera ndi kunyansidwa m'magulu olamulira. Si cholinga kapena chikhumbo cha nkhaniyi kupereka ndondomeko ya momwe angapangire mayendedwe otere. M'malo mwake, cholinga chake ndikuthandizira kuyesetsa kumveketsa bwino zomwe ziyenera kukhudza 'zomangamanga' zathu.
Zothandizira:
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Alinsky, SD (1969). Reveille kwa ma radicals. New York: Mabuku a Vintage.
Albert, M. (2006). Kuzindikira chiyembekezo: Moyo wopitilira capitalism.Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.
Albert, M. (2003). Parecon: Moyo pambuyo pa capitalism. London: Verso.
Albert, M. (2003). Class: tikufuna chani, tipeza bwanji? Zcommunication. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/16634
Albert, M. (2002). Njira ya kusintha. Njira zachitukuko za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Massachusetts: South End Press.
Albert, M. & Maass, A. (2002). Mkangano pakati pa Albert ndi Maass pa Marxism. Zcommunication. Zabwezedwa: http://socialistworker.org/Featured/Stories/Debate_Albert0721.shtml
mbe, h. (2000). Lingaliro lachikazi: kuchokera pamphepete kupita pakatikati. Boston: South End Press.
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Biko, S. (2004). Ndimalemba zomwe ndimakonda. Johannesburg: Picador Africa.
Brodie, P. , George, J. & Majavu, M. (2008). Zokambirana za ZEO. (Zosasindikizidwa).
Gramsci, A. (1971). Kusankhidwa kuchokera m'mabuku andende.London: Lawrence ndi Wishart.
Malcolm X. (1968). The autobiography of Malcolm X. London: Penguin Books.
Subcommandate Marcos. (2003). Marcos ku NGOs: Zapatistas safuna zachifundo, koma ulemu. Nkhani ya Narcos News Bulletin. http://www.narconews.com/Issue31/article833.html
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